CN1794247B - Method for Determining the Diffusion Range of Poisonous Gas in Falling Explosion of Liquid Rocket - Google Patents
Method for Determining the Diffusion Range of Poisonous Gas in Falling Explosion of Liquid Rocket Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种液体火箭坠落爆炸毒气扩散范围的确定方法，包括：1.建立一套与火箭飞行航区相适应的信息系统，包括：将火箭飞行航区的地形数字化，建立地理信息系统；将地理信息系统的地形信息映射到发射坐标系中，采集火箭飞行航区的城市、道路、厂矿、学校、人口信息；将火箭飞行航区的气象资料、位置和飞行时间初始化到信息系统中；确定液体火箭推进剂毒性分级信息；2.确定火箭坠落爆炸毒气扩散范围：包括推进剂源强、复杂地形上空风场、毒气扩散浓度的确定，方法能确定可能发生的液体火箭坠落爆炸毒气污染的警戒范围，能实时给出液体火箭坠落爆炸事故产生的毒气危害范围。A method for determining the diffusion range of liquid rocket falling explosion poisonous gas, comprising: 1. establishing a set of information system adapted to the flight area of the rocket, including: digitalizing the terrain of the flight area of the rocket, and establishing a geographic information system; The terrain information of the system is mapped to the launch coordinate system, and the cities, roads, factories, mines, schools, and population information of the rocket flight area are collected; the meteorological data, location and flight time of the rocket flight area are initialized into the information system; Propellant toxicity grading information; 2. Determination of the poison gas diffusion range of the rocket fall explosion: including the determination of the propellant source strength, the wind field over complex terrain, and the concentration of poison gas diffusion. The method can determine the warning range of the possible liquid rocket fall explosion poison gas pollution, It can give real-time information on the poisonous gas hazard range caused by the liquid rocket falling and explosion accident.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种确定液体火箭坠落爆炸范围毒气扩散的确定方法，是关于液体火箭爆炸理论性和应用性结合的方法，包括地理信息系统的建立，对火箭坠落爆炸毒气扩散范围的确定。随着卫星发射任务的增多和推进剂用量的加大，发射试验事故爆炸危害性，特别是对工作人员及卫星发射途径地域重大威胁，该确定方法为发射场附近居民的疏散、事故发生时的防范搜索工作提供依据。 The invention relates to a method for determining the diffusion of poisonous gas in the falling explosion range of liquid rockets, and relates to a method combining theory and application of liquid rocket explosions, including the establishment of a geographic information system and the determination of the poisonous gas diffusion range in falling rockets. With the increase of satellite launch missions and the increase of propellant consumption, the explosion hazards of launch test accidents, especially the major threats to the staff and the satellite launch route area, are determined by the evacuation of residents near the launch site and the safety measures taken when the accident occurs. Provide evidence against search efforts. the
背景技术Background technique
对于液体推进剂火箭坠落爆炸范围的确定，国内外均采用缩比实验的方式进行，美国曾经多次做运载火箭的缩比实验，国内也曾经针对小剂量的液体火箭推进剂在平原地区做实验，但是缩比实验置信度不高，而且只适用于火箭在发射台上爆炸的情况，对于火箭在空中坠落爆炸的情况则无法确定。本确定方法是通过实验数据分析，建立数学模型，通过事故现场勘测证完成的。 For the determination of the falling explosion range of liquid propellant rockets, scale experiments are used at home and abroad. The United States has done many scale experiments on launch vehicles, and China has also conducted experiments on small doses of liquid rocket propellants in plain areas. , but the confidence level of the scale-down experiment is not high, and it is only applicable to the situation where the rocket explodes on the launch pad, and it cannot be determined for the situation where the rocket falls and explodes in the air. This determination method is completed through the analysis of experimental data, the establishment of a mathematical model, and the investigation of the accident site. the
发明的内容 content of the invention
本发明的目的是解决液体火箭推进剂爆炸后，有毒气体蒸发速率及其在复杂地形、复杂气象条件下的扩散的确定方法，方法包括： The purpose of the present invention is to solve the liquid rocket propellant explosion, the method for determining the evaporation rate of toxic gas and its diffusion under complex terrain and complex meteorological conditions. The method includes:
一、建立一套与火箭飞行航区相适应的信息系统 1. Establish an information system compatible with the rocket flight area
1、将火箭飞行航区的地形数字化，基于数字化的地形数据建立一套地理信息系统； 1. Digitize the terrain of the rocket flight area, and establish a geographic information system based on the digital terrain data;
2、将地理信息系统的地形信息映射到发射坐标系中，对应地面的任意一个点(Pk，bk，Hk)，均能确定其在发射坐标系中的坐标(x，y，z)。其中：Pk，bk，Hk分别为地面上某个点的大地经度、大地纬度、大地高程，x、y、z分别为该点在发射坐标系中的3个坐标分量； 2. Map the terrain information of the geographic information system into the launch coordinate system, and corresponding to any point (P k , b k , H k ) on the ground, its coordinates (x, y, z) in the launch coordinate system can be determined ). Among them: P k , b k , H k are respectively the geodetic longitude, geodetic latitude, and geodetic elevation of a certain point on the ground, and x, y, z are the three coordinate components of the point in the launch coordinate system;
3、将火箭飞行航区的城市、道路、厂矿、学校、人口信息输入到地理信息系统中，用于在火箭飞行过程中确定需要保护的地域目标，在故障发生后确定火箭坠落爆炸后毒气的扩散范围和危害程度； 3. Input the cities, roads, factories, mines, schools, and population information of the rocket flight area into the geographic information system, which is used to determine the regional targets that need to be protected during the rocket flight, and to determine the location of the poisonous gas after the rocket crashes and explodes after the failure occurs. The extent of spread and degree of harm;
4、将火箭飞行航区的气象资料(U，T，α)、发射坐标系中的坐标(x，y，z)、相对飞行时间tq初始化到信息系统中，其中：U为平均风速，T为空气绝对温度，α为主导风的方向；参与爆炸燃烧的N2O4和偏二甲肼推进剂的总量W0，为输入的已知变量，由信息系统中获取； 4. Initialize the meteorological data (U, T, α) of the rocket flight area, the coordinates (x , y, z) in the launch coordinate system, and the relative flight time t q into the information system, wherein: U is the average wind speed, T is the absolute temperature of the air, and α is the direction of the dominant wind; the total amount W 0 of N 2 O 4 and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine propellants involved in the explosive combustion is a known input variable obtained from the information system;
5、将火箭飞行航区的地形信息在扩散范围显示系统上结合毒气浓度显示出来； 5. Display the terrain information of the rocket flight area on the diffusion range display system combined with the concentration of poisonous gas;
6、确定液体火箭推进剂毒性分级信息 6. Determine the toxicity classification information of liquid rocket propellants
火箭推进剂对人体有毒害的主要是四氧化二氮(分子式为N2O4，30分钟应急暴露限值为20PPM)和偏二甲肼(分子式为(CH3)2N2H2，简称偏二甲肼，30分钟应急暴露限值为50PPM)，二者是配对使用的常规推进剂，四氧化二氮是氧化剂，其沸点较低(21.15℃)，当放在高于沸点温度的环境中，立刻急骤蒸发，当放在低于沸点温度的环境中，表现为平稳蒸发，因此，在其沸点上下的毒源强度相差许多倍，故在冬夏两季的毒气浓度是无法比拟的；偏二甲肼是燃烧剂，与四氧化二氮完全燃烧反应的产物是无毒的，偏二甲肼与空气混合的体积比大于2％时，就可用明火或电火花点燃，如果在火箭爆炸事故中有空气卷入，就会引起四氧化二氮的富余，进而造成爆炸事故后的四氧化二氮毒源强度大，加之渗透于地面泥土中的偏二甲肼，地表的已燃烧，地面深层的蒸发速率慢，所以往往在火箭爆炸事故发生后较长时间内，检测到的偏二甲肼的浓度已为零，四氧化氮的浓度却相当大。无水肼用量少，爆炸事故的毒源强度可以不加考虑。火箭中的液氢和液氧及其反应产物对人员是无毒的，故不是毒源。 Rocket propellants that are toxic to humans are mainly dinitrogen tetroxide (the molecular formula is N 2 O 4 , and the 30-minute emergency exposure limit is 20PPM) and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (the molecular formula is (CH 3 ) 2 N 2 H 2 , referred to as Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine, the 30-minute emergency exposure limit is 50PPM), the two are conventional propellants used in pairs, dinitrogen tetroxide is an oxidizer, and its boiling point is low (21.15 ° C), when placed in an environment higher than the boiling point temperature When it is placed in an environment lower than the boiling point, it will evaporate steadily. Therefore, the intensity of the poisonous source above and below its boiling point is many times different, so the concentration of poisonous gas in winter and summer is incomparable; Dimethylhydrazine is a combustion agent, and the product of complete combustion reaction with dinitrogen tetroxide is non-toxic. When the volume ratio of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine and air is greater than 2%, it can be ignited with open flame or electric spark. If there is a rocket explosion accident If there is air involved in the air, it will cause a surplus of dinitrogen tetroxide, which will cause the intensity of the poisonous source of dinitrogen tetroxide after the explosion accident. In addition, the unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine penetrated into the ground soil, the surface has been burned, and the deep layer of the ground The evaporation rate of the rocket is slow, so the detected concentration of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine has been zero for a long time after the rocket explosion accident, but the concentration of nitrogen tetroxide is quite large. The amount of anhydrous hydrazine is small, and the intensity of the poison source of the explosion accident can be ignored. The liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen in the rocket and their reaction products are non-toxic to personnel, so they are not poisonous sources.
二、确定火箭坠落爆炸毒气扩散范围 2. Determining the diffusion range of rocket falling explosion poisonous gas
1、确定液体火箭推进剂爆炸后的毒气蒸发速率
确定液体火箭推进剂爆炸后的毒气蒸发速率分两种情况，即基于推进剂爆炸事故发生时环境温度T(已知)在沸点上下的情况，分别对应急骤蒸发速率和平稳蒸发速率。首先确定推进剂蒸发总量。再确定推进剂平稳蒸发的初始速率，进而确定火箭爆炸后毒气平稳蒸发速率，最后确定火箭爆炸后毒气急骤蒸发速率。 There are two situations to determine the evaporation rate of toxic gas after liquid rocket propellant explosion, that is, based on the situation that the ambient temperature T (known) is around the boiling point when the propellant explosion accident occurs, the sudden evaporation rate and the steady evaporation rate are respectively dealt with. First determine the total amount of propellant evaporated. Then determine the initial rate of steady evaporation of propellant, and then determine the steady evaporation rate of poisonous gas after rocket explosion, and finally determine the rapid evaporation rate of poisonous gas after rocket explosion. the
(1)推进剂蒸发总量为 (1) The total evaporation of propellant is
Wf＝kfW0 W f =k f W 0
式中：kf为比例系数，由空气中氧的比例和推进剂爆炸的化学反应确定，对推进剂四氧化二氮取0.02028，对推进剂偏二甲肼取0.009566，W0为参与爆炸燃烧的N2O4和偏二甲肼的推进剂的总量，由信息系统中获取。 In the formula: k f is the proportional coefficient, which is determined by the proportion of oxygen in the air and the chemical reaction of the propellant explosion. The propellant dinitrogen tetroxide is 0.02028, and the propellant unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine is 0.009566 . The total amount of N 2 O 4 and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine propellant is obtained from the information system.
(2)推进剂初始蒸发速率由为 (2) The initial evaporation rate of the propellant is given by
式中：
(3)火箭爆炸后毒气平稳蒸发速率为 (3) After the rocket explodes, the steady evaporation rate of poisonous gas is
式中：
(4)火箭爆炸后毒气急骤蒸发速率为 (4) The rapid evaporation rate of poisonous gas after rocket explosion is
式中：为液体火箭爆炸后毒气急骤蒸发速率，待求；Wf为火球中富余的推进剂蒸发总量，已由(1)求出。 In the formula: is the rapid evaporation rate of poisonous gas after liquid rocket explosion, to be found; W f is the total amount of surplus propellant evaporation in the fireball, which has been obtained from (1).
2、确定复杂地形上空的风场 2. Determine the wind field over complex terrain
为了对液体火箭推进剂爆炸后的方程进行数值积分，如预报未来时刻的浓度分布，我们知道，浓度的扩散作用是风完成的，风场在扩散方程求解中，是一个非常重要的输入量，它是整个毒气扩散问题求解的基础。风场数据(u，v，w)由气象雷达或控空气球测量确定。其中，(u，v，w)为发射坐标系中的三个风速矢量。 In order to numerically integrate the equation after the explosion of the liquid rocket propellant, such as predicting the concentration distribution in the future, we know that the diffusion of the concentration is done by the wind, and the wind field is a very important input in the solution of the diffusion equation. It is the basis for solving the entire poisonous gas diffusion problem. Wind field data (u, v, w) are determined by weather radar or controlled air balloon measurements. Among them, (u, v, w) are three wind speed vectors in the launch coordinate system. the
3、确定毒气扩散浓度 3. Determine the concentration of poisonous gas diffusion
确定液体火箭推进剂爆炸后的有毒气体在大气中扩散过程，在得到推进剂爆炸后的有毒气体扩散速率、发射坐标系中的三个风速矢量(u，v，w)后，解扩散方程，得出体火箭推进剂爆炸后的时间t有毒气体随发射坐标系(x，y，z)的扩散浓度Ci，为扩散范围显示提供浓度场数据。毒气扩散浓度由扩散方程式(1)确定。 Determine the diffusion process of the toxic gas in the atmosphere after the explosion of the liquid rocket propellant, after obtaining the diffusion rate of the toxic gas after the explosion of the propellant and the three wind velocity vectors (u, v, w) in the launch coordinate system, solve the diffusion equation, The diffusion concentration C i of the toxic gas in the launch coordinate system (x, y, z) at the time t after the explosion of the bulk rocket propellant is obtained, and the concentration field data is provided for the display of the diffusion range. The diffusion concentration of poisonous gas is determined by the diffusion equation (1).
考虑由M种毒气成份，每种毒气成份的浓度Ci(x，y，z，t)可由以下守恒方程确定。 Considering M kinds of poisonous gas components, the concentration C i (x, y, z, t) of each poisonous gas component can be determined by the following conservation equation.
式中t为火箭推进剂爆炸后的时间，已知；Ci为第I种毒气成份的扩散浓度，百万分之一体积浓度PPM，待求；Di为第i种毒气成份的分子扩散系数，已知；Ri为第I种成份的化学反应生成率，，已知；
4、扩散范围显示 4. Diffusion range display
在得到火箭推进剂爆炸后的时间t、有毒气体随发射坐标系(x，y，z)的扩散浓度Ci、复杂地形信息数据化信息的输入后，在matlab信息处理平台上利用MAPINFO地理信息处理工具给出如图8所示的浓度分布范围显示。可在电脑显示器上显示液体火箭爆炸后随时间和地理位置变化而变化的毒气浓度分布，并可用鼠标点击所要查看地点的毒气浓度，以确定该地方对人员来说是否安全。该确定方法采用信息集成技术，将显示系统与地理信息系统结合起来。生成电子地图的难点是地形的数字化，这里我们用可视化工具确定出地形等值线数据，在地理信息系统上生成相应的图形对象并显示出来，这样就完成了地形的数字化。 After getting the time t after the explosion of the rocket propellant, the diffusion concentration C i of the toxic gas along with the launch coordinate system (x, y, z), and the input of complex terrain information data, use the MAPINFO geographic information on the matlab information processing platform The processing tool gives the concentration distribution range display shown in Figure 8. The distribution of poisonous gas concentration that changes with time and geographical location after the liquid rocket explodes can be displayed on the computer monitor, and the poisonous gas concentration of the place to be checked can be clicked with the mouse to determine whether the place is safe for personnel. The determination method adopts information integration technology and combines the display system with the geographic information system. The difficulty of generating an electronic map is the digitization of the terrain. Here we use visualization tools to determine the contour data of the terrain, and generate and display the corresponding graphic objects on the geographic information system, thus completing the digitization of the terrain.
本确定方法的适用范围： The scope of application of this determination method:
卫星发射过程中发射场区推进剂爆炸、燃烧、泄漏事故的毒气浓度非常之大，对场区和首航区人员的安全构成严重威胁。该方法为发射时场区和首航区人员的疏散、事故发生时工作人员的紧急撤离和有关毒气防护提供依据。 During the satellite launch process, the propellant explosion, combustion, and leakage accidents in the launch site area caused a very high concentration of poisonous gas, posing a serious threat to the safety of personnel in the site area and the first voyage area. This method provides a basis for the evacuation of personnel in the field area and the first voyage area during launch, the emergency evacuation of staff when an accident occurs, and related poison gas protection. the
该方法解决了复杂地形下的火箭推进剂爆炸、燃烧、泄漏事故的推进剂问题，平原地区和空廓区域的此类问题是它的一个应用特例，因此可广泛适用于军内外有关和城市大气污染的问题，因而它有广泛的推广应用前景。 This method solves the propellant problems of rocket propellant explosion, combustion, and leakage accidents in complex terrain. Such problems in plain areas and empty areas are a special case of its application, so it can be widely used in military and urban atmospheres Pollution problem, so it has a wide range of promotion and application prospects. the
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为系统集成示意图。 Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of system integration. the
图2为毒气扩散范围的确定过程。 Figure 2 shows the process of determining the diffusion range of poisonous gas. the
图3为液体火箭某次爆炸像片。 Figure 3 is a photo of an explosion of a liquid rocket. the
图4为推进剂爆炸后火球直径与时间的关系图(推进剂爆炸条件为136公斤四氧化二氮加混肼，同时泄漏)。 Fig. 4 is the relationship diagram of fireball diameter and time after propellant explosion (propellant explosion condition is 136 kilograms of dinitrogen tetroxide plus mixed hydrazine, and leaks simultaneously). the
图5为推进剂爆炸后火球直径与时间的关系图(推进剂爆炸条件为136公斤四氧化二氮加混肼，氧化剂引发)。 Fig. 5 is the relationship diagram of fireball diameter and time after propellant explosion (propellant explosion condition is 136 kilograms of dinitrogen tetroxide mixed with hydrazine, oxidant triggers). the
图6为试验1距离250英尺的四氧化二氮浓度记录图(试验1气象条件为：温度，95°F；相对湿度，17％；平均速度，2m/s)。 Fig. 6 is test 1 distance 250 feet dinitrogen tetroxide concentration records (test 1 meteorological condition is: temperature, 95 ° F; relative humidity, 17%; average speed, 2m/s). the
图7为试验2下风处浓度记录图(试验1气象条件为：温度，102°F；相对湿度，18％；平均速度：4m/s) Fig. 7 is the record diagram of concentration at the downwind place of test 2 (the meteorological conditions of test 1 are: temperature, 102°F; relative humidity, 18%; average speed: 4m/s)
图8为某次爆炸事件后35分钟N2O4浓度分布示意图，其中大地高程用颜色变化表示，红色代表最高大地高程，图中左下部分曲线表示浓度等高线，显示系统上用鼠标单击图上任意点，都可显示其地理信息和毒气浓度值。 Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of the concentration distribution of N2O4 in 35 minutes after an explosion, in which the geodetic elevation is represented by color changes, red represents the highest geodetic elevation, and the curve in the lower left part of the figure represents the concentration contour line, click any on the graph with the mouse on the display system Points can display their geographic information and gas concentration values. the
具体实施方式Detailed ways
验证测试 Verification Test
(1)液体火箭推进剂爆炸大规模试验结果验证 (1) Verification of liquid rocket propellant explosion large-scale test results
试验1：同时泄漏，燃料泄漏速率为每秒900磅，N2O4泄漏速率为每秒875磅，300磅的燃料在少于0.5秒卸出，1300磅的N2O4在少于1.5秒卸出，两秒钟后，水以100gallon/s的速度冲出，水冲向正在着火的泄漏盘中心，在1000英尺处，几次大的爆炸可以听到，然而，爆炸记录仪没测得超压，在角铁框架处温度达240°F。记录下的毒气蒸汽浓度很大，参见图5。 Test 1: Simultaneous leak, fuel leak rate 900 pounds per second, N 2 O 4 leak rate 875 pounds per second, 300 pounds of fuel discharged in less than 0.5 seconds, 1300 pounds of N 2 O 4 in less than 1.5 Two seconds later, the water rushed out at a speed of 100 gallon/s, and the water rushed to the center of the leaking disk that was on fire. At 1000 feet, several large explosions could be heard, however, the explosion recorder did not detect Overpressure was achieved, reaching 240°F at the angle iron frame. Significant concentrations of toxic vapors were recorded, see Figure 5.
试验2：混合泄漏，干的条件，流速：燃料，800磅/秒；氧化剂，1070磅/秒，反应的火球持续了10秒，爆炸仪记录了十四次超压，最高的脉冲出现在第6次脉冲带有次生的衰减脉冲，最高温度445°F，毒气蒸汽浓度参见图6。 Test 2: Mixed leak, dry conditions, flow rate: fuel, 800 lbs/s; oxidizer, 1070 lbs/s, the reaction fireball lasted 10 seconds, the blaster recorded fourteen overpressures, the highest pulse appeared at 6 pulses with secondary decay pulses, maximum temperature 445°F, see Figure 6 for toxic vapor concentrations. the
以上试验结果与上面的确定方法是一致的。 The above test results are consistent with the above determination method. the
(2)用液体火箭爆炸事故的勘测资料验证该确定方法 (2) Verify the determination method with survey data of liquid rocket explosion accidents
对卫星发射场区某次液体火箭爆炸事故的进行了用该方法验证确定，确定出的浓度场的分布数据与卫星发射场区火箭爆炸事故后的用仪器检测的数据应数据的误差为8.2％，证明了该确定方法的精度满足了卫星发射场区火箭爆炸事故毒气防范的和人员救护的要求。 A liquid rocket explosion accident in the satellite launch site area was verified and determined by this method, and the error between the distribution data of the determined concentration field and the data detected by the instrument after the rocket explosion accident in the satellite launch site area was 8.2%. , which proves that the accuracy of the determination method meets the requirements of gas prevention and personnel rescue in rocket explosion accidents in the satellite launch site area. the
效果说明 Effect Description
该确定方法填补了国内在这一领域的空白，方法内容新颖、丰富，广泛应用了国外花大量经费才获得的实验资料，其确定方法切合实际，可操作性强，增强了卫星发射过程中毒气的安全防范能力，是卫星发射指挥员决策安全预案的重要依据。方法已在中国西昌卫星发射基地的火箭爆炸事故毒气防范的和人员救护中得到应用。 This determination method fills the gap in this field in China. The content of the method is novel and rich, and the experimental data obtained by spending a lot of money abroad is widely used. The safety precaution capability is an important basis for the satellite launch commander to make a safety plan. The method has been applied in the prevention of poisonous gas and personnel rescue in the rocket explosion accident of China's Xichang Satellite Launch Base. the
该确定方法具有事前给出可能发生的事故各时段的毒气污染的警戒区域，并能准实时给出事故产生的毒气在各保护区域的毒气散逸情况。 The determination method has the advantages of giving warning areas of poisonous gas pollution in various periods of possible accidents in advance, and can provide quasi-real-time distribution of poisonous gas produced in accidents in each protection area. the
主要技术特征： Main technical features:
(1)建立了液体火箭爆炸推进剂急骤蒸发速率、推进剂平稳蒸发速率及其随时间衰减确定方法。 (1) The method for determining the flash evaporation rate of liquid rocket explosion propellant, the steady evaporation rate of propellant and its decay with time is established. the
(2)毒气浓度的平流扩散方程是一种非线性，非守恒型二阶双曲线方程，在确定方法中，有效地利用了Gauss定理，将二阶方程降为一阶方程，然后将一阶方程转换到曲线坐标系下，该方法适用确定多种组分、各种源强的扩散过程。 (2) The advection-diffusion equation of toxic gas concentration is a nonlinear, non-conservative second-order hyperbolic equation. In the determination method, the Gauss theorem is effectively used to reduce the second-order equation to the first-order equation, and then the first-order The equation is transformed into a curvilinear coordinate system, and this method is suitable for determining the diffusion process of various components and various source intensities. the
(3)将可视化地理信息显示与MAPINFO结合起来。将液体推进剂爆炸后的毒气扩散范围的实时显示在火箭爆炸附近的地域上。 (3) Combine visual geographic information display with MAPINFO. The real-time display of the poisonous gas diffusion range after the liquid propellant explosion is displayed on the area near the rocket explosion. the
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