CN206187108U - Rear axle crossbeam and vehicle - Google Patents

Abstract

The utility model provides a rear axle beam and a vehicle. The rear axle beam provided by the utility model includes: a main board, which includes a middle flat part, and two contracted folded parts located at both ends of the middle flat part; each folded part extends obliquely outward from the middle flat part respectively , the ends of each flap part are respectively provided with a cylindrical part, and each cylindrical part has a central hole for installing a frame fastener; the main board has an upper surface facing the vehicle frame and a lower surface opposite to the upper surface; A pair of side auxiliary ribs arranged at the two sides of the lower surface, the ends of each side auxiliary ribs are respectively connected to the cylindrical part; at least one pair of transverse main ribs arranged on the lower surface and located between the pair of side auxiliary ribs, The ends of each transverse main rib are respectively connected with the columnar portion; a plurality of oblique ribs are arranged on the lower surface; the rear bridge beam is made of carbon fiber reinforced nylon material by injection molding. The utility model provides a rear axle beam with good salt spray resistance and light weight.

Description

Rear axle beam and vehicle

technical field

The utility model relates to the field of vehicles, in particular to a rear axle beam and a vehicle.

Background technique

The automobile axle is connected with the frame through the suspension. According to the different driving methods, the axle can be divided into four types: steering axle, driving axle, steering driving axle and supporting axle. The traditional design of the cross member of the rear axle that serves as the support bridge uses sheet metal welding in order to allow the rear axle cross member to provide sufficient stiffness and assembly characteristics, however, the rear axle cross member made by the sheet metal welding process has high mass, durability and The disadvantage of poor salt spray performance will affect the appearance quality and performance of the vehicle.

Utility model content

The utility model aims to provide a rear axle beam with good salt spray resistance and light weight under the premise of satisfying the structural strength and rigidity.

According to one aspect of the present invention, a rear axle beam is provided, comprising: a main board, which includes a middle flat part, and two contracted folded parts located at both ends of the middle flat part; The portion extends obliquely outward, and the ends of each flap portion are respectively provided with a columnar portion, and each columnar portion has a central hole for installing a frame fastener; the main board has an upper surface facing the vehicle frame and an upper surface The lower surface with the opposite surface; a pair of side auxiliary ribs arranged at the edges of both sides of the lower surface, and the ends of each side auxiliary rib are respectively connected to the cylindrical part; At least one pair of transverse main ribs, the ends of each transverse main rib are respectively connected to the cylindrical part; a plurality of oblique ribs arranged on the lower surface; the rear bridge beam is made of carbon fiber reinforced nylon material by injection molding.

Further, there are a pair of transverse main ribs, which are placed on both sides of the transverse center line of the main board; the rear bridge beam also includes: a pair of longitudinal ribs arranged on the lower surface and connected between the pair of transverse main ribs, a pair Longitudinal ribs are placed on both sides of the longitudinal center line of the main board; multiple oblique ribs include: a first oblique cross rib group connected between adjacent transverse main ribs and side auxiliary ribs, and the first oblique cross rib group is arranged on the bottom In the middle of the surface; the second oblique cross rib group connected between a pair of transverse main ribs and arranged outside the longitudinal ribs.

Further, the plurality of oblique ribs also include: a diamond-shaped rib group connected to a pair of transverse main ribs and located between a pair of longitudinal ribs; The height of the longitudinal auxiliary reinforcement is lower than the height of the transverse main reinforcement.

Further, a lightening hole is provided at the central position of the main board corresponding to the diamond-shaped rib group, and/or, an arc-shaped transition section is provided at the connection between each longitudinal auxiliary rib and the transverse main rib.

Further, the height of the transverse main rib is higher than that of the side auxiliary rib, and/or, a plurality of transverse auxiliary ribs are arranged on the upper surface corresponding to the folded plate portion.

Further, at least one transverse main rib and at least one side auxiliary rib are respectively equipped with cylindrical parts; each cylindrical part is respectively embedded with a first metal sleeve for installing connecting rod fasteners; There is a first flange for axial stop.

Further, a pair of side auxiliary reinforcements includes a first side auxiliary reinforcement and a second side auxiliary reinforcement; a pair of transverse main reinforcements includes a first transverse main reinforcement and a second transverse main reinforcement; the first side auxiliary reinforcement is adjacent to the first transverse main reinforcement, and the second lateral main reinforcement The two-side auxiliary reinforcement is adjacent to the second transverse main reinforcement; the cylindrical part includes: a first cylinder arranged on the first side auxiliary reinforcement and a second cylinder arranged on the first transverse main reinforcement; arranged on the second side auxiliary reinforcement The third cylinder and the fourth cylinder arranged on the second transverse main rib; wherein, the central hole of the first metal sleeve in the first cylinder is a round hole, and the central hole of the first metal sleeve in the second cylinder is Threaded hole; the center hole of the first metal sleeve in the third barrel is the first waist hole, and the center hole of the first metal sleeve in the fourth barrel is the second waist hole; the connecting rod fastener includes: The first link fastener is connected to the threaded hole after passing through the round hole; and the second link fastener is connected to the nut through the first waist hole and the second waist hole.

Further, a material reducing groove is provided on the upper surface of the middle flat plate part corresponding to the position of the cylindrical part, and water holes are provided around the material reducing groove.

Further, a second metal sleeve is embedded in the central hole of each cylindrical portion, and a second flange is provided on the upper end of the second metal sleeve.

Further, at least one transverse main rib is provided with an arched hole through which the connecting rod fastener passes, the arched hole extends from the lower surface to the height direction of the transverse main rib, and the height of the arched hole is smaller than the height of the transverse main rib.

The rear bridge beam provided by the utility model satisfies the requirements of structural strength and rigidity by designing the main board with folded plate parts, and setting side auxiliary ribs, transverse main ribs, oblique ribs and other structures on the main board, so that the rear bridge beam can use carbon fiber The reinforced nylon material is made by injection molding, so that the rear axle beam can not only meet the requirements of structural strength and rigidity, but also has good salt spray resistance, and has a lighter weight.

Another aspect of the present utility model also provides a vehicle, which is provided with the above-mentioned rear axle beam. Because the rear axle beam provided by the utility model can achieve the above-mentioned technical effects, the vehicle provided with the rear axle beam should also have corresponding technical effects, which will not be repeated here.

Description of drawings

Embodiments of the utility model will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings, in the accompanying drawings:

Fig. 1 shows the top view structure of the rear axle beam provided by the embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 2 shows the top view three-dimensional structure of the rear axle beam provided by the embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 3 shows the looking up structure of the rear axle beam provided by the embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 4 shows the three-dimensional structure of the rear axle beam provided by the embodiment of the present invention along the first direction;

Fig. 5 shows the three-dimensional structure of the rear axle beam provided by the embodiment of the present invention along the second direction;

Fig. 6 shows the cross-sectional structure at the cylindrical part of the rear axle beam provided by the embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 7 shows the cross-sectional structure at the columnar part of the rear axle beam provided by the embodiment of the present invention.

detailed description

Referring to Fig. 1 to Fig. 7, the structure of the rear axle beam provided by the embodiment of the present invention is shown. As shown in the figure, the rear axle beam includes: main board 1, transverse main ribs 21 (including transverse main ribs 21a and 21b), side auxiliary ribs 22, oblique ribs and other structures. It should be noted that, unless otherwise specified, the "longitudinal" direction involved in the embodiments of the present utility model is generally consistent with the front-rear direction of the vehicle, and the "transverse" direction is generally consistent with the left-right direction of the vehicle.

Specifically, the main board 1 includes a middle plate portion 11 and two folded plate portions 12 . The structure of the middle flat part 11 can be a flat flat structure as a whole, but it is not limited to the overall flat flat structure. For example, in some embodiments, most of the middle part of the middle flat part 11 is a flat flat structure. edge area) may have a slight slope or curvature. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the middle plate portion 11 may have a relatively small arc as a whole. The two folded plate portions 12 are respectively disposed at two ends of the middle flat plate portion 11 , and the structure of each folded plate portion 12 is generally contracted and obliquely extended from the middle flat plate portion 11 . It can be understood that there is a smooth transition between each folded plate portion 12 and the middle flat plate portion 11 , and each folded plate portion 12 is basically arranged symmetrically with respect to the longitudinal center plane of the main board 1 . The ends of each folded plate portion 12 are respectively provided with a columnar portion 13 , and the number of columnar portions 13 can be one, two, or three at the end of each folded plate portion 12 as required. Each cylindrical portion 13 has a central hole 130 respectively, and the rear axle beam is fixed together with the vehicle frame 6 through the frame fastener 61 installed in the central hole 130 (see FIG. 7 ), so that the main board 1 has a The frame 6 has an upper surface 1a and a lower surface 1b opposite to the upper surface 1a.

Referring to FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 , it can be seen that a pair of side auxiliary ribs 22 are disposed on both side edges of the lower surface 1 b of the main board 1 , and the ends of each side auxiliary rib 22 are respectively connected with the columnar portion 13 . At least one pair of transverse main ribs 21 located between the pair of side auxiliary ribs 22 is also arranged on the lower surface 1 b , and the ends of each transverse main rib 21 are respectively connected to the columnar portion 13 . The main board 1, side auxiliary ribs 22 and transverse main ribs 21 running through the transverse length of the main board 1 mainly support the structural strength of the entire part, and a plurality of oblique ribs are arranged on the lower surface 1b. In this way, the rear bridge beam provided by the embodiment of the utility model ensures the structural strength and rigidity of the rear bridge beam by designing the main board with the folded plate portion, and setting side auxiliary ribs, transverse main ribs, oblique ribs and other structures on the main board, so that The rear axle beam can be made of carbon fiber reinforced nylon material by injection molding, so that the rear axle beam can not only meet the requirements of structural strength and rigidity, but also have good salt spray resistance, and has a lighter weight. In addition, the rear axle beam is made of carbon fiber reinforced nylon material by injection molding, which can improve the automation level of the rear axle beam manufacturing and bring high production efficiency.

A preferred structure of the rear axle beam is also shown in this embodiment. As shown in FIG. The extending direction of 21 may be substantially parallel to the transverse centerline, or the transverse main rib 21 may have a slight curvature. A pair of longitudinal ribs 31 respectively connected between a pair of transverse main ribs 21 are also arranged on the lower surface 1b of the main board 1, and the pair of longitudinal ribs 31 are respectively placed on both sides of the longitudinal centerline of the main board 1. Preferably, the A pair of longitudinal ribs 31 are arranged symmetrically with respect to the longitudinal centerline and generally parallel to the longitudinal centerline. The plurality of oblique ribs at least include: a first oblique cross rib group 41 and a second oblique cross rib group 42 . The first oblique cross rib group 41 is connected between adjacent transverse main ribs 21 and side auxiliary ribs 22, and is arranged in the middle of the lower surface 1b. The second oblique cross rib group 42 is connected between a pair of transverse main ribs 21 and arranged outside the longitudinal ribs 31 . It can be understood that, in order to ensure uniform stress distribution of the rear axle beam, a second oblique cross rib group 42 is provided on the outer side of each longitudinal rib 31 . Preferably, the second oblique cross rib group 42 can also be connected with each adjacent columnar portion 13 . By arranging the longitudinal rib 31 and a plurality of oblique cross rib groups on the lower surface 1b of the main board 1, the structural rigidity of the rear axle beam is better and the stress is more uniform.

Preferably, the plurality of oblique ribs also includes a diamond-shaped rib group 43 that generally constitutes a rhombus. The diamond-shaped rib group 43 is located between a pair of transverse main ribs 21 and is connected to each transverse main rib 21, and the diamond-shaped rib group 43 is located between a pair of longitudinal ribs 31. Between them, they are not connected to each longitudinal rib 31. A plurality of longitudinal auxiliary ribs 32 are also connected between a pair of transverse main ribs 21 , each longitudinal auxiliary rib 32 is roughly parallel to the above-mentioned longitudinal centerline, and each longitudinal auxiliary rib 32 can intersect with the rib plate of the diamond-shaped rib group 43 . In this embodiment, there are six longitudinal auxiliary ribs 32 , and they are arranged in groups of three close to the ends of the diamond-shaped rib group 43 , and each group of longitudinal auxiliary ribs is separated from adjacent longitudinal ribs 31 by a predetermined distance. Preferably, a diamond-shaped lightening hole 10 is provided at the center of the main board 1 corresponding to the diamond-shaped rib group 43 to further reduce weight.

Preferably, the height of the transverse main ribs 21 is higher than that of the side auxiliary ribs 22, which is conducive to consolidating the structural rigidity of the rear axle beam. In addition, the height of the longitudinal auxiliary ribs 32 is preferably lower than that of the transverse main ribs 21 , and an arc-shaped transition section 33 is provided at the junction of each longitudinal auxiliary rib 32 and the transverse main ribs 21 to locally increase the height of the longitudinal auxiliary ribs 32 . In addition, two sets of longitudinal auxiliary ribs can be respectively arranged at three equal parts of the transverse main ribs 21 , so that the stiffness of each transverse main rib 21 can be increased by such a design. Preferably, a plurality of transverse auxiliary ribs 121 can be arranged at the position corresponding to the folded plate portion 12 on the upper surface 1a, and each transverse auxiliary rib 121 can be respectively connected with the adjacent columnar portion 13 to further increase the number of folded plate portions 12. Structural rigidity, improve the stress of the folded plate.

One end of the connecting rod 7 of the automobile is connected to the rear axle beam through a connecting rod fastener (such as a bolt, see FIG. 6 ), and the other end of the connecting rod 7 is connected to the wheel. A cylindrical portion 5 is disposed on at least one transverse main reinforcement and/or at least one side auxiliary reinforcement, and the cylindrical portion 5 is used for installing bolts connecting the connecting rod 7 . Because the bolt connection will generate a relatively large pre-tightening force, in order to effectively prevent the material from being crushed, in this embodiment, each cylindrical part 5 is respectively embedded with a first metal sleeve 51, and the bolt connected to the connecting rod 7 is sleeved on the In the center hole of the first metal sleeve 51 , that is, in this embodiment, metal inserts are used at the place where the rear axle beam contacts the bolts to effectively prevent crushing. In addition, a first flange 52 can be provided on each first metal sleeve 51, and each first flange 52 can axially position each first metal sleeve 51, so as to prevent each first metal sleeve 51 from coming out of the cylinder. Form part 5 falls off. It can be understood that each first metal sleeve 51 can be integrated with the carbon fiber reinforced nylon material by overmolding.

The rear axle beam provided in this embodiment is preferably connected with four connecting rods, and the cylindrical part 5 for installing each connecting rod fastener can preferably be set in the following manner: with reference to Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, a The opposite side auxiliary ribs 22 are divided into the first side auxiliary ribs 22a and the second side auxiliary ribs 22b, and a pair of transverse main ribs 21 are divided into the first transverse main ribs 21a and the second transverse main ribs 21b, wherein the first side auxiliary ribs 22a and the second side auxiliary ribs One transverse main rib 21a is adjacent, and the second side auxiliary rib 22b is adjacent to the second transverse main rib 21b. The cylindrical portion 5 includes: two first cylinders 5a disposed on the first side auxiliary ribs 22a and two second cylinders 5b disposed on the first transverse main ribs 21a; two second cylinders 5b disposed on the second side auxiliary ribs 22b. There is a third tube 5c and two fourth tubes 5d arranged on the second transverse main rib 21b. Wherein, the center hole of the first metal sleeve in the first tube 5a is a circular hole, the center hole of the first metal sleeve in the second tube 5b is a threaded hole; The central hole is the first waist-shaped hole, and the central hole of the first metal sleeve in the fourth cylinder 5d is the second waist-shaped hole. The connecting rod fasteners include: two first connecting rod fasteners passing through each round hole and connected to the center-aligned threaded holes, and passing through each center-aligned first waist-shaped hole and second waist-shaped hole Two second link fasteners in the type hole and respectively connected with nuts. The two first link fasteners are used to install the two fixed links, and the two second link fasteners are used to install the two adjustable links.

Preferably, the first metal sleeve in the first cylinder 5a, the first metal sleeve in the third cylinder 5c and the first metal sleeve in the fourth cylinder 5d can all be made of aluminum alloy material, and the outer contour is I-shaped. The first metal sleeve in the second barrel 5b can be made of alloy steel material to process internal threads that meet the strength level, and the outer contour is preferably king-shaped, and the outer contour is knurled to prevent rotation.

Referring again to FIG. 7 , a second metal sleeve 131 is embedded in the center hole of the cylindrical portion 13 , and the frame fastener 61 passes through the center hole of the second metal sleeve 131 to be connected to the frame 6 . The second metal sleeve 131 can be made of cold heading steel, and the upper end of the second metal sleeve 131 is provided with a second flange, which can increase the contact area between the second metal sleeve 131 and the frame sheet metal.

With reference to Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, each cylindrical portion 5 is usually connected with the middle plate portion 11 to enhance the structural strength of the cylindrical portion. This block area causes large shrinkage, resulting in injection molding defects. In order to avoid the occurrence of injection molding defects, a material reduction groove is provided on the upper surface 1a of the middle flat plate part 11 corresponding to each cylindrical part 5, so that the carbon fiber reinforced nylon material can wrap the metal in each cylindrical part with a uniform wall thickness. The perimeter of the insert. Preferably, in order to avoid affecting the material performance of carbon fiber reinforced nylon due to accumulated water in the material reducing tank, a small water hole can be opened at a suitable position around the material reducing tank, so that the water flowing into the material reducing tank can smoothly fall to the ground .

In addition, because in some applications, the bolt needs to pass through one transverse main rib 21a before entering the cylindrical portion 5 on the other transverse main rib 21b (see Figure 5), at this time it is necessary to open a hole on the transverse main rib 21a . Preferably, in order to avoid opening holes on the transverse main ribs 21a to affect the structural strength of the transverse main ribs 21a, the holes provided on the transverse main ribs 21a for passing the connecting rod fasteners can be arched holes 210, and the arched holes 210 are formed from the lower surface. 1b extends to the height direction of the transverse main rib 21a, and the height of the arched hole 210 is smaller than the height of the transverse main rib 21a, so that the bolt (connecting rod fastener) can directly enter the cylindrical portion 5 on the transverse main rib 21b from the side, The structural rigidity of the transverse main rib 21a will not drop much either.

To sum up, the beam structure of the rear axle provided by the embodiment of the utility model adopts a small number but long transverse main rib and side auxiliary rib structure, and structures such as oblique cross ribs on the main board that can be evenly arranged to effectively increase the The strength and rigidity of the main board, after analyzing the structural strength and stiffness of the rear axle beam through computer software (such as CAE software), it is proved that the rear axle beam made of carbon fiber reinforced nylon can fully meet the quality-stiffness requirements of the rear axle beam. Compared with the rear axle beam made of substantially the same structural strength and rigid sheet metal welding, the rear axle beam provided by this embodiment can reduce the weight by about 20% and has good salt spray resistance.

The embodiment of the utility model also provides a vehicle, which is provided with the above-mentioned rear axle beam. Since the rear axle cross beam provided by the embodiment of the present invention can achieve the above-mentioned technical effects, the vehicle equipped with the rear axle cross beam should also have corresponding technical effects, which will not be repeated here.

It can be understood that the above embodiments of the present invention are only exemplary embodiments adopted to illustrate the principles of the present invention, and the present invention is not limited thereto. For those skilled in the art, various modifications and improvements can be made without departing from the spirit and essence of the present utility model, and these variations and improvements are also considered to be within the protection scope of the present utility model . The protection scope of the present utility model is limited only by the language expressions of the appended claims and their equivalent meanings.

Claims (11)

1. A rear axle beam, characterized in that it comprises: Main board (1), it comprises middle plate portion (11), and two folded plate portions (12) that are contracted at the two ends of described middle plate portion (11); Each described folded plate portion (12) is from The middle flat part (11) extends obliquely outwards, and the ends of each of the flap parts (12) are respectively provided with a columnar part (13), and each of the columnar parts (13) has a A central hole (130) for a frame fastener; the main board (1) has an upper surface (1a) facing the frame and a lower surface (1b) opposite to the upper surface (1a); a pair of side auxiliary ribs (22) arranged at the edges of both sides of the lower surface (1b), and the ends of each of the side auxiliary ribs (22) are respectively connected to the cylindrical portion (13); At least one pair of transverse main ribs (21) arranged on the lower surface (1b) and located between the pair of side auxiliary ribs, the ends of each of the transverse main ribs (21) are respectively connected to the cylindrical part ( 13) connection; a plurality of oblique ribs arranged on the lower surface (1b); The rear axle beam is made of carbon fiber reinforced nylon material by injection molding. 2. The rear axle beam according to claim 1, characterized in that, The transverse main ribs (21) are a pair, which are placed on both sides of the transverse centerline of the main plate; The rear axle beam also includes: a pair of longitudinal ribs (31) arranged on the lower surface (1b) and connected between the pair of transverse main ribs (21), the pair of longitudinal ribs (31) are divided into Placed on both sides of the longitudinal centerline of the main board (1); The plurality of diagonal reinforcements include: a first diagonal cross reinforcement group (41) connected between adjacent transverse main reinforcements (21) and side auxiliary reinforcements (22), and the first diagonal cross reinforcement group is arranged on the In the middle of the lower surface (1b); a second oblique cross rib group (42) connected between the pair of transverse main ribs (21) and arranged outside the longitudinal ribs (31). 3. The rear axle beam according to claim 2, characterized in that, The plurality of oblique ribs further includes: a diamond-shaped rib group (43) connected to the pair of transverse main ribs (21) and located between the pair of longitudinal ribs (31); The rear axle beam also includes: a plurality of longitudinal auxiliary ribs (32) connected between the pair of transverse main ribs (21) and intersecting with the diamond-shaped rib group, the height of the longitudinal auxiliary ribs is lower than that of the transverse The height of the main rib. 4. The rear axle beam according to claim 3, characterized in that, the main board is provided with a lightening hole (10) corresponding to the central position of the diamond-shaped rib group, and/or, each of the longitudinal auxiliary ribs is connected with the An arc-shaped transition section (33) is arranged at the joint of the transverse main reinforcement. 5. The rear axle beam according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, the height of the transverse main rib (21) is higher than the height of the side auxiliary rib (22), and/or, the A plurality of lateral auxiliary ribs (121) are disposed on the upper surface (1a) corresponding to the folded plate portion. 6. The rear axle beam according to claim 5, characterized in that, at least one transverse main rib (21) and at least one side auxiliary rib (22) are respectively equipped with a cylindrical portion (5); each said cylindrical portion (5) The first metal sleeves (51) for installing connecting rod fasteners are embedded respectively; the first metal sleeves are provided with a first flange (52) for axial positioning. 7. The rear axle beam according to claim 6, characterized in that, The pair of side auxiliary ribs includes a first side auxiliary rib (22a) and a second side auxiliary rib (22b); the pair of transverse main ribs includes a first transverse main rib (21a) and a second transverse main rib (21b); the The first side auxiliary reinforcement (22a) is adjacent to the first transverse main reinforcement (21a), and the second side auxiliary reinforcement (22b) is adjacent to the second transverse main reinforcement (21b); The cylindrical part includes: a first cylinder arranged on the first side auxiliary rib (22a) and a second cylinder arranged on the first transverse main rib (21a); The third tube on the rib (22b) and the fourth tube configured on the second transverse main rib (21b); Wherein, the center hole of the first metal sleeve in the first cylinder is a round hole, the center hole of the first metal sleeve in the second cylinder is a threaded hole; the first metal sleeve in the third cylinder The central hole of the sleeve is the first waist-shaped hole, and the central hole of the first metal sleeve in the fourth cylinder is the second waist-shaped hole; The connecting rod fastener includes: a first connecting rod fastener connected to the threaded hole after passing through the round hole; and passing through the first waist-shaped hole and the second waist-shaped hole and nut Attached second linkage fasteners. 8. The rear axle beam according to claim 6, characterized in that, a material reducing groove (110) is arranged on the upper surface of the middle flat part (11) corresponding to the position of the cylindrical part (5), and the A water hole (110a) is arranged around the material reducing chute. 9. The rear axle beam according to claim 6, characterized in that, a second metal sleeve (131) is embedded in the center hole of each said cylindrical portion (13), and said second metal sleeve ( 131) is provided with a second flange at its upper end. 10. The rear axle beam according to claim 6, characterized in that, At least one transverse main rib is provided with an arched hole (210) for connecting rod fasteners to pass through, and the arched hole (210) extends from the lower surface to the height direction of the transverse main rib (21), and The height of the arched hole (210) is smaller than the height of the transverse main rib (21). 11. A vehicle, characterized in that it is provided with the rear axle beam according to any one of claims 1 to 10.