CN1795198B - 对神经精神疾病进行医学成像所用的甘油磷酸胆碱及其衍生物 - Google Patents
对神经精神疾病进行医学成像所用的甘油磷酸胆碱及其衍生物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本文涉及诊断早老性痴呆症的化合物、组合物和方法。合成甘油磷酸胆碱可用作测定早老性痴呆症发展程度的辅助诊断措施。甘油磷酸胆碱是一种膜磷脂代谢物。该代谢物与β-转角具有特异性结合力。本发明提供的化合物包括甘油磷酸胆碱的非放射性衍生物、顺磁性衍生物以及放射性衍生物。这些衍生化合物具有与原始甘油磷酸胆碱分子相同的结合特性。这些衍生化合物可用于医学磁共振成像和/或正电子成像术。通过将这些放射性技术和本发明中的组合物结合使用,可以完成对早老性痴呆症发展程度的诊断和确定。
Description
交叉的相关申请
本申请拥有60/474,182号美国临时专利申请的优先权。60/474,182号美国临时专利申请于2003年5月29日提交,该临时专利申请的内容在此通过引证被并入本文。
发明领域
一般而言,本发明与对神经性精神疾病发展程度进行成像所用的化合物、组合物以及这些物质的合成及使用方法相关,具体而言,本发明与对早老性疾病发展程度进行成像所用的化合物、组合物以及这些物质的合成及使用方法相关。
发明背景
在老年人中最普遍的痴呆症形式是早老性痴呆。早老性痴呆是一种进行性的神经变性疾病。其特点是记忆力丧失、语言退化、体视功能受损、判断力低下、冷漠,但运动功能尚存。从神经解剖学的角度看,早老性痴呆症的特点是突触丧失以及伴随有细胞外老年斑和细胞内神经原纤维缠结形成的神经原细胞死亡。
人们已对早老性痴呆症的起因进行了广泛的研究,但仍然对其知之甚少。然而,早老性痴呆症的原始细胞分子事件会造成神经原细胞的死亡,这一点被广泛认为与老年斑有关。发生病变脑部中的老年斑是不规则的,近似于球体形状,这些老年斑通常出现在早老性痴呆症患者脑部的大脑皮层和海马体中。老年斑的主要组分是一种淀粉状蛋白肽。在老年斑中累积的淀粉状蛋白肽含有大量的β-折叠片,而正常的淀粉状蛋白肽含有α-螺旋和不规则螺旋。
在老年斑中积累的特定β淀粉状蛋白肽是自然存在的跨膜蛋白淀粉状前体蛋白中39-43氨基酸的降解产物。β淀粉状蛋白肽中的可溶性α-螺旋或不规则螺旋结构具有很小的神经毒性或没有神经毒性。然而。体外研究证明,β淀粉状蛋白肽中的纤维状β-折叠片具有神经毒性(见Yankner等人在《科学》上发表的文章,1990,250:279~282,该文章的内容在此通过引证被并入本文)。早老性痴呆症研究中的一个重大问题是:在早老性痴呆症中为什么β淀粉状蛋白肽会如此大规模地形成β-折叠片?
除了形成异常β淀粉状蛋白肽外,在早老性疾呆症中还发现有膜磷脂的变化。研究表明,在早老性痴呆症患者的脑中存在着严重的膜磷脂代谢变化,其中包括膜磷脂组成的变化(见Pettegrew等人在《神经化学研究》上发表的文章,2001,26:771~782,该文章的内容在此通过引证被并入本文)、磷脂代谢酶的改变(见Kanfer等人在《神经化学研究》上发表的文章,1993,18:331~334,该文章的内容在此通过引证被并入本文)以及膜磷脂前体和分解产物的变化(见Pettegrew等人在《大脑研究公报》上发表的文章,2000,53(4):455~469,该文章的内容在此通过引证被并入本文)。通过在确认患有早期痴呆症33个月前对带有病前症状个体进行体内31P磁共振成像和在确诊患有早老性痴呆症前46个月对带有病前症状个体进行体内31P磁共振成像表明,膜磷脂和高能磷酸盐代谢过程发生了变化。同时,这些资料表明了膜磷脂代谢过程在早老性痴呆症发病中的成因作用。
甘油磷酸胆碱(C8H20PO6N,以后简称为GPC)是磷酸卵磷脂的正常膜磷脂分解产物,在包括大脑在内的所有人体组织中,磷脂酶A的结合作用和溶血磷脂酶活动都会生成这种分解产物。GPC在成人大脑中的正常水平为1~2mM,这一水平是逐步增加的并与年龄相关。大脑中GPC的水平自然地随着年龄而增加,但在早老性痴呆症患者的体内,GPC的水平却增加到了更高的程度。通过对大脑中GPC水平与早老性痴呆症之间的关系进行分析可以得出一个结论,这就是GPC很可能是早老性痴呆症的成因。
研究人员进行了体内研究,从而考察GPC是否会对β淀粉状蛋白肽β片的沉积造成影响。这些研究的结果表明,GPC增强β(1-40)积累的程度超过了400%(见Klunk等人在《神经化学杂志》上发表的文章,1997,69:266~272,该文章的内容在此通过引证被并入本文)。进一步的研究证明,GPC可使β(1-40)中α-螺旋的含量减少15%,因此直接表明了GPC具有改变β淀粉状蛋白肽结构的能力(见Pettegrew等人在《社会神经科学》文摘读物上的文章,该文在此通过引证被并入本文)。这些结果还进一步证实了GPC是早老性痴呆症发病的成因。
在计算机上进行的分子模拟研究表明了GPC对β淀粉状蛋白肽中β-转角进行稳定的作用机理。研究人员通过计算机分子力学和动态模拟对GPC与Aβ(1-28)间的分子相互作用进行了研究,这一分子相互作用决定着Aβ积累的动力学(见McClure等人在《社会神经科学文摘》上发表的文章,2001,27,文摘322.9,该文的内容在此通过引证被并入本文)。人们发现GPC与Aβ(1-28)肽的某一位点具有特异性结合力,这一位点是一个由三个氨其酸-即赖氨酸28、天冬氨酸23和赖氨酸16构成的蛋白袋结构。此外,GPC与这一肽蛋白袋结构的结合会促进β淀粉状蛋白肽中β-转角结构的形成。为了使β淀粉状蛋白肽形成β-折叠片结构,在β淀粉状蛋白肽中引入β-转角是至关重要的并且是必须的,β-折叠片结构是凝聚成老年斑的β淀粉状蛋白肽结构。这些资料都指明GPC是β淀粉状蛋白肽β-折叠片的积累的起因。
为了对GPC与β淀粉状蛋白肽具有特殊结合力这一问题进行说明,研究人员对存储在蛋白数据库中的蛋白结构进行了检验。在这一分子模拟方法中,研究人员对与β淀粉状蛋白肽上结合位点相似的GPC可能的结合位点进行了核查。研究人员对11,996个结构进行了对比,并对其中最相配的117个结构进行了进一步的考察,从而确定这些相配的结构是否含有正确的序列。蛋白同源性分析进一步将结果锁定在5个可能的结构上。然而,对这些蛋白结构的目测观察并没有发现与GPC相应的位点相似的结合蛋白袋结构。根据这一搜寻以及对数据库进行的另外搜寻,研究人员得出结论,赖氨酸28-天冬氨酸23-赖氨酸16基序形成了GPC的结合位点,这一基序对β淀粉状蛋白肽结构是唯一的。此外,β淀粉状蛋白肽中赖氨酸28-天冬氨酸23-赖氨酸16残基的螺旋方向也是十分重要的。这些结果表明,GPC与β淀粉状蛋白肽之间的结合是高度特异性的。
由于GPC和β淀粉状蛋白肽之间存在着相互作用,或者这二者是由分子类脂膜生成的,所以研究员对这二类分子间正常的相互作用进行了研究。研究人员对正常的人体红细胞和小鼠脑膜进行了荧光光谱分析,分析结果证实,在自然的膜磷脂环境下GPC和β(1-40)淀粉状蛋白肽发生相互作用(见Mandal等人提交给《神经化学研究》的文章,2004,该文章在此通过引证被并入本文)。
以前的研究已经证明GPC可诱导β淀粉状蛋白肽中生成β-转角,这一现象又可导致分子外β-折叠片的形成。反过来,β片又会促进β淀粉状蛋白肽在早老性痴呆症患者的老年斑中形成积累,从而导致突触丧失和神经原细胞的死亡。在早老性痴呆症患者中,脑部GPC的浓度在早老性痴呆症病状出现前是随着年龄的增长而增加的。然而,以前的技术中并没有建议或指出在治疗或早老性痴呆症的诊断中如何使用这些科学研究方法。
长期以来,医学界一直需要一种诊断工具,从而对早老性痴呆症发病前的症状进行评估。这样一种工具对开发治疗手段是极为有用的,这样可以延缓或避免早老性痴呆症的发作。因此,本发明希望提供某些组合物和方法,这些组合物和方法可用于测定病发前β淀粉状蛋白肽斑点的形成,并由此对早老性痴呆症的发展程度进行评估。
发明概述
根据本发明的优选实施方案,目前某些与早老性痴呆症诊断相关的问题得到了解决。本发明提供对GPC和β淀粉状蛋白肽分子间相互作用进行成像所用的化合物、组合物和方法。在优选情况下,本发明中的组合物包括GPC的衍生物,该衍生物适用于磁共振成像术和正电子成像术。本发明包括合成GPC衍生物所用的方法。在优选情况下,这些方法使用非放射性反应物、顺磁性反应物和放射性反应物,这样最终得到的GPC衍生产物能够在磁共振成像仪器或正电子成像仪器中进行成像。
图示简介
本发明的优选实施方案是结合以下图形进行说明的。
图1是分子示意图,它表明了β淀粉状蛋白肽所形成的老年斑。
图2表明了甘油磷酸胆碱分子的化学结构式。
图3是一张具体的磁共振图像,该图像表明的是H2 17O的微观图像。
图4是模块图,该模块图表明的是生成合成GPC分子所用的化学反应。
图5是流程图,该图表明了对早老性痴呆症进行诊断的方法。
图6是流程图,该图表明了对早老性痴呆症进行诊断的方法。
图7是流程图,该图表明了对早老性痴呆症进行诊断的方法。
本发明的详细说明
图1是分子示意图10,该图表明了β淀粉状蛋白肽形成老年斑的过程。β-转角被引入到β淀粉状蛋白肽中,从而形成β片结构,β片结构是积累成老年斑的β淀粉状蛋白肽结构。
图2是模块图,该图表明的是甘油磷酸胆碱(C8H209O6N,此后简称为GPC)分子14的化学分子式。图12还表明了同一分子14的等价形式。正如本领域所知道的,GPC具有与β淀粉状蛋白肽相结合的特异性,GPC可以促进β淀粉状蛋白肽中β-转角的形成,而β-转角会促进β片在老年斑中的积累。因此,GPC被用来对人类和动物个体中含有β-转角的β淀粉状蛋白肽进行无害化测定。GPC分子能够有效地穿越血-脑边界,并随后与含有β-转角的β淀粉状蛋白肽形成特异性结合。
在本发明的某一实施方案中,GPC化合物是人工合成的,这些GPC化合物包括能够通过标准脑部成像技术而进行成像的GPC衍生物,比如通过磁共振成像术、正电子成像术以及本领域已知的其他成像术进行成像,但合成的GPC并不局限于这些GPC衍生物。这些GPC化合物被用作化学方式来诊断人类的早老性痴呆症。
由于人们已知GPC是通过静脉注射或口服方式进入到脑部的(见Abbiatti等人在《欧洲药物代谢杂志》上发表的文章,1993,18:173~180,该文章的内容在此通过引证被并入本文),所以GPC的非放射性衍生物(19F)、顺磁性衍生物(17O)和放射性衍生物(15O、13N、11C、18F)可以进行合成,从而用于磁共振成像(17O、19F)和正电子成像(15O、13N、11C、18F)GPC和β淀粉状蛋白太之间的相互作用是由高度特异性的化学和物理间距以及这两种分子间的相互作用所支配的。因此,在优选情况下,本发明中的分子并不含有附着在GPC上的大型标记基团或荧光标识,因为这些杂类分子会干扰GPC与β淀粉状蛋白肽的特异性结合。取而代之的是,本发明使用某些分子,在这些分子中,正常GPC中至少有一个原子部分被相同原子的非放射性同位素(19F)、顺磁性同位素(17O)、放射性同位素(15O、13N、11C、18F)或生理化学相关的部分所取代。
在本发明中,含有17O的GPC衍生物是成像分子的一个优选实施方案。17O是稳定的氧同位素,这种氧同位素的核自旋为5/2。这种氧同位素通过其标量偶合相互作用而增强质子(1H)的T2弛豫率(见Meiboom等人在《化学生理学杂志》发表的文章,1957,27:1411~1412,见Meiboom在《化学生理学杂志》上发表的文章,1961,34:375~388,这些文章的内容在此通过引证被并入本文),因此这一氧同位素被用于磁共振成像术中。
图3是具体的磁共振图像15,该图像表明了H2 17O的微观图像。该磁共振图像表明了16O和17O分子之间的差别。
因此,在本发明中,GPC分子是合成的,在GPC分子中标准的16O原子被17O原子所取代。GPC分子有选择性地与β淀粉状蛋白肽的β-转角相结合,这样就为早老性痴呆症中β淀粉状蛋白肽积累过程中的前体提供了一个特定的标记。值得注意的是,GPC含有6个原始的16O原子,这6个16O原子可以被17O原子所取代。如果这6个16O原都被17O原子取代,则顺磁信号的强度会有很大的增加。但在实现本发明时并不必要取代所有这些16O原子。
图4是模块图16,该图表明了生成合成GPC分子18所用化学反应的细节。在本发明的某一实施方案中,原始GPC分子14的6个16O原子都被17O原子所取代,从而生成合成的GPC分子18(原始GPC分子14和合成的GPC分子18用两种不同的化学分子结构式来表示,除了原始GPC14含有16O原子以及合成GPC分子含有17O原子外,这两种化学分子结构是等价的)。GPC分子18的合成是基于Lacey等人所建立的部分文献先例(《有机化学杂志》1983,48:5214~5521)和Wassermann所创立的文献先例(D R Collog.研究院会议上发表的“氧同位素”一文,1972:95~98),这两篇文献的内容在此通过引证被并入本文。在图4中,17O标记的起始材料(比如17O2、H2 17O和CH3 17OH)可通过多条商业渠道购买到。
在本发明的另一实施方案中,GPC分子可使用16O(自然界大量存在的同位素)起始物质进行合成,通过类似的化学反应可以生成合成的GPC分子。
然而,本发明并不局限于这一实施方案,在生成其他形式的合成GPC分子时,原始GPC分子中可以有6个以下的16O原子被17O原子所取代。此外,为了实现本发明,也可以使用其他的化学反应和其他的化合物及技术,本发明并不局限于本文所述的化学反应、化合物或技术。
在图4所示的化学反应中,三氯化磷转化成[17O]磷酰氯,例如通过三氯化磷在17O环境由火花点燃的燃烧过程而生成磷酰氯。然后[17O]磷酰氯通过与[17O]甲醇发生甲醇分解反应而生成[17O2]二氯磷酸甲酯。该甲酯通过[17O]烯丙醇(可通过烯丙基氯的水解进行制备)和[17O]二甲基乙醇胺(可通过二甲基乙醇胺的惯例同位素与氯化氢气体的氯化反应以及反应产物氯化二甲胺的水解进行制备)对氯的连续取代而转化成磷酸二酯。
所得到的三酯可以容易地发生异构化反应,并自发地生成氯化磷酸烯丙酯。然后其中的双键与[17O4]四氧化锇(通过使17O2气体穿过细筛的金属锇进行制备)发生二羟反应而产生消旋[17O6]GPC。通过在最终的二羟化步骤中使用SHARPLESS不对称二羟化方法(比如4,965,364号美国专利中的方法,该专利在此通过引证被并入本文)可分别制备出[17O6]GPC的对映体(比如天然的2R和非天然的25形式)。然而,本发明并不局限于这一实施方案,其他的方法和技术也可用来生成合成的GPC分子。
正如前面所述的,合成的[17O6]GPC分子18可用于GPC与β淀粉状蛋白肽中β-转角结合的成像。因此,合成的GPC分子18可用于对人类及动物个体中含β-转角的β淀粉状蛋白肽进行无害化测定。这些合成的GPC分子18能够有效地穿越血-脑边界,并随后与含有β-转角的β淀粉状蛋白肽发生特异性结合。
在本发明的某一实施方案中,合成的GPC分子18是可以被人体或动物个体以固体形式(比如丸剂形式)或液体形式(比如通过静脉注射)摄入的化合物。合成的GPC分子18不需进一步的处理,并且没有任何已知的副作用。原始的GPC分子是在人类或动物个体中自然存在的化合物。
在本发明的另一实施方案中。合成的GPC分子14与本领域已知的其他药理上可接受的化合物相结合,从而形成一种组合物。这些药理上可接受的化合物包括固体化合物和液体化合物。
现在回到图4所示的化学反应中,可以取代GPC分子内原始原子的其他取代原子也在本发明的范围内。这些取代过程包括使用氟(19F用于磁共振成像,18F用于正电子成像)取代GPC分子上甲基基团的氢原子,另外,这些取代还包括GPC分子的磷酰衍生物的取代。在磷酰衍生物中,GPC分子上磷酰基基团中至少有一个氧原子被碳原子所取代。这些GPC衍生物的额外优势是这些衍生物不会成为生理作用酶的基质,而生理作用酶通常会使GPC发生降解。因此,这些GPC衍生物在体内的半衰期得到了延长,从而提高了这些衍生物的成像效力。
在优选情况下,本发明的其他组合物包括那些正常原子被放射性同位素所取代的GPC分子,这些放射性同位素在其衰减过程中会放射出正电子。本发明的这些实施方案在放射性同位素放射出正电子期间很可能会有暂短的不稳定期,并因此可能会对个体形成有限的医学伤害。这些衍生物分子在对GPC与β淀粉状蛋白肽中β-转角的结合进行成像方面是十分有用的。这些取代包括(在不损失结合特异性的前提下)使用15O取代16O、使用13N取代14N以及使用11C取代12C。18F原子可以取代GPC分子上甲基基团中的氢原子。因此,这些取代在本发明的范围之内。
图4所示合成反应方案还可用来合成几种放射性GPC衍生物。如果需要对合成反应进行改动,本领域内的技术人员非常清楚如何去改变合成反应。因此,本文不对这些修改的化学反应进行说明。
图5是流程图,该图表明了诊断人类早老性痴呆症所用的方法20。在步骤22,对人体使用GPC的合成衍生化合物。GPC的这一合成衍生化合物可通过医学成像过程进行成像。在步骤24,使用医学成像过程对人脑进行成像。在步骤26,使用医学成像过程对来自人脑的信号强度进行测量。信号强度包括GPC合成衍生化合物输出的信号强度。
本文使用一个具体的实施方案对方法20进行说明。然而,本发明并不局限于这一具体的实施方案,也可以使用其他的实施方案来实施本发明。
在步骤22,GPC的合成衍生化合物被施用给人体。GPC的合成衍生化合物可通过医学成像过程进行成像。在某一实施方案中,GPC的合成衍生化合物包括通过图4所示的化学反应使用17O原子取代原始GPC分子中的16O原子。在另一实施方案中,GPC的合成衍生化合物包括使用15O原子取代原有的16O原子、使用13N原子取代原有的14N原子或使用11C原子取代原有的12C原子。在本发明的另一实施方案中,GPC的自然衍生物或合成衍生物中甲基基团上的氢原子被18F原子所取代。
15O、13N、11C和18F原子是放射性同位素,在这些放射性同位素衰减的过程中它们会放射出正电子。
现在回到图5,在步骤24,使用医学成像术对人脑进行成像。医学成像术包括磁共振成像术、正电子成像术或其他的医学成像术,但医学成像技术并不局限于这些成像术。
在步骤26,使用医学成像过程对来自人脑的信号强度进行测量。这一信号强度包括GPC合成衍生化合物所输出的信号强度。步骤26包括对人脑内多个GPC合成衍生物分子与β淀粉状蛋白肽内β-转角相结合过程所输出的信号强度进行测量。
图6是流程图,该图表明了诊断人类早老性痴呆症所用的方法28。在步骤30,GPC的合成衍生化合物被施用给人体。GPC的这一合成衍生化合物可通过磁共振成像过程进行成像。GPC的合成衍生物包括多个合成GPC分子,在这些合成GPC分子中,原始GPC的原有16O原子被17O原子所取代。在步骤32,使用磁共振成像术对人脑进行成像。在步骤34,使用磁共振成像过程对来自人脑的信号强度进行测量。这一信号强度包括在人脑内多个GPC合成衍生化合物分子与β淀粉状蛋白肽中β-转角相结合过程所输出的信号强度。
图7是流程图,该图表明了诊断人类早老性痴呆症所用的方法34。在步骤36,GPC的合成衍生化合物被施用给人体。GPC的这一合成衍生化合物可通过正电子成像过程进行成像。GPC的合成衍生物包括多个合成GPC分子,在这些合成GPC分子中,原始GPC的原有原子被取代原子所取代。在步骤38,使用正电子成像术对人脑进行成像。在步骤40,使用正电子成像过程对来自人脑的信号强度进行测量。这一信号强度包括在人脑内多个GPC合成衍生化合物分子与β淀粉状蛋白肽中β-转角相结合过程所输出的信号强度。
在本发明的某一实施方案中,取代原子包括取代16O原子所用的15O原、取代14N原子所用的13N原子、取代12C所用的11C原子以及取代甲基基团上氢原子所用的18F原子,这些取代原子是针对于正电子成像过程而使用的。
应该理解的是,除非另有说明,否则本发明所述的程序、过程、方法和系统并不与任何特定类型的化学系统或生物系统相关,也不局限于任何特定类型的化学系统或生物系统。根据本文所述的内容,由通用化学或生物组分、专用化学或生物组分或等同的化学或生物组分所形成的各种组合形式可以被应用或者发挥作用。
通过观察应用本发明原理的各个实施方案可以理解到,本文所说明的实施方案只是范示性的,这些实施方案不应被认为对本发明的范围构成限制。举例而言,流程图中的步骤可以不按本文所述的顺序执行,此外,在模块图中可以使用更多更少或等同的基本组成部分。
除非明确说明,否则本文中的权利要求不应被认为对本文所述的顺序或基本组成部分构成限制。此外,任何权利要求中对述语“方式”的使用是援引35U.S.C 112章第6节的内容,没有“方式”一词的任何权利要求不作此援引。因此,在以下权利要求或等同条款的范围和原理内的所有实施方案均被认为是本发明的权利。
Claims (7)
1.一种甘油磷酸胆碱化合物,该化合物具有以下结构:
具有至少一个取代选自:用15O原子取代16O原子,用17O原子取代16O原子,用12CH2基团取代磷酸基团上的至少一个17O原子,和或者用13N原子取代14N原子,用11C原子取代12C原子,用19F原子取代甲基基团上的氢原子,或者用18F原子取代甲基基团上的氢原子。
2.一种甘油磷酸胆碱化合物,具有以下结构:
其中每个Me是一种甲基基团12CH3,具有至少一个取代选自:用12CH2基团取代磷酸基团上的至少一个17O原子,用15O原子取代16O原子,用17O原子取代16O原子,和或者用13N原子取代14N原子,用11C原子取代12C原子,用19F原子取代甲基基团上的氢原子,或者用18F原子取代甲基基团上的氢原子。
3.甘油磷酸胆碱化合物在制备用于在医学成像过程中对人脑进行成象诊断早老性痴呆症的组合物中的应用,其中,所述甘油磷酸胆碱化合物具有以下结构:
具有至少一个取代选自:用15O原子取代16O原子,用17O原子取代16O原子,用12CH2基团取代磷酸基团上的至少一个17O原子,和或者用13N原子取代14N原子,用11C原子取代12C原子,用19F原子取代甲基基团上的氢原子,或者用18F原子取代甲基基团上的氢原子。
4.如权利要求3中的应用,其中具有17O或19F原子的甘油磷酸胆碱化合物作为核磁共振成像(MRI)的标记物,具有11C、13N、15O或者18F原子的甘油磷酸胆碱化合物作为正电子成像术(PET)的标记物。
5.如权利要求3中的应用,用12CH2基团取代磷酸基团上的至少一个17O原子可以防止甘油磷酸胆碱化合物变成能够降解甘油磷酸胆碱的人类生理酶的底物,从而增加该化合物在医学成像应用中的效力。
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WO2004110963A2 (en) | 2004-12-23 |
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US7815894B2 (en) | 2010-10-19 |
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