CN1909920A - 缓释剂的传送方法 - Google Patents
缓释剂的传送方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及缓释药剂的传送方法。特别是,本发明可使治疗剂位点特异性传送至组织,可使该药剂在组织中保留,以及可使该药剂从传送位点缓释。此方法包括消融该组织和给消融组织注射药剂进行缓释。
Description
本申请要求拥有2004年3月18日提交的美国临时专利申请No.60/554,230的优先权。
发明领域
本发明涉及缓释药剂的传送方法。特别是,本发明可使治疗剂位点特异性传送至组织,可使此药剂在组织中保留,以及可使药剂从传送位点进行缓释。
发明背景
随着抗生素和疫苗的研发,许多感染性疾病的严重程度已经下降;但是癌症仍是最难治愈的威胁。癌症治疗中的一种障碍是癌症发展和增殖的机理多种多样而且不太清楚。因此,研究可能的癌症治疗,需要多种不同训练的知识。另外,在整个长期的疾病过程中,癌症患者必须承受脆弱的精神和身体影响,此疾病也会对患者和社会造成经济负担。
治愈的大多数癌症是通过原发肿瘤的外科切除。尽管全身化疗的治疗结果在极大程度上令人失望,但是仍采用此方法治疗转移癌。全身化疗药物的毒副作用可能是确定患者给药浓度的限制性因素。在很多情况下这些副作用使化疗药物不能应用足够的给药剂量,以致肿瘤细胞发生再生和扩散。
当转移性疾病局限在一个器官(例如肝脏)上时,进行外科或局灶治疗非常重要。对于局限于肝脏的肿瘤,非外科治疗包括各种途径的化疗,在这些方法中通过血供将化疗药物直接传送至肝脏肿瘤。例如,化疗药物5-氟脱氧尿苷(FUDR)对诸如癌细胞的活性分化细胞具有较强的毒性作用,而对大多数正常组织没有这种作用,此药物通过这样起作用。当通过肝动脉传送药物时,肿瘤与机体中的其他细胞相比,优先获得较高浓度的药物:这样可将患者的总副作用降到最小。应用常规全身或局部治疗时,未与肿瘤组织接触的过量药物影响健康组织的状况,因此成为剂量浓度的限制性因素。如果能将药物的毒性作用完全局限在肝脏肿瘤内,而不影响周围健康组织,这样可给予较高浓度的药物以完全杀死所有的癌细胞,如此将会产生理想的结果。
其他肿瘤治疗包括肿瘤饥饿疗法,即切断该病态组织的血供。近来,动脉栓塞被认为是一种治疗某些肝癌和乳腺癌的有效方法。按照此方法,将导管的一个末端插入该癌症或肿瘤组织的滋养动脉,并通过导管的另一端注射栓塞剂,阻断血流,该栓塞剂诸如钢螺圈、聚乙烯醇海绵(IVALONTM)、胶原、明胶海绵(GELFOAMTM)、白蛋白和淀粉物质。这样可引起癌症或肿瘤组织的坏死,因为它缺乏附加的营养物。经导管动脉栓塞技术的一种缺陷是需要追加化疗。所尝试的两步法是先给滋养肿瘤的动脉注射化疗药,然后再对此动脉进行栓塞。这种方法通常是无效的,因为所用的治疗剂在极短的时间内从目标疾病组织中释放出来。此治疗剂的快速丢失是由于癌症或肿瘤组织存在侧支脉管系统,它易于将治疗剂从疾病组织中带走。最近研究者用化疗剂浸渍栓塞底物(例如GELFOAMTM),以便在栓塞后灌注组织。栓塞后,口服或注射应用抗肿瘤药物是无用的,因为滋养动脉的闭塞阻碍该药物达到该癌症或肿瘤组织。
还开发了直接传送至肿瘤组织的缓释药物。Batich等的美国专利No.6,602,524公开了在pH敏感微球体中的包封化抗癌药物,此微球体在肿瘤组织中或附近的pH范围内可进行溶胀转变。当微球体溶胀时,所装载的药物则被释放至肿瘤组织的微环境中。
Luck等的美国重新颁发专利No.33,375公开了细胞毒药物在一种基质中的分散,此基质诸如胶原、纤维蛋白原或其衍生物。然后将此基质分散在小量生理学可接受的水介质中;并将所得非晶形团块注射至损害,例如肿瘤中。一旦注射,此基质则粘附于组织,不会产生明显的移动。注射后,药物即释放至临近的环境中,这样可防止药物大量转运至不希望发生不良细胞毒作用的其他部位。因此,该药物循环血水平不高。
Sakamoto等的美国专利No.4,536,387公开了一种抗癌装置,它将抗癌药物和凝血因子固定在一种结构上,此结构由以下构成:合成聚合物,诸如硅氧烷、聚酯、聚酰胺、聚氨酯、聚丙烯腈、聚丙烯酰胺、聚丙烯酸酯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯和聚乙烯醇;纤维素物质及其衍生物,诸如棉、大麻、纸浆、乙基纤维素和醋酸纤维素;再生纤维素,诸如粘胶人造丝和caprammonium人造丝;以及各种生物可吸收的物质。将此抗癌装置用于经导管动脉栓塞和针治疗中,并通过停留于癌症组织及其临近区域中,在延长周期中缓慢释放抗癌药物。
总之,缓释药物需要改进和批准,这是昂贵而复杂的,并将增加疾病治疗的费用。
因此,需要一种简单而廉价治疗剂传送系统,以治疗病态组织,尤其是癌症和肿瘤组织,此传送系统可将高浓度的治疗剂仅仅释放于病态组织内,而健康组织相对不受影响。还需要一种将物质植入组织并将其缓慢释放至机体的方法。
发明总结
本发明人发现被消融组织能保留直接注射入该消融组织中的物质,而且可在延长的时间内释放此物质。
本发明的一个目的涉及病态组织的治疗方法,尤其是癌症或肿瘤组织。特别是,本发明可使治疗剂位点特异性传送至病态组织并使药物从传送位点进行缓释。首先将病态组织消融,例如应用射频(RF)、微波、超声、激光、其他电磁辐射或热源,通过电阻或其他加热机理将病态组织杀死。因为消融经常不能杀死所有的病态细胞,从而导致复发,尤其是在癌症或肿瘤情况下,然后至少要将一种治疗剂直接注射至该消融组织中。应用这种方法,将治疗剂保留在此组织中,并延时缓慢释放。此方法的优势有很多。首先,治疗剂保留在组织中,可使病态组织与高浓度的治疗剂更长时间地接触。其次,因为治疗剂,尤其是化疗药物可为细胞毒性的,所以缓慢释放对患者其他部位的健康组织不会产生不良影响。
本发明的另一个目的涉及将一种用于缓释的药剂植入例如动物的方法。首先消融所选组织以通过,例如应用射频(RF)、微波、超声、激光或其他电磁辐射加热杀死该组织。然后将一种药剂注射至消融组织中,使其在延长的时间里从注射部位释放至循环系统中。
本发明的另一个目的涉及免疫治疗的方法,尤其是对于癌症或肿瘤。此方法包括:首先将接受免疫的组织消融以通过,例如应用射频(RF)、微波、超声、激光或其他电磁辐射加热杀死组织。然后将一种免疫调节剂(或者这些药剂的组合),诸如细胞因子,注射入消融组织中,以刺激产生对组织的免疫反应。因为此免疫调节剂保留在消融组织中,将会产生对特异组织的免疫反应。此方法在癌症和肿瘤的免疫疗法中最有用;但是对其他组织也采用此免疫疗法。
附图简述
附图1的照片显示荧光素在消融牛肝中的延时保留;
附图2的图表显示所保留荧光素的量与注射次数的依赖性;
附图3的图表显示消融牛肝组织中荧光素的指数释放;
附图4的图表显示RFA处理和注射荧光素的小鼠肿瘤1、3和8天后的剩余荧光素。左图是在可见光下拍摄的,右图是在伍德氏光下拍摄的相应图像;
附图5的图表显示6名患者尿中荧光素的浓度,其肿瘤接受了RFA处理和荧光素注射;以及
附图6的图表显示附图5的6名患者其中之一的尿荧光素浓度和所计算的肿瘤中保留的荧光素。
优选实施方式的详细描述
在本发明应用中,可应用现有技术中已知的任何方法,诸如射频(RF)、微波、超声、激光或其他电磁辐射进行组织消融,以通过电阻或其他加热机理杀死病态组织。优选方法为射频消融(RFA)。在RFA中,将电极插入病态组织,诸如癌症或肿瘤组织中,并使经电极进入患者的电流(电流回路通常为患者皮肤上的大面积平板)通过电阻加热破坏此病态组织。简单的RFA电极为尖端不绝缘的导电性针,此尖端置于病态组织内。相对于患者皮肤上大面积接触平板,用约为460KHz的振荡电信号给此针通电。电流从针尖端放射性流动,产生球形或椭圆形加热区(根据暴露针尖的长度和形状),而且最终使此区一部分内的病损区域具有足够的温度而杀死此区内的细胞。限制电极的能量,避免邻近电极的组织发生炭化、沸腾和汽化,这些情况将极大地增加电极和病态组织残余部分之间的电阻。由于接近电极的电流密度高,所以邻近电极的组织首先炭化,因此使能量传递产生瓶颈。
已经开发了几种改进方法和技术以增强RFA,所有这些都适用于本发明。RFA的仪器和方法可包括但不限于下列文献中公开的那些,这些文献为美国专利Ryan的No.6,280,441和Foley等的No.6,663,622以及美国专利申请Schaefer等的No.2004/0133196、Mulier等的No.2004/0236322、Lee,Jr.等的No.2005/0010209和Nahvi等的No.2002/0022864,它们的全文均在此引用为参考。
一旦将病态组织消融,则将至少一种药剂注射至该消融组织中。对于给定体积的药剂来说,多次注射比单次注射更优选。例如,如果要将1mL药剂注射至消融组织中,则优选每次注射0.1mL,进行10次,这样每次都是有效的,而不采用单次注射1mL。可开发将药剂分散至消融组织中的其他装置。例如,可应用包括1个以上针的注射装置以实现本发明,它可将药剂同时传送至消融组织内的多个位点。
此治疗剂可以是但不限于小分子物质、蛋白、肽、核酸(DNA或RNA)、细胞、药物或它们的组合。例证的药剂包括苯丁酸氮芥、左旋苯丙氨酸氮芥、白消安、卡莫司汀、罗氮芥、链佐星、噻替派、氨烯咪胺氨甲蝶呤、5-氟尿嘧啶、阿糖孢苷、阿扎立平巯基嘌呤、硫鸟嘌呤、长春花碱、长春新碱、放线菌素D、阿霉素、博莱霉素、光辉霉素、丝裂霉素C、L-天冬酰胺酶、顺铂、丙卡巴肼、强的松、强的松龙、去炎松、睾酮、雌激素、胰岛素、羟基脲、免疫调节剂、抗体、抗生素、抗病毒药及其组合。免疫调节剂可为但不限于细胞因子,诸如白介素、干扰素、生长因子、趋化因子(将细胞吸引至一定区域的药剂)、肿瘤抗原、修饰的肿瘤抗原、改变免疫系统的DNA/RNA,或者细胞,诸如免疫系统的那些细胞。另外还可应用可进一步延迟上述任何药剂释放的药剂。根据这些药剂的性质、疾病以及协同作用是否为药理指征,治疗剂可单独应用或者联合应用。通过改变药物,特别是通过可进行酶促裂解(例如水解作用)的键合,或者通过将有助于维持药物保留在引入部位的物质引入此组合物,这样可进一步修饰药剂;但是,优选不修改此药剂,因为发明人发现消融组织靠其本身足以保持此药剂在延长的时间里从传送位点进行慢速释放,这可能是因为它缺乏脉管系统。
不作进一步描述,但相信,采用前面的描述和下面的例证实施例,本领域普通技术人员可生产和使用本发明的化合物,并且实现所要求的方法。下面的实施例是用于对本发明进行举例说明。应当清楚并不是要将本发明限制在这种特殊条件或者此实施例所述的细节中。
实施例1 RF消融组织中的荧光素保留
消融牛肝,多次注射荧光素。为了证明注射的有效性,将此组织切成两片,并在1L磷酸缓冲盐水(PBS)中延长时间进行搅拌。每天更换PBS,持续2周。间隔1周,在紫外(UV)光下给此消融组织照相。按照附图1,在至少2周的时间内能在消融组织内容易地检测到荧光素,在2周时,还可从消融组织中洗脱荧光素(附图1的C图)。此方法可用于对使用此技术的人进行训练和评价。
实施例2-多次注射促进RF消融组织荧光素保留
给按照实施例1制备的消融牛肝注射3、10或30次荧光素(总量0.5mL)。在10分钟以上的时间里广泛冲洗此组织;计算保留荧光素占总注射荧光素的百分比。为了对保留荧光素进行定量,对此冲洗组织进行匀化、离心,并用荧光计评价上清液的荧光素,此荧光计具有激发和发射滤器,它们分别为485nm和525nm。
按照附图2,当注射30次时,约达65%的注射荧光素被RF消融肝保留;而注射10次和3次时,荧光素分别保留49%和41%。这清楚地表明,当应用单针装置时,荧光素的保留量与注射次数正相关。可开发多针装置,以完成相似的结果。
实施例3-RF消融组织中荧光素的指数释放
为了测定荧光素释放速率,用RF消融牛肝,并注射荧光素。附图3显示消融组织释放荧光素的量以及保留荧光素占总回收荧光素的百分比,释放荧光素按照一种指数下降。但是,持续冲洗1周后,此消融组织还含有50%以上的原始荧光素。这些数据表明,在体外模型中,RF消融组织具有传送局部高浓度分子的机制,此分子可在延长时间里慢慢释放。
实施例4-体内模型中RF消融皮下肿瘤保留荧光素
给Balb/c雌性小鼠侧腹注射106Ras-6肿瘤细胞。Ras-6肿瘤来源于用突变型ras基因转染p53-null BALB/c鼠胚胎成纤维细胞系。一旦肿瘤尺寸达到0.5-1cm,则对动物进行全身麻醉;并用0.7cm多-镀锡探针消融此肿瘤。启动1-3瓦电源,每30秒提高一次功率,以此完成RFA。将一种特殊电阻器电路置于此电路中,以避免在RFA发生器中建立低电阻缺省中断错误。RFA后,通过注射1至3次,给肿瘤注射总量50μl的荧光素。在不同间隔处死动物,评价保留的荧光素。附图4显示1、3和8天后的剩余荧光素。与体外研究相一致,通过此时间间隔,荧光素的量下降;但是,相当多的荧光素在体内消融肿瘤中保留了至少8天。
实施例5-临床研究中RF消融肝肿瘤保留荧光素
在知情同意后,按照伦理委员会批准的方案,入组6名患有不可切除的肝转移瘤患者或肝细胞癌患者。合格病例需要患者接受用于治疗目的的RFA。按照说明书应用无线电治疗装置进行RFA。随后,将1ml 10%荧光素注射至消融组织中(20次不同的注射)。
因为98%荧光素在尿中排泄,可从连续尿样中估计释放和保留荧光素的量。连续收集第一次早晨空白尿样,并评价荧光素。荧光素注射总量(100mg)减去估计的荧光素排泄量(测定荧光素(mg/mL)x估计尿量2L/天),以此计算保留的荧光素。
附图5显示6名患者经过12天尿中荧光素浓度。黑线代表所有6名患者的趋势。附图6显示患者1的数据。虚线代表12天后保留在消融肿瘤中的计算的荧光素,它显示12天后荧光素的保留大于90%。
尽管此处对本发明某些优选实施方式进行了明确地描述,但是显然对于适于本发明的本领域专业技术人员来说,在不违背本发明的精神和范围的情况下,可对这里描述的各种实施方式进行改变和修改。因此,只将本发明限制在附属权利要求和适用的法规中。
Claims (16)
1、一种治疗肿瘤组织的方法,包括下列步骤:
a)消融该肿瘤组织;和
b)给此消融肿瘤组织注射治疗剂。
2、权利要求1的方法,其中所述治疗剂为化疗药物。
3、权利要求1的方法,其中所述治疗剂为免疫调节剂。
4、权利要求1的方法,其中所述治疗剂选自细胞因子、干扰素、生长因子、趋化因子、肿瘤抗原、修饰的肿瘤抗原、DNA/RNA或细胞。
5、权利要求1的方法,其中步骤b)包含多次注射。
6、权利要求1的方法,其中步骤a)包括射频消融(RFA)。
7、一种治疗病态组织的方法,包括下列步骤:
a)消融该病态组织;和
b)给RF消融的病态组织注射治疗该疾病的药剂。
8、权利要求7的方法,其中所述药剂选自抗生素、抗病毒药、抗体、细胞因子、趋化因子、生长因子、免疫调节化合物及其组合。
9、权利要求7的方法,其中步骤b)包含多次注射。
10、权利要求7的方法,其中步骤a)包括射频消融(RFA)。
11、一种植入缓释组合物的方法,包括下列步骤:
a)消融所选择的组织;和
b)给所消融的病态组织注射药物。
12、权利要求11的方法,其中所选择的组织为正常组织。
13、权利要求11的方法,其中所选择的组织为肌肉组织或肝组织。
14、权利要求11的方法,其中所述组分选自药物、激素、肽、蛋白、核酸、肿瘤抗原、趋化因子及其组合。
15、权利要求10的方法,其中步骤b)包括多次注射。
16、权利要求10的方法,其中步骤a)包括射频消融(RFA)。
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