CN214745699U - High-efficiency fluidized bed boiler burning extremely-low-calorific-value fuel - Google Patents
High-efficiency fluidized bed boiler burning extremely-low-calorific-value fuel Download PDFInfo
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- CN214745699U CN214745699U CN202120172788.XU CN202120172788U CN214745699U CN 214745699 U CN214745699 U CN 214745699U CN 202120172788 U CN202120172788 U CN 202120172788U CN 214745699 U CN214745699 U CN 214745699U
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Abstract
The utility model provides a high-efficient fluidized bed boiler of extremely low calorific value fuel of burning, includes fluidized bed and furnace, the bottom plate slope of fluidized bed sets up, and bottom plate inclination is about 10 ~ 20, and the fluidized bed is divided into 3 cavities, and from high to low is prechamber, main combustion chamber and the slag cooling chamber of burning out in proper order, and adjacent each cavity communicates each other, and the below of each cavity is equipped with the air distribution chamber, and main combustion chamber is connected with furnace. Under the combined action of fluidizing air and gravity, fuel in the boiler in proper order through precombustion, mainly burn, burn out each functional stage to be aided with the outside material circulation of fluidized bed, fuel dwell time is long, maintains the higher temperature more than 850 ℃ in the main combustion chamber, makes the utility model discloses a fluidized bed boiler can be better the extremely low calorific value fuel of solution burn the problem that exists to higher thermal efficiency has.
Description
Technical Field
The utility model relates to a fluidized bed boiler specifically relates to a high-efficient fluidized bed boiler that fires extremely low calorific value fuel.
Background
The fuel with extremely low calorific value comprises coal gangue, domestic industrial garbage, industrial kiln residue, sludge, stone coal and the like, the calorific value of the fuel is extremely low, the lowest calorific value is even lower than 4200kJ/kg (1000 Kcal/kg), the coal gangue and the garbage belong to the category of solid wastes, the solid waste treatment has a considerable height along with the improvement of the environmental protection standard in recent years, wherein the incineration treatment is an important direction of solid waste reduction, harmless treatment and resource treatment, the limited heat of the solid waste is utilized, and meanwhile, the combustion residues can be generally utilized by raw materials produced by building materials, so that the waste is changed into valuable, and the maximization of the resource utilization is realized.
The fuel with extremely low calorific value is characterized by low calorific value, high ash content and large moisture, and the fuel for boiler combustion needs to solve a series of problems, most prominently the following problems:
(1) the ignition, stable combustion and burnout of the fuel are difficult, and each link of combustion needs to be finely organized so as to ensure the stable operation of the boiler;
(2) the fuel has low calorific value and high ash content, so that the fuel quantity, the smoke dust content and the boiler slag and ash discharging amount entering a boiler are particularly large, and the problem of abrasion of a heating surface is very prominent.
(3) The fuel residues exist in the form of ash and slag, the fuel residues still have high temperature of about 800 ℃ when being discharged out of the boiler, a large amount of heat is taken away, and the effective recovery of the physical sensible heat of the residues is of great significance for improving the efficiency of the boiler. On the one hand, ash flows difficultly and is difficult to cool effectively. On the other hand, the ash cooling needs to consume a large amount of cooling medium, the heat recovered by the cooling medium has low taste, and the ash cooling is difficult to continue to use efficiently.
The circulating fluidized bed boiler is widely used due to the technical characteristics that the fuel adaptability is wide, the circulating fluidized bed boiler is suitable for burning low-calorific-value fuel and the like, but the heating value of the fuel entering the boiler is generally required to be more than 12000kJ/kg at present, the treatment of the extremely low-calorific-value fuel such as solid waste, stone coal and the like cannot well meet the engineering requirement, the solid waste is generally treated by adopting the combustion technologies such as a grate furnace, a chain furnace, a rotary kiln and the like, but the equipment heat utilization efficiency is low, the boiler capacity is small, and the large-scale application is difficult.
SUMMERY OF THE UTILITY MODEL
The utility model aims to solve the technical problem that overcome the above-mentioned defect that prior art exists, provide a high-efficient fluidized bed boiler that has higher thermal efficiency uses extremely low calorific value fuel.
The utility model provides a technical scheme that its technical problem adopted is: the efficient fluidized bed boiler for burning very low heat value fuel includes one fluidized bed and one hearth, and has inclined bottom plate of 10-20 deg, 3 chambers separated with partition wall and comprising pre-burning chamber, main burning chamber and burnt slag cooling chamber, and air distributing chamber below the chambers and connected to the hearth.
Furthermore, a row of slag through holes communicated with adjacent chambers are formed in a middle partition wall in the fluidized bed, and the distance between each slag through hole and the bottom plate is 600-1000 mm.
Furthermore, the top plate of the precombustion chamber and the top plate of the burnout slag cooling chamber are folded inwards at a position close to the main combustion chamber to form an inner folded plate, the included angle between the inner folded plate and the side wall of the hearth ranges from 60 degrees to 80 degrees, and a row of gas guide pipes are arranged below the inner folded plate.
Preferably, the wall surface of the inclined fluidized bed is a membrane water-cooled wall which can be formed by bending a water pipe, and the inside of the inclined fluidized bed is lined with a heat-insulating wear-resistant material, so that the low-calorific-value combustion is in a basic adiabatic combustion state.
Furthermore, the whole furnace is J-shaped, the upper part of the furnace is bent into a horizontal flue, the lower part of the furnace is inclined towards the precombustion chamber, and the joint of the main combustion chamber and the furnace has the same section shape.
Preferably, membrane water-cooled walls are adopted around the J-shaped furnace chamber to serve as evaporation heating surfaces of the boiler, and water-cooled evaporation screens or steam overheating screens can be arranged in the space of the upper vertical part according to the distribution requirements of the heating surfaces.
Further, a primary separator is arranged at an outlet at the upper end of the hearth, the primary separator is provided with a first inlet and a first outlet, the first inlet and the first outlet are arranged on the same side along the direction of a rotating airflow field of the separator, the hearth is connected with the first inlet, the first outlet is connected with one end of the horizontal flue, and a secondary separator is arranged at the other end of the horizontal flue.
Preferably, each boiler can be provided with one or more primary separators, and the flue gas inlet and the flue gas outlet of each boiler can be connected to the furnace outlet and the flue gas inlet of the secondary separator separately or after being combined.
Preferably, one or more secondary separators are provided for each boiler.
Preferably, the primary separator is in an adiabatic type, the secondary separator can adopt a water cooling or steam cooling mode according to the arrangement requirement of a heating surface, and water cooling or steam cooling pipe bundles are arranged on the periphery of the separator.
Preferably, a high-temperature platen superheater or a reheater can be arranged in the horizontal flue as required.
Furthermore, the secondary separator is provided with a second inlet and a second outlet, the horizontal flue is connected with the second inlet, the second outlet is connected with the tail flue shaft, the second inlet is positioned on the side wall of the secondary separator, and the second outlet is positioned on the central cylinder outlet of the secondary separator.
Further, the lower end of the primary separator is provided with a slag discharge pipe, and the tail end of the slag discharge pipe is inserted 500-800 mm below the bed material layer of the precombustion chamber.
Further, the lower end of the secondary separator is provided with an ash discharge pipe, and the ash discharge pipe is connected with an ash cooler. The inner heating surface of the ash cooler can be divided into a high-temperature section and a low-temperature section to realize gradient utilization of high-temperature ash heat and reduce the ash discharge temperature to be low enough. Generally, the heating surface of the high-temperature section can be cooled by media such as boiler feed water, low-temperature steam and the like, and the low-temperature section is cooled by low-temperature water, such as condensate water of a power plant or newly-prepared desalted water and the like.
Furthermore, a superheater, a reheater and an economizer are arranged on a convection heating surface in the tail flue shaft, and an air preheater is arranged at the tail of the tail flue shaft. The air preheater is used for heating air and meets the requirements of hot air for fluidizing and burning low-calorific-value fuel.
Further, the precombustion chamber is provided with a raw fuel inlet, and the bottom end of the over-fire slag cooling chamber is provided with a slag discharge port.
The utility model discloses a fluidized bed material area is about 2 ~ 3 times of ordinary fluidized bed boiler's bed material area, can adopt lower fluidization wind speed, and fuel is slow on the fluidized bed slope from high toward low removal, through precombustion, main burning, burn up a plurality of stages for bed material has sufficient burning and burn up time in the bed, and bed material temperature can maintain at higher level in main combustion chamber, has the combustion reaction temperature of sufficient height. These measures make the fuel burn more fully in the boiler, and the burn-out rate is higher, makes to arrange the sediment in the carbon content can reduce to below 3%, and the bottom sediment of the fluidized bed of discharging has obtained the primary cooling simultaneously, arranges the sediment temperature and burns out the unanimous about 400 ~ 500 ℃ of room bed material temperature, makes to arrange the sediment heat loss and has obtained control, and the ash of the row of boiler self can obtain fully cooling to about 150 ℃ lower temperature in the ash cooler, has further reduced the ash discharge loss of boiler, the utility model discloses a fluidized bed boiler can be better solve the problem that extremely low calorific value fuel burning exists to higher thermal efficiency has.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a view a-a of fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is a view B-B of fig. 1.
In the figure, 1-a tilting bubbling fluidized bed, 2-J-shaped hearth, 3-a primary separator, 4-a horizontal flue, 5-a secondary separator, 6-an ash cooler, 7-a tail flue vertical shaft and 8-an air preheater.
101-partition wall, 102-precombustion chamber, 103-main combustion chamber, 104-burnout slag cooling chamber, 105-air distribution chamber, 106-fluidized bed flue gas outlet, 107-raw fuel inlet, 108-slag discharging port, 109, slag through port, 110-air duct, 301-first inlet, 302-first outlet, 303-slag discharging pipe, 501-second inlet, 502-secondary separator central cylinder, 503-second outlet and 504-ash discharging pipe.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
As shown in fig. 1 to 3, the present embodiment includes a tilting bubbling fluidized bed 1, a J-shaped hearth 2, a primary separator 3, a horizontal flue 4, a secondary separator 5, an ash cooler 6, a tail flue shaft 7, an air preheater 8, and the like.
The bottom plate of the inclined bubbling fluidized bed 1 is inclined at an angle of about 15 degrees, two partition walls 101 are arranged in the middle of the vertical bottom plate to divide the whole fluidized bed into 3 chambers, namely a precombustion chamber 102, a main combustion chamber 103 and a burnout slag cooling chamber 104 from top to bottom, and an air distribution chamber 105 is arranged below the three chambers. The top of the main combustion chamber is not closed and is a flue gas outlet 106, and the outlet of the main combustion chamber is communicated with the J-shaped hearth 2 and has the same cross-sectional shape with the J-shaped hearth 2. The top of the pre-combustion chamber is provided with a raw fuel inlet 107, and the lowest end of the burnout cold slag chamber is provided with a slag discharge port 108.
Two partition walls 101 in the middle of the inclined bubbling fluidized bed 1 are provided with a row of slag through holes 109 at equal intervals at the position 600mm away from the bottom plate, so that the lower bed material spaces of the whole concave fluidized bed are communicated with each other.
The top plate of the precombustion chamber 102 and the top plate of the burnt slag cooling chamber 104 are folded inwards at the side close to the main combustion chamber 103, and the included angle between the inner folded plate and the side wall of the J-shaped hearth 2 is about 60 degrees. And a row of gas guide pipes 110 are respectively arranged below the inner folded plate, so that the upper gas spaces of the whole inclined bubbling fluidized bed 1 are mutually communicated.
The section of the J-shaped hearth 2 is rectangular, the upper part of the J-shaped hearth 2 is a flue gas vertical ascending channel and is turned into a horizontal flue at the uppermost end of the J-shaped hearth 2, and the lower part of the J-shaped hearth 2 is inclined towards the direction of the precombustion chamber and is vertical to the bottom plate of the inclined bubbling fluidized bed 1, so that the whole 2 body of the J-shaped hearth is in a three-dimensional J shape. The lower part of the J-shaped hearth 2 is communicated with the main combustion chamber 103, and the section of the communicated part is consistent with the section of an outlet of the main combustion chamber 103 and is well connected.
The primary separator 3 is not provided with a central cylinder, and adopts the working mode of tangential air inlet of the side wall and tangential air outlet of the side wall, the upper part of the primary separator 3 is a cylinder body, and the lower part of the primary separator is a cone. The side wall of the upper cylinder is provided with a first inlet 301 for air inlet and a first outlet 302 for air outlet, the first inlet 301 and the first outlet 302 are arranged along the direction of air flow convolution in the cylinder, the flue gas basically meets the requirement of 180-degree convolution in the cylinder, the first inlet 301 is communicated with the horizontal flue outlet of the J-shaped hearth 2, the first outlet 302 is communicated with the second inlet 501 of the secondary separator 5 through the horizontal flue 4, and the lower end of the first outlet 302 of the primary separator 3 is higher than the upper end of the first inlet 301 by about 1 m. The bottom of the cone is contracted into a slag discharge pipe 303, and the slag discharge pipe 303 is inserted 500mm below the bed material level of the precombustion chamber 102.
The boiler in this embodiment is provided with 2 primary separators 3, the flue gas inlets and the flue gas outlets of which can be connected to the outlet of the J-shaped furnace 2 and the flue gas inlet of the secondary separator 5, either individually or after being combined.
The secondary separator 5 adopts the working mode of tangential air inlet of the side wall and air outlet of the central cylinder, the upper part is a cylinder body 502 of the secondary separator, the lower part is a cone, the side wall is provided with a second inlet 501 for tangential air inlet, and a second outlet 503 for air outlet is arranged above the central cylinder 502 of the secondary separator. The second inlet 501 is connected via a horizontal flue to the first outlet 302 of the primary separator 3 and the second outlet 503 is connected to the back pass shaft 7. The lowest end of the lower cone is provided with an ash discharge pipe 504, and the ash discharge pipe 504 is connected to the ash cooler 6.
The boiler in this embodiment is provided with 2 secondary separators 5.
The tail flue shaft 7 is a main arrangement place of a convection surface heating surface of the boiler, a superheater, a reheater, an economizer and other convection heating surfaces (not shown in the figure) can be arranged inside the tail flue shaft 7, in order to meet hot air required by fluidization and combustion of low-calorific-value fuel, an air preheater 8 for heating air needs to be arranged in the tail flue shaft 7, and a common air preheater is arranged at the lowest part of the tail flue shaft.
The periphery of the J-shaped hearth 2 adopts a membrane water-cooled wall as an evaporation heating surface of the boiler, and a water-cooled evaporation screen or a steam overheating screen can be arranged on the vertical part of the upper part according to the distribution requirement of the heating surface.
The wall surface of the inclined bubbling fluidized bed 1 is a membrane water-cooled wall and can be formed by bending a water pipe, and a heat-insulating wear-resistant material is lined inside the inclined bubbling fluidized bed, so that the low-calorific-value combustion is in a basic adiabatic combustion state.
The primary separator 3 is in a heat insulation type, the secondary separator 5 can adopt a water cooling or steam cooling mode according to the arrangement requirement of a heating surface, and water cooling or steam cooling pipe bundles are arranged on the periphery of the separator.
A high-temperature platen superheater or a reheater can be arranged in the horizontal flue 4 according to requirements.
The inner heating surface of the ash cooler 6 can be divided into a high-temperature section and a low-temperature section to realize gradient utilization of high-temperature ash heat and reduce the ash discharge temperature to be low enough. Generally, the heating surface of the high-temperature section can be cooled by media such as boiler feed water, low-temperature steam and the like, and the low-temperature section is cooled by low-temperature water, such as condensate water of a power plant or newly-prepared desalted water and the like.
In order to guarantee the stable burning that catches fire of extremely low calorific value fuel in the boiler to have the high enough burnout rate, the utility model discloses a big cross-section bubbling fluidized bed of slope to separate into precombustion chamber 102, main combustion chamber 103, burn out cold slag chamber 104 to the fluidized bed, in order to adapt to the requirement of big cross-section fluidized bed, the required air of burning is at first heated to about 300 ℃ of high temperature in air heater 8, then is blown in from the bottom of the bed with the form of whole fluidization wind. Under the combined action of the fluidizing air and the inclined slope, the return materials of the fresh fuel mixed fluidized bed sequentially pass through the precombustion chamber 102, the main combustion chamber 103 and the over-combustion cold slag chamber 104. In the precombustion chamber 102, the fed fresh fuel is instantly mixed with bed materials in the precombustion chamber and returned materials of the primary separator, the temperature is increased, the ignition combustion is started, the bed materials in the precombustion chamber are further heated, so that the higher combustion temperature of 600-700 ℃ can be maintained in the precombustion chamber, the bed materials enter the main combustion chamber 103 through a slag through hole 109 below the partition wall after being heated and precombusted, the flue gas rich in gas components generated by the precombustion of the fuel enters the upper part of a bed material layer of the main combustion chamber 103 through a gas guide pipe, the angle of the gas guide pipe is controlled, and the flue gas can have a downward attack angle of 20-30 degrees. In the over-fire cold slag chamber 104, after fluidized air passes through the bed material layer, combustible residues in the bed material continue to burn out under the condition of sufficient hot air while cooling the high-temperature bed material, and simultaneously the fluidized air can also carry out primary cooling on the high-temperature bed material, so that the bed temperature in the over-fire cold slag chamber 104 can be kept at a relatively low temperature of 400-500 ℃. Similarly, fluidized air in the precombustion chamber 102 carries part of fine particle bed materials to enter the main combustion chamber 103 from the burnout cold slag chamber 104 through the air duct 110 at a downward attack angle of 20-30 degrees, and the fine particle bed materials and the flue gas from the precombustion chamber 102 form an opposite attack. In the main combustion chamber 103, fluidized air blows bed materials to perform combustion reaction with the bed materials, meanwhile, smoke from the precombustion chamber and hot air from the burnout chamber perform violent combustion reaction with blown particles above a bed material layer of the main combustion chamber, so that the main combustion chamber 103 has higher volumetric heat load, and the bed temperature can maintain higher combustion temperature of 850-900 ℃, thereby ensuring higher combustion speed and higher combustion efficiency.
Flue gas generated by combustion of the main combustion chamber 103 carries fine bed material particles to enter the J-shaped hearth 2 at the upper part, and in the J-shaped hearth 2, high-temperature flue gas heats furnace water in water-cooled walls around the J-shaped hearth 2 to generate steam. The flue gas then enters the primary separator 3 and larger particles are captured and enter the prechamber 102 of the fluidized bed through the slag discharge pipe 303. The dust removal efficiency of the primary separator 3 is about 60-70%, the flue gas subjected to primary dust removal carries finer ash to enter the secondary separator 5 through the horizontal flue, the secondary separator 5 has higher dust removal efficiency of more than 90%, most of the finer dust is captured, the captured dust enters the ash cooler 6 through the ash discharge pipe 504, and the dust is discharged out of the boiler after being fully cooled in the ash cooler 6. The flue gas after secondary dust removal enters the tail flue shaft 7, heat exchange is carried out between the flue gas in the tail flue shaft 7 and a convection heating surface arranged in the tail flue shaft, and the flue gas is discharged out of the boiler after being fully cooled. The heat released by the flue gas is used for heating steam, feed water, air and the like of the boiler.
By reasonably setting the dust removal efficiency of the primary separator 3 and the secondary separator 5 and setting the proper fluidization air speed, the boiler has higher material circulation rate, the discharged slag of the boiler is controlled to be about 40 percent of the amount of the ash slag, and the discharged ash collected by the secondary separator is controlled to be about 40 percent of the amount of the ash slag. The amount of smoke dust carried by the smoke gas entering the tail flue accounts for about 20 percent of the total ash content, and the dust content in the smoke gas is greatly reduced.
Various modifications and variations of the present invention may be made by those skilled in the art, and they are within the scope of the present invention provided they are within the scope of the claims and their equivalents.
What is not described in detail in the specification is prior art that is well known to those skilled in the art.
Claims (10)
1. The utility model provides a high-efficient fluidized bed boiler of extremely low calorific value fuel of burning, includes fluidized bed and furnace, its characterized in that: the bottom plate of the fluidized bed is obliquely arranged, the middle of the fluidized bed is divided into 3 communicated chambers by a partition wall, the chambers are a precombustion chamber, a main combustion chamber and a burnout slag cooling chamber from high to low in sequence, an air distribution chamber is arranged below each chamber, and the main combustion chamber is connected with a hearth.
2. The high efficiency fluidized bed boiler combusting very low calorific value fuel of claim 1, wherein: and a slag passing hole communicated with the adjacent chambers is formed in a partition wall in the fluidized bed, and the distance between the slag passing hole and the bottom plate is 600-1000 mm.
3. The high efficiency fluidized bed boiler combusting very low calorific value fuel of claim 1, wherein: the whole furnace is J-shaped, the upper part of the furnace is bent into a horizontal flue, the lower part of the furnace is inclined towards the precombustion chamber, and the joint of the main combustion chamber and the furnace has the same section shape.
4. A high efficiency fluidized bed boiler combusting very low calorific value fuel according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein: the top plate of the precombustion chamber and the top plate of the over-fire slag cooling chamber are folded inwards at one side close to the main combustion chamber to form an inner folded plate, the included angle between the inner folded plate and the side wall of the hearth is 60-80 degrees, and a row of gas guide pipes are arranged below the inner folded plate and penetrate through the partition wall.
5. The high efficiency fluidized bed boiler combusting very low calorific value fuel of claim 1, wherein: the end of the hearth far away from the main combustion chamber is provided with a primary separator, the primary separator is provided with a first inlet and a first outlet, the first inlet and the first outlet are positioned on the same side of the primary separator, the hearth is connected with the first inlet, the first outlet is connected with one end of the horizontal flue, and the other end of the horizontal flue is provided with a secondary separator.
6. The high efficiency fluidized bed boiler combusting very low calorific value fuel of claim 5, wherein: the secondary separator is provided with a second inlet and a second outlet, the horizontal flue is connected with the second inlet, the second outlet is connected with the tail flue shaft, the second inlet is positioned on the side wall of the secondary separator, and the second outlet is positioned in the middle of the top end of the secondary separator.
7. The high efficiency fluidized bed boiler combusting very low calorific value fuel of claim 6, wherein: the lower end of the primary separator is provided with a slag discharge pipe, and the tail end of the slag discharge pipe is inserted below a bed material layer of the precombustion chamber.
8. The high efficiency fluidized bed boiler combusting very low calorific value fuel of claim 6, wherein: and the lower end of the secondary separator is provided with an ash discharge pipe, and the ash discharge pipe is connected with an ash cooler.
9. The high efficiency fluidized bed boiler combusting very low calorific value fuel of claim 6, wherein: and a convection heating surface in the tail flue shaft is provided with a superheater, a reheater and an economizer, and the tail part of the tail flue shaft is provided with an air preheater.
10. The high efficiency fluidized bed boiler combusting very low calorific value fuel of claim 4, wherein: the precombustion chamber is provided with a raw fuel inlet, and the bottom end of the over-fire slag cooling chamber is provided with a slag discharge port.
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Cited By (1)
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| CN112628727A (en) * | 2021-01-22 | 2021-04-09 | 中国能源建设集团湖南省电力设计院有限公司 | High-efficiency fluidized bed boiler burning extremely-low-calorific-value fuel |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN112628727A (en) * | 2021-01-22 | 2021-04-09 | 中国能源建设集团湖南省电力设计院有限公司 | High-efficiency fluidized bed boiler burning extremely-low-calorific-value fuel |
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