CN1618464A - 用于抗日本脑炎病毒感染的灭活疫苗的增强免疫原及其生产方法 - Google Patents
用于抗日本脑炎病毒感染的灭活疫苗的增强免疫原及其生产方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1618464A CN1618464A CNA2004100473162A CN200410047316A CN1618464A CN 1618464 A CN1618464 A CN 1618464A CN A2004100473162 A CNA2004100473162 A CN A2004100473162A CN 200410047316 A CN200410047316 A CN 200410047316A CN 1618464 A CN1618464 A CN 1618464A
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Abstract
本发明提供了具有比常规疫苗高约2-10倍的效价的新的灭活病毒颗粒以及增强免疫原,及其制备方法。本发明的灭活病毒颗粒可用于由日本脑炎病毒群引起的感染性疾病的诊断试剂。
Description
本申请是申请号为99801764.7、申请日为1999年6月2日、发明名称为“用于抗日本脑炎病毒感染的灭活疫苗的增强免疫原及其生产方法”的中国专利申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及抗由黄病毒属的日本脑炎病毒群引起的感染性疾病的灭活疫苗和其诊断试剂。具体地说,本发明涉及抗日本脑炎的灭活疫苗的一种增强免疫原或抗原,该免疫原或抗原用作疫苗的活性成分是优异而实用的,本发明还涉及生产该免疫原或抗原的方法。
背景技术
下文中,作为由日本脑炎病毒群引起的感染性疾病的典型例子,将描述日本脑炎,并且将描述抗该脑炎的疫苗。第一个日本脑炎疫苗是1954年投入实际使用的,该疫苗含有作为活性成分的从鼠脑培养的病毒制备的抗原,这样的疫苗的纯度低,并且含有许多污染物,以致于它可能诱导中央神经系统的过敏性神经性紊乱。此后,在1965年一种通过乙醇沉淀,用鱼精蛋白硫酸盐处理,超滤等等获得的改善的高纯度疫苗投入了实际使用。因此,显著提高了疫苗的质量。直到现在一直在利用这样的疫苗和生产技术(“疫苗手册”,第103-113页,研究者协会,国家健康研究院(日本),Maruzen(东京)1996)。另一方面,一直在尝试开发不利用鼠脑获得灭活疫苗。更具体地说,在1965年建立了日本脑炎疫苗委员会,它们利用原代细胞组织培养开发疫苗。但是,就生产成本而言,获得大规模生产灭活疫苗抗原所需的大量原代细胞组织培养物是不可能实施的。这样的疫苗没有投入实际使用,因为在当时仅仅原代细胞培养被允许用于疫苗的生产,传代细胞系的使用被认为是危险的并且没有被允许。就利用组织培养获得的日本脑炎活疫苗而言,在中国大约在1994年在中国仓鼠肾脏细胞的原代培养物中生长的减毒病毒投入了实际使用。但是,没有证实活疫苗的效果和安全性,除了中国以外还未知在其它各个国家被使用。此外,1986年以来已经有人报导通过重组基因技术(例如利用包膜(E)蛋白抗原,重组病毒等等的第二代疫苗)获得的各种日本脑炎疫苗。但是,所有这些疫苗均在实验阶段或临床前试验阶段,它们没有被投入实际使用(“疫苗”,第2版,第671-713页,S.A.Plotokin和E.A.Mortimer,W.B.Sauders公司,1994;约旦报导,第26-27页,1998)。
此外,就利用细胞系进行大规模的用于灭活疫苗的抗原或免疫原的生产技术而言,例如已知利用Vero细胞进行用于抗脊髓灰质炎(美国专利4,525,349),狂犬病(美国专利4,664,912),甲型肝炎(美国专利4,783,407)和蜱传脑炎(美国专利5,719,051)等等的疫苗的病毒抗原的大规模生产。其中,已知前两者被投入实际使用,但是,就后两者而言,没有证实大规模生产的每种抗原作为疫苗的安全性和应用效果,并没有投入实际使用。
常规日本脑炎疫苗的活性成分是在鼠脑中培养的日本脑炎病毒的灭活颗粒。大量的小鼠,抗感染动物的生物毒害的措施等等是大规模生产用于这样的疫苗的抗原所需的,结果导致高生产成本。此外,来源于鼠脑的有害成分(例如引起脱髓鞘作用的碱性蛋白质)对产品的污染,和/或小鼠病毒的污染等等总是要考虑的因素。因此,纯化步骤和质量控制变得多样而复杂。另外,近来,获得用于疫苗生产的大量小鼠有困难,这成为有计划的疫苗生产的障碍。此外,根据动物保护和宗教的考虑牺牲小鼠的常规技术是不令人满意的。
发明内容
根据本发明,通过利用细胞系代替小鼠大规模生产病毒颗粒以便解决上述问题。因此,生产成本显著降低,就劳动成本而言,抗生物毒害的措施,生产的操作程序,纯化步骤,质量控制,生产计划等等是显著有效的。特别是,本发明基于发现的新的病毒颗粒。更具体地说,根据本发明,提供了作为增强免疫原的新的病毒颗粒,其与包含于常规的灭活疫苗中的免疫原相比以中和抗体效价代表的免疫效力增强约2-10倍,本发明还提供了生产该病毒颗粒的方法。就是说,本发明提供了具有显著的免疫原性或抗原性的日本脑炎病毒颗粒,其可用作为抗由日本脑炎病毒群引起的感染性疾病的灭活疫苗,特别是用作灭活的日本脑炎疫苗的免疫原或用于诊断试剂的抗原,本发明还提供了用于生产该病毒颗粒的方法。这样的颗粒通过下面步骤产生:在一种细胞系中培养属于日本脑炎病毒群的病毒(例如日本脑炎病毒),和/或一系列随后的步骤,包括浓缩,纯化和灭活。基于上述情况,本文描述的发明提供了:
(1)作为增强的免疫原的灭活病毒颗粒,是从用属于日本脑炎病毒群的病毒感染的细胞培养物制备的,其中通过用该病毒颗粒免疫接种获得的抗血清的中和抗体效价是通过用从鼠脑培养的病毒制备的灭活的病毒颗粒免疫接种获得的抗血清的中和抗体效价的约2-10倍;
(2)用于生产灭活的病毒颗粒的方法,包括在一个细胞系中培养属于日本脑炎病毒群的病毒的步骤,以及灭活和纯化细胞培养物;
(3)如(2)描述的方法,其中细胞系是Vero细胞;
(4)如(2)或(3)描述的方法,其中灭活是在纯化之前进行的;
(5)如(2)-(4)任一项描述的方法,其中灭活是在约4℃-约10℃的温度范围内进行的;
(6)如(2)-(5)任一项描述的方法,其中纯化是采用物理手段进行的;
(7)如(2)-(6)任一项描述的方法,其中属于日本脑炎病毒群的病毒是日本脑炎病毒的北京株或ThCMAr67/93株;
(8)由如(2)-(7)任一项描述的生产方法生产的灭活的病毒颗粒;
(9)含有如(1)或(8)描述的灭活的病毒颗粒的灭活疫苗;
(10)用于由日本脑炎病毒群引起的感染性疾病的诊断试剂,含有完整或部分如(8)描述的灭活病毒颗粒作为抗原。
附图说明
图1显示包含于测试疫苗的本发明的病毒颗粒(R颗粒;图1A)和包含于来源于鼠脑的商品疫苗的由常规技术制备的病毒颗粒(MB颗粒;图1B)的电子显微镜照片,两种病毒均属于北京株。
具体实施方式
通过比较本发明的日本脑炎疫苗的免疫原与作为代表性例子的常规免疫原的材料和生产方法,本发明的实施方案的特征将变得明了。考虑到这些,下文中以如下顺序描述本发明免疫原和常规免疫原的免疫原性和形态学的差别,作为免疫原的病毒颗粒,病毒培养的宿主,病毒的灭活,病毒的纯化,电子显微镜分析和效力测试。
常规日本脑炎疫苗的免疫原:
其是指抗日本脑炎的商购灭活疫苗的活性成分(免疫原)。根据“日本脑炎疫苗”或“冷冻干燥的日本脑炎疫苗”的规则生产该病毒颗粒,并且所述的病毒颗粒通过各种安全性和效力等等的测试确定其良好的性能,该规则是由日本生物产品制造者协会于1986出版的英语版本,其根据日本厚生省基于药事法(1960年生效的第145号法)的第42条第1项的要求颁布的第217号告示“生物学制剂的基准”制订。该疫苗的活性成分或免疫原是日本脑炎病毒颗粒(即来源于鼠脑(MB)的灭活病毒颗粒)。通过以用于生产日本脑炎疫苗的病毒株接种鼠脑,使病毒在鼠脑中大量地繁殖,从鼠脑匀质物高度纯化该病毒,以灭活试剂使该病毒灭活获得了该病毒颗粒。下文中,将来源于鼠脑(MB)的灭活的病毒颗粒缩写为“MB颗粒”或“MB免疫原”。
本发明的日本脑炎疫苗的免疫原:
是指灭活的日本脑炎疫苗的活性成分(免疫原),是根据上面提到的“日本脑炎疫苗”规则生产的,不同的是将细胞系的细胞培养物用作为培养日本脑炎病毒的宿主,并且符合各种质量控制测试。该免疫原是日本脑炎病毒颗粒(即来源于组织培养物的灭活的病毒颗粒),通过以日本脑炎病毒接种细胞系的细胞培养物,允使病毒大量地繁殖,从细胞培养物高度纯化该病毒,以灭活试剂使该病毒灭活获得了该病毒颗粒。该免疫原具有下列特征(1)并通常具有下列另外的特征(2)。
(1)如由下文描述的效力测试测量的,用上述颗粒免疫接种获得的抗血清的中和抗体效价是通过用常规MB颗粒或MB免疫原免疫接种获得的抗血清的中和抗体效价的约2-10倍(下文中,将上述免疫原称之为“增强的免疫原”,缩写为“R颗粒”或“R免疫原”);和
(2)关于基于电子显微镜分析的颗粒结构,MB颗粒的包膜层的表面或表观是光滑的,而R颗粒是粗糙或绒毛状的。
应该注意到日本脑炎疫苗的免疫原被描述为抗由本发明的日本脑炎病毒群引起的感染性疾病的疫苗的免疫原的代表性例子。本发明的疫苗(例如日本脑炎疫苗)是以液态或干燥状态提供在密封的小管或加热密封的安瓿瓶中。对于液态制剂的情况,将其皮下注射到待接种的个体,剂量为每人约0.1-1.0毫升。对于干燥制剂的情况,在与溶解溶液重新溶解之后注射。
作为免疫原的病毒:
本发明的日本脑炎病毒群包括日本脑炎病毒,Kunjin病毒,墨累山谷脑炎病毒,圣路易脑炎病毒,和西尼罗病毒等等。详细情况描述于病毒学档案,增刊10,第415-427页,1995(“病毒分类学”,病毒的分类和命名;国际病毒分类委员会第6次报告)。在这些病毒中,就日本脑炎病毒而言,例如可以使用下面的毒株:来源于鼠脑的北京-1毒株和由我们在鼠脑传代北京-1获得的JWS-P-4毒株(Am29Sm1Am5;更具体地说,由在成年小鼠(Am)传代29代,在乳鼠(Sm)传代1代和在Am中传代5代获得的病毒株),由在Vero细胞中将JWS-P-4传2代获得的原种(master seed)JMSV001(下文中,这3个毒株称之为“北京株”),Nakayama-Yoken毒株(下文中,称之为“Nakayama毒株”),JaOArS982毒株,JaOH0566毒株,和由Igarashi等人,在1990年新分离的ThCMAr67/93毒株和ThCMAr44/92毒株(Ali等人,病毒学档案,140,1557-1575,1995,Ali和Igarashi,微生物学和免疫学,41,241-252,1977)等等。
根据本发明,日本脑炎病毒株中,北京株和ThCMAr67/93毒株作为免疫原是特别优选的。当使用这些毒株时,可以获得具有广谱抗原性的疫苗(即具有非常满意的抗除了疫苗生产使用的病毒株以外的多个毒株的保护作用)。在北京株中,JMSV001是优选的。
根据本发明,通过将从两个病毒株(即北京株和ThCMAr67/93毒株)产生的疫苗混合可以制备二价疫苗。优选的是混合比例为基于抗原蛋白质的含量为0.5∶1-1∶0.5。由于这样的混合,与常规一价疫苗相比,可以获得具有抗感染的保护作用的更广谱的抗原性的疫苗。
通过将病毒接种合适的宿主细胞系,以及保持培养感染的细胞而培养病毒。培养方法与后面的“细胞培养”描述的相同。下文中,为了方便,将通过病毒培养物的低速离心获得的上清液中的病毒称之为“胞外病毒”。将离心沉淀收集的感染的细胞悬浮于原始体积的添加了0.2%(w/v)牛血清白蛋白的伊格尔氏基本必需培养基(MEM)中,随后超声处理,低速离心,获得的上清液中的病毒称之为“胞内病毒”。从胞外或胞内病毒可以获得本发明的灭活的病毒颗粒。由于其产量高,胞外病毒是优选的;它是成熟的病毒粒;由于来自细胞的成分污染少,它易于被纯化。
用于病毒培养的宿主:
可以将已知的细胞系用作为病毒培养的宿主。例如,可以使用二倍体细胞系例如WI-38,MRC-5,FRhL-2等等,和连续传代的细胞系例如Vero,BHK-21,CHO等等。连续传代细胞系是优选的,因为它们易于大规模生产和按照程序生产,并且它们特征是熟知的且被证实不含有其它病毒。此外,也可以使用常规用于生产病毒疫苗的普遍使用的CV-1,BSC-1,MA104,MDCK,CaCO-2等等,和DBS-FLC-1,DBS-FLC-2,DBS-FRhL-2,ESK-4,HEL,IMR-90,WRL68等等(“可以利用的ATCC微生物和细胞”,第2版,第144页,美国典型培养物保藏中心(ATCC)1991,美国)。对于上面提到的用于培养日本脑炎病毒株的宿主,优选的是选择能使病毒良好生长的准许用的细胞。例如,优选使用的是Vero细胞(ATCC No:CCL-81),BHK-21(C-13)(ATCCNo:CCL-10),C6/36(ATCC No:CRL-1660)等等。但是,当使用这些细胞系时,需要根据世界卫生组织(WHO)推荐的用于生物制品生产的细胞使用的要求的对生物物质第50号要求对污染物,致瘤力等等进行各种测试,从而证实这些细胞系是否具备作为用于生产疫苗的细胞的特性(WTO技术报导序列,No.878,第19-52页,1998)。
细胞培养:
对于上面提到的细胞系的细胞培养,可采用静止培养,灌流系统培养,振荡培养,转管培养,滚瓶培养,悬浮培养,微载体培养等等。例如,可以将各种类型的商购Cytodex(Pharmacia Biotech,瑞典)用作为微载体,可以使用各种商购动物细胞培养装置。
病毒的灭活:
可以将灭活试剂例如福尔马林,β-丙内酯和戊二醛加入到病毒悬浮液以灭活该病毒。例如,当利用福尔马林时,加入的量约0.005%-约0.1%(V/V),灭活的温度是约4℃-约38℃,灭活的时间主要依赖于灭活的温度(例如在38℃,约5-约180小时,在4℃约20-90天)。
病毒的纯化:
采用物理手段或化学手段对病毒进行纯化。物理手段利用物理特性,例如待纯化物质的大小,密度,沉积常数等等,并且包括例如区带超离心,密度梯度离心,过滤等等。通常利用物理手段不改变周围环境的pH和盐浓度。化学手段利用通过化学或物理化学反应的吸附/脱附,并且包括例如离子交换柱层析,亲和层析,盐析等等。纯化是在室温下约4℃进行。
病毒的浓缩:
在灭活和/或纯化之前,可以进行浓缩,例如通过用超滤膜进行低速离心。
根据本发明,令人满意的是在纯化之前在约4℃-约10℃进行R颗粒的灭活。此外,令人满意的是通过物理纯化方法进行纯化。与纯化之后灭活的颗粒或化学纯化的颗粒相比,由此获得的颗粒可以保持更高的免疫原性或抗原性。
电子显微镜分析:
例如,在电子显微镜(日立公司)下可以观察到由用2%(W/V)醋酸铀酰进行的负染色方法制备的病毒样品。在约20000到约100000的放大倍数成象分析病毒颗粒。
疫苗的制备:
利用合适的稀释液可以稀释本发明的灭活病毒颗粒以便获得需要的效价。可以加入任何已知的载体或赋形剂。非强制性地,疫苗可以含有防腐剂,稳定剂等等。
效力测试:
根据上面提到的“生物制品的最低要求”中的“日本脑炎疫苗”规则制订的“效价测试”进行该测试。例如,在各个组中使用15只4周龄的ddY小鼠。用每种疫苗0.5毫升/小鼠给各个组的动物腹膜注射,所述的疫苗已经2倍系列稀释,7天之后,给动物加强注射。在加强之后第7天从各个小鼠收集血液。之后,在各个组合并等量的血清,在约56℃灭活30分钟。获得的血清作为免疫血清用于中和测试。在中和测试中,将鸡胚细胞培养物用作为病毒培养的宿主,将用作为疫苗抗原或免疫原的病毒(例如北京株,Nakayama毒株,ThCMAr67/93毒株等等)用作为攻击病毒。上面提到的免疫血清将由攻击病毒形成的噬斑数目降低了50%的最大稀释度代表中和抗体效价。
在另一个方面,将本发明获得的病毒颗粒(R颗粒)用作为诊断抗原(例如,在免疫沉淀方法,血凝集抑制(HI)测试,补体固定(CF)反应,ELISA,放射性免疫测试,免疫荧光方法等等中的抗原)。R颗粒作为诊断抗原的特征在于,与MB颗粒相比,该颗粒与多克隆抗体和某些单克隆抗体的反应性高出约2-10倍。更具体地说,利用完整或部分本发明的灭活病毒颗粒,可以提供具有高灵敏性的用于检测日本脑炎病毒群的感染,特别是日本脑炎病毒的感染的诊断试剂。如本文所述,术语“部分”灭活病毒颗粒是指保留了来源于病毒颗粒所需的免疫原性的病毒组分,包括例如在实施例1描述的纯化步骤期间溶解的结构蛋白质。
下文中,本发明的实施方案,构成部分,结构和效果将通过说明性的实验和实施例进行描述,但是本发明不仅限于此。
参考实施例
北京株和ThCMAr67/93毒株的序列表:
为了有助于鉴定特别适用于本发明的日本脑炎病毒的北京株和ThCMAr67/93毒株,SEQ ID NO:1-4显示与两个毒株的基因组RNA互补的包膜蛋白基因cDNA的碱基序列和由该碱基序列编码的推测的氨基酸序列。SEQ ID NO:1和2对应于ThCMAr67/93毒株(病毒学档案,140,1557-1575,1995),SEQ ID NO:3和4对应于北京株的原种JMSV001。用于下面的实施例的“北京株”是JMSV001。
采用上面提到的Ali等人的文章描述的方法测定cDNA的碱基序列。更具体地说,从Vero细胞的病毒培养物提取基因组RNA。之后,利用一对引物通过逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增编码包膜蛋白的区域,通过双脱氧链终止方法测定获得的cDNA片段的碱基序列。此外,利用通用密码解码由碱基序列编码的氨基酸序列。
实验1
病毒感染效价的测定:
通过用下文描述的Vero-M细胞进行噬斑计数方法计算病毒感染效价PFU(噬斑形成单位)/毫升。
病毒抗原量的测定:
利用抗日本脑炎病毒单克隆抗体IgG(组-8克隆503(由东京都神经科学综合研究所Yasui博士惠赠,K.Yasui等人,普通病毒学杂志,67,2663-2672,1986)进行ELISA测定日本脑炎病毒抗原的量。将来源于鼠脑的自制标准品(北京株)的值定义为100单位,通过平行线测试计算相对ELISA值。
HA测试:
使用U形微平板。将等量的用磷酸盐缓冲液调节到最适pH的0.33%(v/v)鹅红血细胞悬浮液与病毒溶液混合。之后,使其在37℃相互反应60分钟。由此,测定血凝集反应的存在。血凝集反应是阳性的病毒溶液的最大稀释度代表HA效价。
牛血清抗原量的测定:
利用抗牛血清山羊IgG进行ELISA测定牛血清抗原的量。通过平行线测试计算牛血清标准抗原中的蛋白质含量的相对值,测定获得的值作为抗原量。
实验2
病毒培养中细胞系的增殖:
粘着性2-系Vero细胞:Vero-A(ATCC No:CCL-81),Vero-M(从国立感染症研究所获得的Vero);3系BHK-21细胞:BHK/WI2(从大阪府立公众卫生研究所获得的粘着性BHK-21),BHK/JNIH(从国立家畜卫生试验场获得的悬浮的BHK-21)和BHK-21(C-13)(ATCC No:CCL-10),和来源于蚊子的C6/36细胞(ATCC No:CRL-1660)作为病毒培养的候选细胞系,观察各个细胞系中病毒的繁殖。以约1.5×105个细胞/毫升在生长培养基中制备Vero-A,Vero-M,BHK/WI2和BHK-21(C-13)。在约37℃将它们培养3天,之后,分别进行细胞计数。以相同的方式,以约2.0×105个细胞/毫升制备悬浮的BHK/JNIH,并且在37℃振荡培养3天。之后,计数细胞的数目。以约1.0×105个细胞/毫升制备C6/36,在约28℃培养7天。之后,计数细胞的数目。使用补充了8%(V/V)(终浓度)牛血清的MEM作为生长培养基。结果,Vero-A,Vero-M,BHK/WI2和BHK-21(C-13)的细胞数计数且测定为7.0×105个细胞/毫升至约9.0×105个细胞/毫升,悬浮的BHK/ANIH和C6/36的细胞数计数且测定为约2.8×106个细胞/毫升。
实验3
在候选细胞系中繁殖日本脑炎病毒:
在约28℃将C6/36培养7天,用于实验2的其它细胞在37℃培养3天。之后,以0.1的感染复数(MOI)以北京株接种各个细胞,并且测定病毒感染效价(PFU),病毒抗原量(ELISA效价)和HA效价,从而比较胞外病毒量变化的时间过程。表1显示其结果。各个数值是两个重复设置实验中各个细胞系的病毒生长曲线的最高值的平均值。C6/36在培养的第3天显示最高病毒感染效价,并且在第4天显示最高ELISA效价和HA效价。其它细胞系在培养的第2天显示最高病毒感染效价,并且分别在第3和第4天显示最高ELISA效价和HA效价。
表1
细胞 PFU/ml ELISA效价 HA效价
粘着性
Vero-A 1.2×108 58 640
Vero-M 5.7×107 35 320
BHK-21/WI2 1.5×108 27 40
BHK-21[C13] 2.3×108 48 320
悬浮的
BHK-21/JNIH 7.0×107 37 40
C6/36 2.6×108 103 320
实验4
Cytodex的类型和Vero-A细胞的增殖:
将Cytodex 1,2或3之一以约1.5克/升的量加入到3个细胞培养瓶中,每个培养瓶含有约500毫升的Vero-A细胞悬浮液,每毫升含有1.5×105个细胞。之后,将细胞在37℃和约40rpm搅拌培养7天。获得如下所述的结果。对于Cytodex 1,2或3从培养开始到第7天每毫升的细胞数分别为约7.5×105,8.3×105和约9.4×105。此外,当以Cytodex 1将细胞培养7天时,有100个或更多个细胞粘着到所有珠的表面而没有缝隙。
实验5
Cytodex的浓度和Vero-A细胞的增殖:
将Cytodex 1加入到细胞培养瓶A,B,C和D,各培养瓶含有约500毫升的细胞悬浮液,浓度为约1.5×105个细胞/毫升,以使瓶A和B中最终量为约1.5克/升,瓶C中最终量为约3.0克/升,瓶D中最终量为约4.5克/升。之后,将细胞在37℃和约40rpm搅拌培养7天。计细胞数和粘着有细胞的珠的分数(即粘着到珠上的百分数)。为计数粘着有细胞的珠的百分数,每个瓶至少观察200个珠,至少粘着了5个细胞的珠计为粘着有细胞的珠。在加入了约1.5克/升的Cytodex 1的瓶A中的细胞在整个培养过程中以相同的培养基培养。在瓶B,C和D中,在培养开始后第3,4和5天以新鲜的培养基替代一半培养基。获得了下述结果。培养基的替代不影响细胞数(A和B)。在培养7天之后每毫升的细胞数,B瓶约为9.1×105,C瓶约为7.7×105,D瓶约为8.0×105。在第一天,瓶A和B中粘着了细胞的珠的百分数为98%或以上,在第4天达到100%。在瓶C和D中粘着了细胞的珠的百分数较低(即分别为约39%和约80%)。但是,在第6天,在瓶A,B,C和D中该百分数达到100%。
实验6
以高密度与Cytodex 1培养的Vero-A细胞的增殖:
在Cytodex的浓度和细胞数分别为三倍的条件下进行高密度培养。将Cytodex 1加入到浓度为4.5×105个细胞/毫升的Vero-A细胞悬浮液中达到终浓度为约4.5克/升,在用于培养动物细胞的装置中培养细胞,所述的装置含有约50升的培养基。在开始的24小时每分钟的转速设置为约15rpm,在24小时之后设置为约20rpm。pH设置为7.0,溶解氧设置为5ppm。在培养开始后第3和第5天以新鲜生长培养基替代一半培养基。获得下述结果。在第5和第7天的细胞数分别为约2.0×106个细胞/毫升和约2.6×106个细胞/毫升。此外,在第2天粘着了细胞的珠的百分数是100%。
实验7
用于在Vero-A细胞中生产疫苗的候选病毒毒株的繁殖:
以0.1的MOI将上面提到的来源于鼠脑的日本脑炎病毒的四个候选病毒毒株(北京株,Nakayama毒株,JaOH0566和JaOArS982)分别接种在培养皿中静止培养3天的Vero-A细胞。将病毒吸附到Vero-A上约90分钟。然后,将补充了2%(V/V)的牛血清的MEM加入到获得的Vero-A中,随后在37℃培养7天。对于胞外和胞内病毒观察该时间过程中感染的效价和抗原量的变化。获得下述结果。就感染效价而言,除了Nakayama毒株以外,三个毒株的病毒效价在培养开始后第2天显示最高值(约1.0×108PFU/毫升或更多),胞内病毒显示的值为胞外病毒的1/3或更低。Nakayama毒株的胞外病毒在第3天显示最高感染效价,是其它3个毒株的1/5或更低。就ELISA抗原效价而言,除了Nakayama毒株以外,三个毒株的胞外病毒在第3-5天显示最高值(约70个单位),胞内病毒显示的值为胞外病毒的1/5或更低。Nakayama毒株的ELISA抗原效价在第5-7天显示达到稳定(约30单位)。就HA效价而言,在第2-4天,Nakayama毒株胞外病毒显示值约为160,其它三个毒株显示值约640-约1280。
实验8
北京株在与Cytodex 1培养的Vero-A细胞中的繁殖:
以0.1的MOI将在Vero-A中传代4次的北京株病毒接种到20升的与Cytodex 1培养的Vero-A细胞(约1.96×106个细胞/毫升)中。将细胞在无牛血清的MEM中培养。获得下述结果。胞内病毒在培养开始后第2天显示最高感染效价(约1.3×108PFU/毫升或更多),胞外病毒在第3天显示最高感染效价(约4.0×108PFU/毫升),胞外病毒在第4天显示最高ELISA抗原效价(约67个单位),胞内病毒在第3天显示最高ELISA抗原效价(约26个单位)。在培养的第3天,胞外病毒显示HA效价为320和胞内病毒显示约为40的HA效价。
实验9
毒株的遗传稳定性:
通过将小鼠衍生的病毒(JWS-P-4)在Vero细胞中传代2次制备原种(JMSV001)。在Vero-A细胞中连续传代7次该原种仍遗传稳定,没有发现编码核蛋白,前-M蛋白和包膜蛋白的基因的碱基序列有突变。此外,由这些基因编码的氨基酸序列与JWS-P-4相同。通过参考实施例1中描述的方法进行遗传分析。
实施例1
测试疫苗的制备:
以0.1的MOI将通过在Vero-A中将小鼠衍生的病毒(JWS-P-4)传代4次制备的北京株接种到与Cytodex 1培养的Vero-A细胞,并且在没有牛血清的MEM中37℃培养4天。收集培养上清液(即胞外病毒)。利用具有截止分子量为100千道尔顿的超滤膜将上清液浓缩到约1/10体积。之后,加入福尔马林至终浓度为1/1500(V/V),从而使病毒灭活。在约4℃灭活50天。接着,将灭活的病毒悬浮液进行两次蔗糖密度梯度区带超离心,从而纯化该病毒。利用P35ZT转头(Nissei Sangyo有限公司)以约25%到约50%(W/W)蔗糖浓度梯度和30000rpm进行第1次和第2次超速离心13小时。收集病毒组分(蔗糖密度41%),在磷酸缓冲盐水(PBS)中透析。透析过的组分用作为疫苗原液。根据上面提到的“生物制品的基本要求”将疫苗原液进行安全性和效果的各种测试,其作为疫苗合格。然后,将疫苗原液在TC培养基199(Difco实验室,美国)中稀释以便其中的蛋白质含量变成约7.8微克/毫升。将获得的经过稀释的疫苗溶液以1毫升的等份分配于3毫升小瓶。之后,密封各个小瓶获得测试疫苗。根据上面提到的“生物制品的基本要求”的常规测试方法(其中蛋白质用热三氯乙酸(TCA)沉淀并且采用Lowry的方法定量)测量测试疫苗的蛋白质含量。
实施例2
主要步骤过程中测试疫苗的特性:
在生产实施例1所述的测试疫苗过程中完成各个主要步骤的时间点收集样品,进行实验1描述的各种测试。获得了下面的结果。病毒培养物的上清液(即病毒悬浮液)显示约2.2×108PFU/毫升的感染效价和约70单位的ELISA抗原效价,以及约160的HA效价。当利用超滤膜将病毒悬浮液浓缩到1/10体积时,感染效价和抗原量增高(约10倍)。第一次区带超离心之后,在蔗糖浓度为约41%和约34%的两个组分中观察到病毒抗原量的峰值。电子显微镜表明蔗糖浓度为约41%的组分含有病毒颗粒,蔗糖浓度为约34%的组分含有病毒抗原性颗粒,该颗粒比病毒颗粒小很多。此外,在蔗糖浓度为约28%或更低的组分中检测到来源于细胞培养物的牛血清抗原,并与病毒颗粒组分分离。将上面提到的病毒颗粒组分再次利用区带超速离心纯化,证实病毒颗粒以单峰形式存在于蔗糖浓度为约40%的组分中。从该组分制备测试疫苗。测试疫苗显示约45单位的ELISA抗原效价,蛋白质浓度为7.8微克/毫升。
实施例3
测试疫苗的电子显微镜照相:
将测试疫苗和来源于鼠脑的商购疫苗进行上面提到的电子显微镜分析(图1)。结果,商购疫苗中MB颗粒的包膜层表面或表观是光滑(图1B),而本发明测试疫苗中R颗粒是粗糙或绒毛状的(图1A)。
实施例4
基于中和反应的测试疫苗的效力:
根据上面提到的“效力测试”对含有灭活的北京株作为活性成分的三个疫苗(实施例1获得的测试疫苗,来源于鼠脑的商购疫苗,和效力测试的参照疫苗)的效价进行测量。更具体地说,将各个疫苗在PBS中2倍系列稀释并且接种小鼠。将抗北京株病毒血清的中和抗体效价进行比较。表2显示了疫苗的稀释比例和中和抗体效价的常用对数值之间的关系。
对于稀释8-32倍的疫苗,由免疫接种测试疫苗和商购疫苗(相等的蛋白质含量)获得的抗血清的中和抗体效价的常用对数值之间的差异分别是约0.38到约1.11。就是说,由测试疫苗免疫原获得的中和抗体效价是由商购疫苗免疫原获得的中和抗体效价的约2-约10倍。此外,经平行线测试推测的这些测量值的结果是,计算的本发明的测试疫苗的效价(中和抗体效价)对商购疫苗的值是约3倍。
表2
蛋白质含量 疫苗稀释度 中和抗体效价 差值
μg/ml 的常用对数值 (A-B)
测试疫苗(A) 8 3.87 0.64
7.8 16 3.51 0.38
32 3.33 1.11
商购疫苗(B) 8 3.23
7.5 16 3.13
32 2.21
参照疫苗 5.4 16 1.87
差值(A-B):(A的中和抗体效价)的常用对数值—在相同稀释度的(B的中和抗体效价)的公用对数值。例如,疫苗稀释度为8时,3.87-3.24=0.64。
蛋白质含量:采用TCA蛋白质定量方法测定的值(用热三氯乙酸沉淀疫苗中的蛋白质,并通过Lowry方法定量测定)。
实施例5
基于交叉中和反应的测试疫苗之间的免疫原性差异:
将三个毒株(在Vero-A细胞传代四次的北京株,和来源于泰国,在Vero-A细胞传代二次的ThCMAr67/93和ThCMAr44/92)用作为种病毒,含有各个毒株的灭活病毒作为活性成分的的测试疫苗按照实施例1描述的相同方法制备。之后,以实施例4描述的相同方式测量和比较从用相应的疫苗免疫接种的小鼠获得的抗血清的中和抗体效价,从而分析毒株之间的交叉反应。为了进行比较,使用来源于鼠脑的含有北京株和Nakayama毒株的灭活的病毒作为活性成分的商购疫苗和作为参照疫苗的来源于鼠脑的含有5.4微克/毫升的TCA蛋白质的疫苗(北京株)。此外,对于小鼠免疫接种,将五个疫苗的每一个的TCA含量调节到约7.5微克/毫升,然后将疫苗在PBS中稀释16倍。作为中和测试的攻击病毒,使用上面提到的4个病毒,即北京株,Nakayama株,ThCMAr67/93和ThCMAr44/92。表3显示上面提到的用PBS稀释16倍的5个疫苗的结果。根据交叉反应谱,北京株和ThCMAr67/93毒株的病毒抗原作为灭活的日本脑炎疫苗的灭活的免疫原是优异的。
表3
疫苗 病毒
北京株 Nakayama株 Ar67 Ar44
测试疫苗(北京株) 3.68 3.04 2.87 2.66
商购疫苗(北京株) 3.09 2.69 1.88 1.88
商购疫苗(Nakayama株) 0.86 2.05 1.45 1.04
测试疫苗(Ar67) 2.84 3.15 3.02 2.97
参照疫苗(北京株) 1.85 NT NT NT
Ar67:ThCMAr67/93毒株,Ar44:ThCMAr44/92毒株
测试疫苗:在Vero-A细胞中生产的灭活疫苗
商购疫苗:来源于鼠脑的灭活疫苗
参照疫苗:来源于鼠脑的自制标准灭活疫苗
数值:中和抗体效价的常用对数值(log)
NT:未试验
实施例6
测试二价疫苗的制备:
按照实施例1的相同方法制备北京株和ThCMAr67/93毒株的疫苗原液,之后,将各疫苗原液在PBS中稀释以获得10微克/毫克的蛋白质含量。然后,将获得的溶液等量互相混合,将混合物分散到试管以获得二价疫苗。该二价疫苗具有比相应的单价疫苗更宽的交叉反应谱。
实施例7
诊断试剂的制备:
按照实施例1制备的北京株疫苗原液的R颗粒用作为治疗抗原,采用上面描述的“病毒抗原量的测量”相同的方法进行ELISA测定其效果。作为比较对照抗原,使用商购北京株疫苗的MB颗粒。作为抗体,可以使用单克隆抗体503(MAb503:抗所有日本脑炎病毒共有和特异性的中和表位的抗体),MAb302(抗日本脑炎病毒群的特异性表位的抗体),和多克隆抗体(PAb:来源于小鼠的超免疫系统)。当抗原量保持不变时(蛋白质的量7.6微克/毫升),系列稀释抗体并且测量ELISA的值。就R颗粒的ELISA值/MB颗粒的ELISA值,Mab503显示为53/47,Mab302显示为226/22,PAb显示为120/52。基于这些结果,判断R颗粒对Mab302和PAb的灵敏度比MB颗粒高约2-10倍。此外,根据MAb302的结果可以认为本发明的抗原可用作为制备性检测日本脑炎病毒群的抗原。
工业实用性
根据本发明,通过利用易于处理和非昂贵的细胞系替代昂贵的且饲养和控制困难的小鼠可以大规模生产病毒颗粒。由于没有杀死许多小鼠,本发明对于动物保护是令人满意的。此外,生产成本显著降低,并且抗生物毒害的措施,用于生产的操作程序,纯化步骤,质量控制,生产计划等等也是显著节约了劳动力。根据本发明,提供了显示的效价比常规的灭活疫苗高2-10倍的可用作增强免疫原的新的病毒颗粒及其生产方法。特别是,根据本发明,提供了具有作为用于日本脑炎病毒疫苗的免疫原和作为诊断试剂的抗原的免疫原性或抗原性的新的日本脑炎病毒颗粒,及其生产方法。因此,根据本发明,提供了优质和廉价疫苗和诊断试剂,可改进并迅速传播对由日本脑炎病毒群引起的感染疾病的预防和诊断。
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Asn Val His Ala
500
Claims (10)
1.一种作为增强免疫原的灭活的病毒颗粒,是从用属于日本脑炎病毒群的病毒感染的细胞培养物制备的,其中该病毒颗粒是完全通过物理方法而纯化的,其中用该病毒颗粒免疫接种获得的抗血清的中和抗体效价是用从鼠脑培养的病毒制备的灭活的病毒颗粒免疫接种获得的抗血清的中和抗体效价的约2-10倍。
2.用于生产灭活的病毒颗粒的方法,包括在一个细胞系中培养属于日本脑炎病毒群的病毒,以及灭活和纯化细胞培养物,其中该纯化是完全通过物理方法而进行的,其中用该病毒颗粒免疫接种获得的抗血清的中和抗体效价是用从鼠脑培养的病毒制备的灭活的病毒颗粒免疫接种获得的抗血清的中和抗体效价的约2-10倍。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述细胞系是Vero细胞。
4.根据权利要求2或3的方法,其中灭活是在纯化之前进行的。
5.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中灭活是在约4℃-约10℃的温度范围内进行的。
6.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中属于日本脑炎病毒群的病毒是日本脑炎病毒的北京株或ThCMAr67/93株。
7.含有权利要求1所述的灭活的病毒颗粒的灭活疫苗。
8.用于由日本脑炎病毒群引起的感染性疾病的诊断试剂,含有完整或部分如权利要求1所述的灭活病毒颗粒作为抗原。
9.权利要求1的灭活的病毒颗粒,其中根据电子显微镜分析,该颗粒结构的表面或被膜层的外观是粗糙的或是绒毛状的。
10.权利要求2的方法,其中根据电子显微镜分析,该颗粒结构的表面或被膜层的外观是粗糙的或是绒毛状的。
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CNB998017647A Division CN1160454C (zh) | 1998-10-05 | 1999-06-02 | 用于抗日本脑炎病毒感染的灭活疫苗的增强免疫原及其生产方法 |
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CNB998017647A Expired - Fee Related CN1160454C (zh) | 1998-10-05 | 1999-06-02 | 用于抗日本脑炎病毒感染的灭活疫苗的增强免疫原及其生产方法 |
CNA2004100473162A Pending CN1618464A (zh) | 1998-10-05 | 1999-06-02 | 用于抗日本脑炎病毒感染的灭活疫苗的增强免疫原及其生产方法 |
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US (1) | US6841374B1 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP1057889B1 (zh) |
JP (2) | JP4371343B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR20010032699A (zh) |
CN (2) | CN1160454C (zh) |
AU (1) | AU743546B2 (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2311336C (zh) |
MY (1) | MY126520A (zh) |
TW (1) | TWI227274B (zh) |
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN101792741A (zh) * | 2010-04-07 | 2010-08-04 | 西北农林科技大学 | 表达jev免疫原基因的重组杆状病毒及其制备和应用 |
CN101333246B (zh) * | 2008-07-30 | 2011-04-13 | 中国农业科学院哈尔滨兽医研究所 | 乙型脑炎病毒e蛋白中和性b细胞抗原表位多肽及其应用 |
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DE10144906B4 (de) * | 2001-09-12 | 2013-11-28 | Novartis Vaccines And Diagnostics Gmbh | Verfahren zur großtechnischen Herstellung von Impfstoffen |
US7060280B2 (en) * | 2003-06-11 | 2006-06-13 | Academia Sinica | Immunization against flavivirus |
US7780027B2 (en) * | 2007-02-08 | 2010-08-24 | Michael Coady | Axially stacked double barrel animal feeder system |
CN101790381B (zh) | 2007-08-28 | 2014-08-27 | 巴克斯特国际公司 | 生产病毒疫苗的方法 |
WO2009082002A1 (ja) | 2007-12-26 | 2009-07-02 | The Kitasato Institute | 安定に長期間保存できる日本脳炎ワクチンの製法方法及び該ワクチンの用途 |
CN102112153B (zh) | 2008-06-04 | 2014-04-16 | 一般财团法人化学及血清疗法研究所 | 灭活日本脑炎病毒颗粒作为佐剂的用途 |
BRPI0921359A2 (pt) * | 2008-11-17 | 2015-08-25 | Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc | Antígenos que induzem a resposta imunológica contra flavivírus e métodos de uso dos mesmos |
WO2010137036A2 (en) * | 2009-05-25 | 2010-12-02 | Panacea Biotec Ltd | Novel japanese encephalitis vaccine and method of manufacturing the same |
JP6963460B2 (ja) * | 2016-10-27 | 2021-11-10 | 一般財団法人阪大微生物病研究会 | たん白質の定量方法 |
WO2021161390A1 (ja) * | 2020-02-10 | 2021-08-19 | 花王株式会社 | ヒトノロウイルス不活化評価法 |
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JPS6147185A (ja) * | 1984-08-09 | 1986-03-07 | Chemo Sero Therapeut Res Inst | 日本脳炎ウイルスの精製方法 |
JPS6153227A (ja) | 1984-08-23 | 1986-03-17 | Biseibutsu Kagaku Kenkyusho:Kk | 日本脳炎・豚パルボウイルス感染症混合生ワクチン |
US5719051A (en) | 1989-12-22 | 1998-02-17 | Immuno Aktiengesellschaft | Perfusion system and a method for the large scale production of virus or virus antigen |
AT393356B (de) * | 1989-12-22 | 1991-10-10 | Immuno Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung von fsme-virus-antigen |
JPH07265093A (ja) | 1994-03-30 | 1995-10-17 | Chemo Sero Therapeut Res Inst | 哺乳動物細胞を用いる日本脳炎ウイルス表面抗原蛋白質の製法 |
CA2228128C (fr) | 1995-08-01 | 2011-03-29 | Pasteur Merieux Serums & Vaccins | Procede de production industrielle d'un vaccin contre l'encephalite japonaise et vaccin obtenu |
US6207439B1 (en) * | 1997-03-25 | 2001-03-27 | Center For Disease Control | Purification of Japanese encephalitis virus |
US5891705A (en) | 1997-04-08 | 1999-04-06 | Pentose Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Method for inactivating a virus |
AU748730B2 (en) * | 1997-08-28 | 2002-06-13 | Cheil Jedang Corporation | An attenuated Japanese encephalitis virus adapted to vero cell and a Japanese encephalitis vaccine |
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1999
- 1999-06-02 AU AU40578/99A patent/AU743546B2/en not_active Ceased
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- 1999-06-02 KR KR1020007005984A patent/KR20010032699A/ko active Search and Examination
- 1999-06-02 EP EP99923858A patent/EP1057889B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-06-02 TW TW88109144A patent/TWI227274B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-06-02 JP JP2000574663A patent/JP4371343B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 1999-06-02 WO PCT/JP1999/002931 patent/WO2000020565A1/ja not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-06-02 CN CNA2004100473162A patent/CN1618464A/zh active Pending
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101333246B (zh) * | 2008-07-30 | 2011-04-13 | 中国农业科学院哈尔滨兽医研究所 | 乙型脑炎病毒e蛋白中和性b细胞抗原表位多肽及其应用 |
CN101792741A (zh) * | 2010-04-07 | 2010-08-04 | 西北农林科技大学 | 表达jev免疫原基因的重组杆状病毒及其制备和应用 |
Also Published As
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JP4371343B2 (ja) | 2009-11-25 |
CA2311336C (en) | 2007-01-02 |
AU4057899A (en) | 2000-04-26 |
EP1057889A1 (en) | 2000-12-06 |
EP1057889B1 (en) | 2009-04-22 |
WO2000020565A1 (fr) | 2000-04-13 |
AU743546B2 (en) | 2002-01-31 |
EP1057889A4 (en) | 2002-01-23 |
CN1287573A (zh) | 2001-03-14 |
JP5095685B2 (ja) | 2012-12-12 |
US6841374B1 (en) | 2005-01-11 |
TWI227274B (en) | 2005-02-01 |
CN1160454C (zh) | 2004-08-04 |
MY126520A (en) | 2006-10-31 |
CA2311336A1 (en) | 2000-04-13 |
KR20010032699A (ko) | 2001-04-25 |
JP2009225809A (ja) | 2009-10-08 |
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