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CN202228854U - 一种隔热结构 - Google Patents

一种隔热结构 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN202228854U
CN202228854U CN2011203248890U CN201120324889U CN202228854U CN 202228854 U CN202228854 U CN 202228854U CN 2011203248890 U CN2011203248890 U CN 2011203248890U CN 201120324889 U CN201120324889 U CN 201120324889U CN 202228854 U CN202228854 U CN 202228854U
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heat insulation
layer
fiber
thermal
structure according
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范金土
刘理璋
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Epro Development Ltd
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Epro Development Ltd
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Priority to US14/342,352 priority patent/US20140227552A1/en
Priority to PCT/IB2012/001678 priority patent/WO2013030658A1/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47G—HOUSEHOLD OR TABLE EQUIPMENT
    • A47G9/00—Bed-covers; Counterpanes; Travelling rugs; Sleeping rugs; Sleeping bags; Pillows
    • A47G9/08—Sleeping bags
    • A47G9/086—Sleeping bags for outdoor sleeping
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L59/00—Thermal insulation in general
    • F16L59/02—Shape or form of insulating materials, with or without coverings integral with the insulating materials
    • F16L59/029—Shape or form of insulating materials, with or without coverings integral with the insulating materials layered
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    • B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
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    • B32B5/26—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer another layer next to it also being fibrous or filamentary
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
    • B64C1/00—Fuselages; Constructional features common to fuselages, wings, stabilising surfaces or the like
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
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    • E04B2001/7691—Heat reflecting layers or coatings
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Chemical Or Physical Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)
  • Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
  • Thermal Insulation (AREA)

Abstract

本实用新型涉及一种隔热结构，包括：至少一层涂覆红外辐射反射涂层的超细纤维状网或者纺织面料构成的纤维状网以及一层粗纤维，所述较粗纤维层的纤维体积分数小于1％，纤维直径约为20～35μm。本实用新型提供的隔热材料的强度相对较高，且在阻挡热辐射的同时不妨碍湿汽传递，提高了隔热性能，而隔热结构的重量也相对较轻，适用于防寒服装、睡袋、建筑物隔热系统、电动汽车隔热系统和航空隔热系统。

Description

一种隔热结构
技术领域
本实用新型涉及隔热结构，更具体地说，涉及一种阻挡热辐射而不妨碍湿汽传递的隔热结构。
背景技术
隔热和防寒材料广泛应用于各种场合，例如用于减少介质与其周围环境之间热传递的建筑物结构、能源储存设施、航空器以及防寒服装。与各种不同的隔热和防寒材料比较，如粉末隔热材料、泡沫隔热材料和真空板材料，纤维状隔热材料具有隔热性强、重量轻、吸湿透汽性良好以及吸震能力强等方面优势，这是因为它们具有极高的孔隙率，一般为95％或以上(Tseng and Kuo，Thermalradiative properties of phenolic foam insulation，Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy& Radiative Transfer，72，349-359(2002))。在纤维状隔热材料中，热量传递的机制主要涉及热传导和热辐射(Farnworth，Mechanisms of heat flow through clothinginsulation，Textile Research Journal，53(12)，717-725(1983))。
大量的工作表明在多孔纤维状隔热材料中，辐射热传递是影响总热通量的一个重要因素(例如Farnworth(1983)，Wu et al.(2007)，Du et al.(2007))。为了减少辐射热通量，一种可能是增加纤维状隔热材料的纤维体积分数(或降低孔隙率)(见Farnworth(1983)and Wu et al.(2007))，或者引入密度高的薄膜作为夹层(Wu and Fan，Measurement of radiative thermal properties of thin polymer films byFTIR，Polymer Testing，27：122-128(2008)。然而，这将导致热传导的通量的增加和透湿性的降低。当在纤维状隔热材料(例如防寒服装或睡袋)中有湿气传递时，透湿性的降低将引起纤维隔热材料中湿气的积累和凝结，从而降低隔热效果。因此，如何在减少辐射热传递的同时，不增加传导热传递且不会妨碍湿汽传输，是目前面临的一项挑战。
人们发现超细纤维、金属或镀金属的纤维能减少热辐射传递，这是因为超细纤维的表面积与体积之比较高，增加了对热辐射的吸收效率，从而加强对辐射传热的阻挡。通过在纤维表面镀金属反射层，能增加辐射消光系数，可以进一步提高这种对热辐射的阻挡作用。此外，人们发现这种材料具有较高的透湿性(Gibson et al.，Transport properties of porous membranes based on electrospunnanofibers，Colloids and Surfaces A：Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects，187-188，469-481(2001))。然而，超细纤维的潜在问题是当其单独使用时强度较差。
通常情况下，热辐射的反射材料相对较重。因此，如果这种传统的热辐射反射材料被用作隔热系统的夹层或者基底层时，将会造成不必要的大幅度增重。重量明显增加在是大多数防寒系统，尤其是服装、睡袋和飞机外壳中不希望出现的。此外，金属制成的较厚的涂层也将大大降低水汽的渗透性能。当在极度寒冷的环境下作为防寒服装使用时，水汽将发生凝结，从而造成热量损失大大增加。
本实用新型的目的在于克服现有技术中的上述缺陷和问题。
实用新型内容
本实用新型要解决的技术问题在于，针对现有隔热结构的强度较差或相对较重的缺陷，提供一种阻挡热辐射而不妨碍湿汽传递的隔热结构。
本实用新型提供了一种隔热结构，包括：
至少一层纤维状网，以及
在每层所述纤维状网上形成的红外辐射反射涂层；
其中，每层所述纤维状网之间被粗纤维层分隔，所述粗纤维层的纤维体积分数小于1％，纤维直径为20～35μm。
在本实用新型所述的隔热结构中，所述纤维状网为合成聚合物制成的超细纤维状网，或者为由羊毛、羽绒、棉花、合成纤维材料或其组合制成的纺织面料的纤维状网。
在本实用新型所述的隔热结构中，所述超细纤维状网中的纤维直径为0.5～2μm，纤维体积分数约为10％，厚度为100-200μm。所述超细纤维状网为采用熔喷技术制成的纤维状网。
在本实用新型所述的隔热结构中，所述红外辐射反射涂层为由铝或者三氧化二铝制成的涂层。所述红外辐射反射涂层的厚度最好在10-100nm之间。所述红外辐射反射涂层可通过物理气相沉积、磁控溅射、电弧等离子体沉积、化学气相沉积法、溶胶-凝胶法在所述超细纤维状网或纺织面料上形成。
在本实用新型所述的隔热结构中，所述粗纤维层为由羊毛、羽绒、棉花、合成纤维材料或其组合制成的纤维层。
本实用新型还提供了一种隔热系统，采用如上所述的隔热结构制成。这些隔热系统可以用于防寒服装、睡袋、建筑物隔热系统、电动汽车隔热系统和飞机外壳隔热系统。
实施本实用新型的隔热结构和隔热系统，具有以下有益效果：本实用新型通过采用由超细纤维状网或者纺织面料制成的至少两层纤维状网，并在每层纤维状网上形成红外辐射反射涂层，同时在每层所述纤维状网之间设置粗纤维层，保障了整体隔热结构的强度，并且在阻挡热辐射的同时不妨碍湿汽传递，提高了隔热性能，而隔热结构的重量也相对较轻。
附图说明
下面将结合附图及实施例对本实用新型作进一步说明，附图中：
图1示出了根据本实用新型一个实施例的隔热结构；
图2示出了根据本实用新型另一实施例的示例性隔热结构；
图3(a)和3(c)为不同放大倍数的对照样本的SEM图像；
图3(b)和图3(d)为不同放大倍数的有涂层的超细纤维状网的SEM图像；
图4示出了对照样本和有涂层的超细纤维状网样本的傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析图；
图5(a)和图5(b)示出了对照样本和有涂层的超细纤维状网样本的热阻和湿阻分析图。
具体实施方式
为了使本实用新型的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白，以下结合附图及实施例，对本实用新型进行进一步详细说明。
图1示出了根据本实用新型一个实施例的隔热结构。该隔热结构包括被粗纤维制成的纤维状棉絮层分隔的两层反射超细纤维状网101/103。每个反射超细纤维状网包括超细纤维状网103和红外辐射反射层101。该红外辐射反射层101可直接涂在超细纤维状网或纤维上。
为了制作该反射超细纤维状网，首先制备一层超细纤维状网。该超细纤维状网可以通过对各种合成高分子材料使用熔喷技术获得。例如，可以对高分子树脂采用熔喷技术形成熔融体，并在模头中将该熔融体挤出形成纤维。通常情况下，采用高速气流吹制该纤维直至纤维脱离模孔。被挤出的纤维随后被收集在一收集表面上，通过纤维自粘行为制成了非织造网。
超细纤维状网是由纳米或微米尺度的超细纤维制成。超细纤维状网形成后，以该超细纤维状网为基底涂覆红外辐射反射材料。
红外辐射反射层101可包含：金属(如铝Al、银Ag和金Au)，金属氧化物(如氧化铝Al2O3、二氧化钛TiO2、氧化锌ZnO和二氧化铈CeO2)，或者掺杂了掺杂物的金属氧化物(该掺杂物可选自以下一组物质：氟、硼、铝、镓、铊、铜和铁)。红外辐射反射材料可以通过物理气相沉积、磁控溅射、电弧等离子体沉积、化学气相沉积法和溶胶-凝胶法覆盖在基底上。
在另一个实施例中，超细纤维状网是采用纺织面料层替代的。该纺织面料可以由羊毛、羽绒、棉花或合成纤维材料等制成。因此红外辐射反射层如上所述覆盖在所述的纺织面料上。
图2示出了根据本实用新型另一实施例的示例性隔热结构。在该实施例中，多个反射超细纤维状网210、220、230、240和250被叠放在一起，其中，每一层之间通过一层由粗纤维制成的纤维状棉絮205隔开。每一层反射超细纤维状网含有如上所述的超细纤维状网203和红外辐射反射层201。虽然图2的实例示出了具有5层的隔热结构，但是也可以根据特定的应用使用更多数量的反射超细纤维状网。
例如，在寒冷的环境中，可使用更多的反射超细纤维状网作为夹层。在防寒服装和睡袋的隔热结构中，可以增设一层或多层反射超细纤维状网或者一层反射超细纤维状网作为夹层。粗纤维层205是由羊毛、涤纶或其它合成纤维材料等制成的高孔隙率棉絮。
两层反射超细纤维状网之间的最佳距离(D)取决于反射超细纤维状网的体积分数、纤维直径和反射特性，以及粗纤维层205的体积分数和纤维直径。这可以通过实验测量和数值模拟得到。根据香港理工大学进行的研究工作表明，两个反射超细纤维状网之间的最佳距离最好位于4-8mm之间。4-6mm的粗纤维层通常重量在每平方米20-100克之间。
因此，这些隔热结构可以在极端寒冷气候条件下使用，以增加耐热辐射性能而不会导致不必要的重量增加，同时不会降低水汽渗透性能。它可用于例如防寒服装或睡袋的物件的隔热。另外，该隔热结构可用于建筑隔热、汽车隔热和航空应用。
在上述实施例中，超细纤维状网中的纤维直径通常在0.5～2μm范围内，超细纤维状网的纤维体积分数约为10％，超细纤维状网的厚度范围根据特定应用要求从大约100μm到200μm。可以用红外辐射反射层的厚度来控制特定应用温度下红外辐射反射的百分数，以及控制被涂覆的隔热材料的重量增加。一般来说，10-100nm的厚度范围能有效地反射红外辐射而不会明显地增加重量。红外辐射反射涂层的厚度最好在20到40nm之间。
在上述实施例中，粗纤维层的纤维直径通常介于20～35μm，粗纤维层的纤维体积分数通常约为1％，一般略小于1％，粗纤维层的厚度约为5mm。
图3(a)至3(d)示出了对照样本和有涂层的非织造样本的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图。对照样本是指在涂覆红外辐射反射材料之前的超细纤维状网，有涂层的非织造样本是指反射超细纤维状网。图3(a)和3(c)为不同放大倍数的对照样本的SEM图像；图3(b)和图3(d)为不同放大倍数的有涂层的超细纤维状网的SEM图像。图3(d)中可以观察到小颗粒，这些是红外辐射反射材料(如金属)。这些SEM图像显示，红外辐射反射涂层不会影响超细纤维状网的纤维结构。红外辐射反射材料只需覆盖到超细纤维的表面上。
图4(a)示出了对照样本和有涂层的超细纤维状网的傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析图。从红外光谱中可知，有涂层的样本的广谱透射率几乎为零。有涂层的纤维的厚度为0.22mm，而无涂层的纤维厚度为0.16mm。
图5(a)示出了对照六层5毫米厚的棉絮之间夹有五层涂层超细纤维状网组成的隔热结构，与仅由六层5毫米厚的棉絮组成的隔热结构的热阻。图5(b)示出了对照六层5毫米厚的棉絮之间夹有五层涂层超细纤维状网组成的隔热结构，与仅由六层5毫米厚的棉絮组成的隔热结构的湿阻。可以看到采用本技术热阻增加了45.5％，但湿阻仅增加了5％。
本实用新型是根据特定实施例进行描述的，但本领域的技术人员应明白在不脱离本实用新型范围时，可进行各种变化和等同替换。此外，为适应本实用新型技术的特定场合或材料，可对本实用新型进行诸多修改而不脱离其保护范围。因此，本实用新型并不限于在此公开的特定实施例，而包括所有落入到权利要求保护范围的实施例。

Claims (10)

1.一种隔热结构，其特征在于，包括：
至少一层纤维状网，以及
在每层所述纤维状网上形成的红外辐射反射涂层；
其中，每层所述纤维状网之间被粗纤维层分隔，所述粗纤维层的纤维体积分数小于1％，纤维直径为20～35μm。
2.根据权利要求1所述的隔热结构，其特征在于，所述纤维状网为合成聚合物制成的超细纤维状网，或者为由羊毛、羽绒、棉花或合成纤维材料制成的纺织面料的纤维状网。
3.根据权利要求2所述的隔热结构，其特征在于，所述超细纤维状网中的纤维直径为0.5～2μm，纤维体积分数约为10％，厚度为100-200μm。
4.根据权利要求1所述的隔热结构，其特征在于，所述超细纤维状网为采用熔喷技术制成的纤维状网。
5.根据权利要求1-4中任意一项所述的隔热结构，其特征在于，所述红外辐射反射涂层为由铝或者三氧化二铝制成的涂层。
6.根据权利要求5所述的隔热结构，其特征在于，所述红外辐射反射涂层的厚度为10-100nm。
7.根据权利要求2所述的隔热结构，其特征在于，所述红外辐射反射涂层为通过物理气相沉积、磁控溅射、电弧等离子体沉积、化学气相沉积法、溶胶-凝胶法在所述超细纤维状网或纺织面料上形成的涂层。
8.根据权利要求1-4中任意一项所述的隔热结构，其特征在于，所述粗纤维层为由羊毛、羽绒、棉花或合成纤维材料制成的纤维层。
9.一种隔热系统，其特征在于，采用权利要求1-8中任意一项所述的隔热结构。
10.根据权利要求9所述的隔热系统，其特征在于，所述隔热系统为防寒服装、睡袋、建筑物隔热系统、电动汽车隔热系统和飞机外壳隔热系统。 
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