CN1382490A - 选择性pde10抑制物的治疗用途 - Google Patents
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- CN1382490A CN1382490A CN02118061A CN02118061A CN1382490A CN 1382490 A CN1382490 A CN 1382490A CN 02118061 A CN02118061 A CN 02118061A CN 02118061 A CN02118061 A CN 02118061A CN 1382490 A CN1382490 A CN 1382490A
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Abstract
本发明提供了治疗哺乳动物,包括人的特定的神经和精神疾病的方法,其包括选择性PDE10抑制物给药。具体地,本发明涉及治疗情绪,运动和焦虑疾病;精神病;药物,例如酒精,成瘾;具有认知缺陷症状的疾病。本发明还提供了罂粟碱作为PDE10选择性抑制物的用途。
Description
发明背景
本发明涉及中枢神经系统疾病的治疗。更具体地,本发明涉及神经和精神疾病的治疗,例如精神病和包含认知缺陷(deficiency cognition)为症状的疾病。本发明也涉及PDE10抑制作用。
环核苷酸,环腺苷一磷酸(cAMP)和环鸟苷一磷酸(cGMP),作为细胞内第二信使,其功能是在包括中枢神经系统的神经元中调节各种系列的细胞内过程。cAMP由膜结合酶家族,腺苷酸环化酶来合成。广义的丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂家族受体通过异三聚体G蛋白介导的偶联机制调节这些酶。细胞内cAMP升高使依赖于cAMP的蛋白激酶的活化,通过它们的磷酸化可调节其它信号传递型激酶,转录因子和酶的活性。cAMP也可以直接影响环核苷酸调节的离子通道,磷酸二酯酶,或鸟嘌呤核苷酸交换因子的活性。最近的研究还揭示胞内cAMP在运送到细胞外后,可以作为神经调质,腺苷的前体起作用。
合成cGMP的鸟苷酸环化酶以膜结合型和细胞质型存在。所述膜结合形式与诸如ANP(心房利钠肽(naturetic peptide))受体等G蛋白偶联的受体偶联,而可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶被一氧化氮激活(Wang,X.和Robinson,P.J.Journalof Neurochemistry 68(2):443-456,1997)。与cAMP类似,中枢神经系统中cGMP信号传递的下游介质包括cGMP门控离子通道,cGMP-调节的磷酸二酯酶,依赖于cGMP的蛋白激酶。由于环核苷酸在中枢神经内部信号转导中的重要作用,使用能影响环核苷酸信号传递的调节的化合物可以有治疗作用。
调节环核苷酸信号传递的基本机制是通过磷酸二酯酶催化的环核苷酸分解代谢。已知有由21个不同基因编码的11个磷酸二酯酶家族(PDEs)。一般每一基因产生多个剪接变体,这些更导致了同工酶的多样性。PDE家族基于环核苷酸底物特异性,调节机制,对抑制物的敏感性进行功能区分。而且,PDEs在整个生物体包括中枢神经系统中差异表达。酶活性和定位的这些差异使得不同的PDE同工酶具有不同的生理功能。此外,选择性抑制不同PDE家族或同工酶的化合物可具有特别的治疗作用,较小的副作用,或两者兼有。
根据一级氨基酸序列和不同的酶活性,将PDE10鉴定为一独特的家族。EST数据库的同源性筛选揭示小鼠PDE10A为磷酸二酯酶PDE10家族的第一个成员(Fujishige等,J.Biol.Chem.274:18438-18445,1999;Loughney,K.等,Gene 234:109-117,1999)。还克隆了鼠同系物(Soderling,S.等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 96:7071-7076,1999)并且鉴定了大鼠和人基因的N-末端剪接变体(Kotera,J.等,Biochem.Biophys.Res.Comm.261:551-557,1999;Fujishige,K.等,Eur.J.Biochem.266:1118-1127,1999)。种间存在高度同源性。小鼠PDE10A1是分别水解cAMP和cGMP为AMP和GMP的含有779个氨基酸的蛋白。PDE10对cAMP的亲和性(Km=0.05μM)高于对cGMP的(Km=3μM)。但是,对cGMP的Vmax高于对cAMP的近5倍可提示,PDE10是唯一的cAMP抑制型cGMP酶(Fujishige等,J.Biol.Chem.274:18438-18445,1999)。
相对于其它PDE家族,PDE10只存在于哺乳动物中。PDE10的mRNA只在睾丸和脑中高度表达(Fujishige,K.等,Eur J Biochem.266:1118-1127,1999;Soderling,S.等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.96:7071-7076,1999;Loughney,K.等,Gene 234:109-117,1999)。这些初始的研究指出在脑内,PDE10的表达在纹状体(尾状和壳核),伏隔核(nucleus accumbens),和嗅球中最高。最近,已对啮齿动物脑中PDE10 mRNA的表达模式进行了详细分析(Seeger,T.F.等,Abst.Soc.Neurosci.26:345.10,2000)。
发明概述
本发明提供了一种治疗哺乳动物,包括人的焦虑或精神疾病的方法,其包括给予该哺乳动物一定量可以有效地治疗所述焦虑或精神疾病的选择性PDE10抑制物。
本发明还提供了治疗哺乳动物,包括人的焦虑或精神疾病的方法,其包括给予该哺乳动物对一定量可以有效抑制PDE10的选择性PDE10抑制物。
可按照本发明予以治疗的精神疾病的例子包括但不局限于:精神分裂症,例如类偏狂型,错乱型,紧张症型,混合型,或残余型;精神分裂症样的疾病;分裂情感性精神障碍,例如妄想型或抑郁型;妄想症(delusionaldisorder);物质诱发的精神病,例如由酒精,安非他明(amphetamine),大麻,可卡因,致幻剂(hallucinogen),吸入剂(inhalants),类罂粟碱(opioids),或苯环己哌啶(phencyclidine)诱发的精神病;偏执狂型病态人格;精神分裂型病态人格。
可按照本发明予以治疗的焦虑症包括但不限于:恐慌病;广场恐怖症;特定恐惧症(specific phobia);社交恐惧症;强迫性障碍;创伤后精神紧张障碍;急性紧迫症(acute stress disorder);泛化性焦虑症。
本发明还提供了治疗运动异常(movement disorder)的方法,这些异常包括亨廷顿氏(Huntington)病,与对哺乳动物,包括人用多巴胺拮抗剂治疗有关的运动功能障碍,所述方法包括给予该哺乳动物一定量可有效治疗该类疾病的选择性PDE10抑制物。
本发明还提供了治疗运动疾病的方法,所述疾病选自亨廷顿氏病,与哺乳动物,包括人的多巴胺拮抗剂治疗有关的运动功能障碍,所述方法包括对所述哺乳动物给予一定量的可有效抑制PDE10的选择性PDE10抑制物。
本发明还提供了治疗运动疾病的方法,所述疾病包括帕金森氏(Parkinson’s)病,哺乳动物,包括人的多动腿综合征,所述方法包括对所述哺乳动物给予一定量可有效治疗所述疾病的选择性PDE10抑制物。
本发明还提供了治疗运动疾病的方法,所述疾病选自帕金森氏病,哺乳动物,包括人的多动腿综合征,所述方法包括对所述哺乳动物给予一定量的可有效抑制PDE10的选择性PDE10抑制物。
本发明还提供治疗哺乳动物,包括人的药物成瘾,例如酒精,安非他明,可卡因,类罂粟碱成瘾的方法,所述方法包括对所述哺乳动物给予一定量可有效治疗所述药物成瘾的选择性PDE10抑制物。
本发明还提供治疗哺乳动物,包括人的药物成瘾,例如酒精,安非他明,可卡因,类罂粟碱成瘾的方法,所述方法包括对所述哺乳动物给予一定量的可有效抑制PDE10的选择性PDE10抑制物。
这里所述“药物成瘾”意指对药物的异常需求,通常以例如强迫取得所需药物以及强烈的药物渴求发作等动机异常为特征。
本发明还涉及治疗哺乳动物,包括人的以包括认知缺陷为症状的疾病的方法,该方法包括给予所述哺乳动物一定量的可有效治疗认知缺陷的选择性PDE10抑制物。
本发明还提供治疗哺乳动物,包括人的以包括认知缺陷为症状的疾病的方法,该方法包括给予所述哺乳动物一定量的可有效抑制PDE10的选择性PDE10抑制物。
本文所用术语“包括认知缺陷为症状的疾病”中的“认知缺陷”指在大体同样年龄的人群中,与其他个体相比,某一特定的个体在一或多个认知方面,如记忆,智力,或学习和逻辑能力方面功能低下。“认知缺陷”也指任何特定个体在一或多个认知方面功能的减退,例如与年龄有关的认知减退中发生的那样。
本发明可予以治疗的包括以认知缺陷为症状的疾病是痴呆,例如有阿尔茨海默氏(Alzheimer)病,多梗塞性痴呆,酒毒性痴呆或其它药物相关性痴呆,与颅内肿瘤或脑创伤有关的痴呆,与亨廷顿氏病或帕金森氏病有关的痴呆,或与AIDS有关的痴呆;谵妄;健忘症;创伤后精神紧张障碍;智力迟钝;学习障碍,例如阅读障碍,数学障碍,或书写表达障碍;注意力缺乏/机能亢进病;与年龄有关的认知减退。
本发明也提供了治疗哺乳动物,包括人心境障碍或情绪发作(moodepisode)的方法,包括对所述哺乳动物给予一定量可有效治疗该障碍或发作的选择性PDE10抑制物。
本发明也提供了治疗哺乳动物,包括人心境障碍或情绪发作的方法,包括对所述哺乳动物给予一定量的可有效抑制PDE10的选择性PDE10抑制物。
本发明方法治疗的心境障碍和情绪发作的例子包括但不限于:严重抑郁发作的轻型,中型或重型,狂噪或混合情绪发作,轻度躁狂情绪发作;非典型特征的抑郁发作;忧郁特征的抑郁发作;紧张性抑郁发作;产后发作的情绪发作;中风后抑郁;严重抑郁症(major depressive disorder);情绪恶劣性障碍;轻微抑郁症(minor depression disorder);经前焦虑症;精神病后精神分裂症抑郁症(post-psychotic depressive disorder of schizophrenia);与精神病如妄想性精神障碍或精神分裂症叠加的严重抑郁症;双相性精神障碍,例如I型双相性精神障碍,II型双相性精神障碍,和循环情感性精神障碍。
这里所述“选择性PDE10抑制物”指一种物质,例如一种有机分子,它有效抑制PDE10家族的酶的能力大大高于对其它任何PDE酶,尤其PDE1-9家族或PDE11家族任何酶的抑制。在一个实施方案中,选择性PDE10抑制物是一种物质,例如有机分子,它抑制PDE10的Ki小于或约是抑制其它任何PDE酶的Ki的十分之一。也就是说,该物质抑制PDE10活性的浓度小于或约是抑制任何其它PDE酶至相同程度所需浓度的十分之一。
通常,如果一种物质的IC50小于或约为10μM,优选小于或等于约0.1μM,就认为它可以有效地抑制PDE10活性。
可以通过比较一种物质抑制PDE10活性的能力与其抑制其它PDE家族的PDE酶的能力来鉴定“选择性PDE10抑制物”。例如可以分析一种物质抑制PDE10活性的能力,以及对PDE1,PDE2,PDE3A,PDE4A,PDE4B,PDE4C,PDE4D,PDE5,PDE6,PDE7,PDE8,PDE9,PDE11的抑制。
在上述本发明治疗方法的一个实施方案中,选择性PDE10抑制物是罂粟碱。
本发明也提供了选择性抑制哺乳动物,包括人的PDE10的方法,包括给予该动物能有效抑制PDE10的量的罂粟碱。
在“治疗疾病的方法”中的术语“治疗”,是指恢复,减轻,或抑制用这类术语表示的疾病的进程,或该疾病的一或多个症状。在本文中,根据患者的病情,此术语也包括预防该疾病,包括预防该疾病的发作或与之相关的任何症状的发作,以及减少此疾病的严重程度或发作前其任何的症状。本文中“治疗”也指预防疾病的复发。
例如,本文中所用“治疗精神分裂症,或精神分裂症样的或分裂情感性精神障碍”也包括治疗所述疾病的一或多种症状(阳性的,阴性的和其它相关的特征),例如治疗与之相关的妄想和/或幻觉。精神分裂症,精神分裂症样疾病和分裂情感性精神障碍的其它症状包括语言混乱(disorganizedspeech),情感淡漠(affective flattening),失语症,快感缺乏,不适当的爱好,烦躁情绪(例如抑郁,焦虑或愤怒型),以及一些认知功能障碍的症状。
本文中术语“哺乳动物”是指 “哺乳动物”纲的任何动物,包括但不限于人,狗,猫。
附图简述
图1:动物中僵住症(catalepsy)对罂粟碱剂量提高的柱形图。灰柱代表罂粟碱与氟哌啶醇联合用药,显示罂粟碱增强了氟哌啶醇诱发的僵住症。黑柱代表罂粟碱单独用药。这些黑柱显示罂粟碱在单独用药剂量多达32mg/kg时没有诱发僵住症。更具体地,在测试30分钟前,将罂粟碱以所示剂量单独或与氟哌啶醇(0.32mg/kg)联合给药。每一柱是六个类似处理的动物从抬高的横杆上移开两个前爪所需的平均潜伏期。采用Kruskall-Wallace方差(variance)分析对比罂粟碱单独给药和与氟哌啶醇联合给药的分等级的潜伏期。Post hoc分析表明3.2,10和32mg/kg罂粟碱与氟哌啶醇联合给药的动物的潜伏期显著(**)长于罂粟碱单独给药的动物。
图2:本图是两个柱形图,分别表示在穿梭盒(shuttle box)研究中物质给药后第一个60分钟内,有穿梭行为的动物的数量的平均值+SEM。上图对比了罂粟碱对运动本身的影响和对安非他明诱发的运动的影响。下图对比了罂粟碱对运动本身的影响和对PCP诱发的运动的影响。安非他明给药量1mg/kg,i.p.。PCP给药量3.2mg/kg,i.p.。罂粟碱与其中任一种试剂联合给药时剂量为32mg/kg,i.p.。数据表示对n=8只大鼠/组给药后的第一个60分钟内穿梭者数量的平均值+SEM。
**p<0.01对赋形剂(vehicle)/赋形剂对照;*p<0.05对赋形剂/PCP,Students t-检验
发明详述
PDE 2,3和5,同工酶,包括人PDE酶类可从,例如海绵体制备;PDE1,同工酶包括人的,从心室制备;PDE4,同工酶,包括人的,从骨骼肌制备。PDE6可从,例如犬视网膜制备。Boolell,M.等,Int.J.Impotence Research8:7-52,1996,记述了从天然组织制备酶,在此引入作为参考。
PDE 7-11可类似地从天然组织制备。PDE 7-9和11家族的同工酶可另选从转染至SF9等细胞中的全长人重组克隆产生,分别见Fisher,D.A.等,Biochem.Biophys.Res.Comm.246,570-577,1998;Soderling,S.H.等,PNAS96:7071-7076,1999;Fisher,D.A.等,J.Biol.Chem.273,15559-15564,1998b;Fawcett,L.等,PNAS 97:3702-3707,2000。PDE10可从转染入SF9细胞的大鼠重组克隆产生(Fujishige等,European Journal of Biochemistry,Vol.266,1118-1127(1999))。然后如对PDE6所述从细胞裂解液的可溶性级分中经FPLC制备所述酶类。前述参考文献全文引入作为参考。
在一个试验中,筛选一种能抑制PDE10和其它基因家族的PDE对环核苷酸的水解的物质。本实验中每种PDE的环核苷酸底物浓度是Km浓度的1/3,使得可以比较不同酶类的IC50值。采用基于闪烁近似性分析(ScintillationProximity Assay)(SPA)的方法如前述测定PDE活性(Faweett等,2000)。通过在不同物质浓度和低底物浓度,如IC50接近Ki(cGMP或cAMP在浓度为1/3Km时未标记的对[3H]标记的比例为3∶1)下分析固定量的酶(PDE 1-11)来判定PDE抑制物的效应。用分析缓冲液(20mM Tris-HCl pH7.4,5mMMgCl2,1mg/ml牛血清白蛋白)将最终分析体积补足到100μl。反应以酶引发,30℃下温育30-60分钟,使不到<30%的底物发生转化,用50μl硅酸钇SPA珠(beads)(Amersham)(在PDE9和11的试验中,含每种未标记的环核苷酸各3mM)终止反应。将平板重新密封并振荡20分钟,然后将珠于暗处放置30分钟,然后用TopCount平板计数器(Packard,Meriden,CT)计数。将放射性单位换算为未受抑制的对照(100%)的活性百分比,对抑制物浓度作图,使用‘Fit Curve’Microsoft Excel extension得到抑制物的IC50。
一个选择性PDE10抑制物的例子是罂粟碱(1-[(3,4-二甲氧苯基)甲基]-6,7-二甲氧基异喹啉)。在脑和冠状动脉痉挛以及勃起功能障碍的治疗中已知罂粟碱是有效的平滑肌舒张剂。尽管对这些治疗活性的机理还不十分清楚,它们通常都归因于罂粟碱具有的非选择性磷酸二酯酶抑制物的活性(ThePharmacological Basis of Therapeutics;第六版;A.G.Gilman,L.S.Goodman,A.Gilman编,Macmillan Publishing Co.,纽约,1980,830页)。尽管罂粟碱是天然植物碱,也有对其进行完全生物合成的报导,例如Brochmann-Hanssen等,J.Pharm.Sci.60:1672,1971,在此引入作为参考。
按照本发明,选择性PDE10抑制物可以单独或与药学上可接受的载体一起给药,可以是单或多剂量。合适的药学上可接受的载体包括惰性固体稀释剂或填充剂,无菌水性溶液和各种有机溶剂。如此形成的药物组合物可以按多种剂型便利地给药,如片剂,粉剂,锭剂,糖浆,注射液等。如果需要的话,这些药物组合物可另外包含诸如调味品,粘合剂,赋形剂等成分。因此,口服给药可将含有各种赋形剂如柠檬酸钠,碳酸钙和磷酸钙的片剂与各种崩解剂如淀粉,甲基纤维素,藻酸和特定的复合硅酸盐,以及粘合剂如聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,蔗糖,凝胶,金合欢胶等一起使用。此外,润滑剂如硬脂酸镁,十二烷基硫酸钠和滑石粉常用于成片。类似形式的固体组合物也可作为填充剂用于软和硬填充的凝胶胶囊中。其中优选的物质包括乳糖(lactose)、奶糖(milk sugar)和大分子量聚乙二醇。当水性悬浮剂或酏剂需要口服给药时,其中必需的活性成分可组合各种甜味剂或调味品,着色剂或染料以及,如果需要的话,乳化剂或悬浮剂,并加入稀释剂如水,乙醇,丙二醇,甘油及它们的组合物。
非胃肠道给药可使用含有溶于芝麻油或花生油,水性丙二醇,或无菌水溶液中的选择性PDE10抑制物溶液。如果需要应对这些水溶液进行造当地缓冲,并且首先将液体稀释剂用足够的盐或葡萄糖处理为等渗。这些特殊的水溶液特别适合静脉,肌肉内,皮下和腹膜内给药。通过本领域技术人员已知的标准技术可以容易的得到所用的无菌水性介质。
在本发明的治疗方法中选择性PDE10抑制物可以口服,经皮(例如通过使用敷药),注射(例如,静脉注射),经直肠,或局部给药。依照本发明方法所述,PDE10抑制物治疗疾病的通常日剂量范围为约0.01到约100mg/kg患者体重。例如,治疗精神疾病时选择性PDE10抑制物给药至平均体重(约70kg)的成人的剂量为每天约1mg到约7000mg,优选每天约1mg到约1000mg,一次或分开(多次)给药。具有普通技术的医生可根据诸如体重,年龄和受治者的病情,痛苦的严重性,所选的具体给药方式等对基于上述范围的剂量作出调整。
下列实施例举例说明本发明。但应该理解在此所述及在权利要求中所列举的本发明均不应受下面实施例的细节所限制。
实施例
实施例1:选择性PDE10抑制物:罂粟碱
筛选罂粟碱对由PDE10以及源于其它基因家族的一组PDE所致的环核苷酸水解的抑制效应。本验中每种PDE所用的环核苷酸底物浓度是Km浓度的1/3。这使得可以比较不同酶之间的IC50值。
使用上述发明详述部分中的采用硅酸钇SPA珠的分析方法测定PDE活性。将放射性单位换算为未受抑制的对照(100%)的活性百分比,对抑制物浓度作图,使用‘Fit Curve’Microsoft Excel extension得到抑制物的IC50值。
我们观察到罂粟碱是PDE10的特别有效的竞争性抑制物,其IC50值为18nM(表1)。罂粟碱对所测试的所有其它PDE的作用相当低。在PDE10之后,罂粟碱对PDE4D的抑制最强,其IC50值为320nM,比PDE10的值低19倍。因此,这些数据首次提示,罂粟碱是选择性PDE10抑制物并且这种化合物可用于这种酶生理学研究。
表1.罂粟碱抑制所列PDE时的IC50值。以底物浓度为1/3Km值确定各酶的IC50值以便进行各酶间的比较。PDE10的选择性比例是特定PDE的IC50值除以PDE10的IC50值。
同工酶 | IC50,μM | 选择性比例(IC50/IC50,PDE10) |
PDE10 | 0.018 | - |
PDE1 | 37 | 2055 |
PDE2 | 9 | 500 |
PDE3A | 1.3 | 72 |
PDE4A | 1.9 | 105 |
PDE4B | 1.4 | 78 |
PDE4C | 0.8 | 44 |
PDE4D | 0.32 | 18 |
PDE5 | 8 | 444 |
PDE6 | 0.86 | 48 |
PDE7 | 27 | 1500 |
PDE8 | >10 | >555 |
PDE9 | 400 | 20000 |
PDE11 | 11 | 611 |
实施例2.选择性PDE10抑制物对在中等刺状神经元(Medium SpinvNeurons)中环核苷酸代谢的影响
我们检测了罂粟碱(实施例1中测定的一种选择性PDE10抑制物)对原代培养的大鼠中等刺状神经元中环核苷酸代谢的影响。
在BDNF存在下培养来自E17大鼠胚胎纹状体的神经元,表现出的表现型非常近似于前面所述(Ventimiglia等,Eur.J.Neurosci.7(1995)213-222)。这些神经元的近50%对GABA免疫反应性染色阳性,证实培养物中存在中等刺状神经元。通过RNA酶保护分析(RNAase protection assay)确认这些培养物中在5 DIV下,PDE-10信息的表达。
如前所述制备纹状体培养物(Ventimiglia等,Eur.J.Neurosci.7:213-222,1995)。简言之,从E17大鼠切下纹状体(尾状核(caudate nucleus)和壳(putamen)),并分散以获得单细胞悬液,以5×104个神经元/孔的密度铺板在包覆了多聚-L-鸟氨酸/层粘连蛋白的多孔板上。将这些细胞铺板在补充了B27和BDNF(100ng/mL)的Neurobasal培养基中。一般体外4天后进行实验。中等刺状神经元包括这些培养物中的大多数细胞(50到60%,如GABA免疫反应性所确定)。
为进行RNA酶保护分析,如前所述在20℃下,将这些大鼠中等刺状神经元原代培养物在5.7M氯化铯梯度中以150,000×g离心21小时制备RNA(Iredale,PA等,Mol.Pharmacol.50:1103-1110,1996)。将RNA沉淀重悬于pH5.2,0.3M乙酸钠中,乙醇沉淀,分光光度计测定浓度。自小鼠cDNA分离914bp的片段(对应于bp380-bp1294),经PCR扩增制备PDE10核苷酸探针(riboprobe)。然后将此片段克隆到pGEM3Zf中。线性化所述载体,用T7RNA聚合酶合成[32P]标记的反义核苷酸探针。采用RPAII试剂盒(Ambion)进行RNA酶保护分析。简言之,5μg细胞总RNA与[32P]标记的PDE10核苷酸探针(~105cpm/个样品)42℃杂交过夜。第二天这些样品与RNA酶A和T1一起37℃下温育30分钟,然后沉淀出被保护的双链RNA片段,在含尿素的6%聚丙烯酰胺凝胶上电泳。
为分析罂粟碱对环核苷酸的影响,纹状体培养物体外培养4天后,用无Ca2+/Mg+的磷酸盐缓冲液冲洗,在包括无Ca2+/Mg+的磷酸盐缓冲液,30mMHEPES,CaCl2 1mM,葡萄糖1mg/mL,和MgCl2 5mM的缓冲液中预孵育1小时。将纹状体细胞暴露于磷酸二酯酶抑制物,37摄氏度下孵育20分钟。当测定cGMP时,神经元在与化合物孵育20分钟后,用硝普钠(一种一氧化氮源)刺激2分钟。当测定cAMP时,神经元在与化合物保温20分钟期间用毛喉素(一种腺苷酸环化酶激活剂)刺激。采用cAMP SPA direct screeningAssay Buffer(带有0.01%叠氮化钠的0.05M乙酸)和BufferA(133mg/mL十二烷基三甲基溴化铵)以9∶1的组合裂解细胞,在干冰上冷冻裂解物。采用cGMP[I125]或cAMP[I125]闪烁近似性分析(SPA)系统(Amersham代码分别为RPA 540和RPA559)检测细胞裂解液中不同环核苷酸的浓度。
单独罂粟碱不能影响纹状体培养物中cAMP或cGMP的低基本水平。因此我们在分别用毛喉素或NO供体硝普钠(SNP)刺激cAMP或cGMP合成的情况下观察所述化合物的影响。用毛喉素(0.1-10μM)刺激20分钟导致cAMP水平随浓度而提高。近似地,培养物短暂暴露于SNP(3-1000μM)2分钟导致cGMP水平的浓度依赖性升高。单独使用毛喉素(10μM)未改变cGMP浓度,SNP(300μM)也未提高cAMP水平。为测定罂粟碱对cAMP和cGMP代谢的影响,将纹状体培养物与多种浓度的所述化合物孵育,然后用次最大(submaximal)有效浓度的毛喉素(1μM)或SNP(100μM)进行刺激。这些浓度的毛喉素或SNP分别引起cAMP和cGMP高于基本水平2-3倍的增长。罂粟碱使SNP诱发的cGMP积累有浓度性增长,其EC200(产生2倍增长的抑制物浓度)值为11.7μM(表2)。在100μM观察到最大效应,此时cGMP水平比单独用SNP刺激的培养物中的提高5倍。罂粟碱也导致毛喉素诱发的培养物中cAMP积累的增长。但是,此化合物促进cAMP增长的效力低于对cGMP的3.3倍。将纹状体培养物中罂粟碱的影响与具有不同选择性的其它PDE抑制物进行了对比(表2)。一种非选择性抑制物,IBMX,引起SNP或毛喉素刺激的培养物中cGMP和cAMP积累的同时浓度依赖性(3-100μM)增长,EC200值分别为19和30μM。选择性PDE4抑制物麦片(rolipram)提高了毛喉素诱发的cAMP积累,其EC200值为2.5μM并需要高出10倍的浓度以使cGMP积累比率(rate)增倍。Zaprinast是优选针对cGMP的PDE抑制物,在98μM浓度时使这些神经元中的cAMP水平加倍。但是,100μM的这种化合物没有完全使cGMP水平加倍。这些数据首次揭示罂粟碱对于中等刺状神经元中的环核苷酸调节具有独特的影响,并且这种影响归因于对PDE10的选择性。
表2.在大鼠纹状体神经元的原代培养中,cGMP或cGMP升高的EC200值。EC200值指分别在SNP或毛喉素诱导的培养物中cGMP或cAMP有200%提高时的浓度值。每一值是得自指定实验数(n)的平均值±S.E.M。在每一实验中,每种条件在3-6个姐妹培养(sister culture)中重复进行。
化合物 | cGMP | cAMP | cAMP/cGMP |
EC200(μM),±S.E.M(n) | |||
罂粟碱 | 11.7±8.2(4) | 38.3±11.4(4) | 3.3 |
麦片 | 29.2±10.3(3) | 2.5±2.0(3) | 0.09 |
Zaprihast | 98.3±10.3(3) | >100(3) | 1 |
IBMX | 19.5(1) | 30.2(2) | 1.5 |
实施例3.基底神经节功能的动物模型中选择性PDE10抑制物的效应
对人和非人哺乳动物的研究表明基底神经节调节一定范围的运动以及认知和情感/食欲(appetitive)行为(Graybiel,A.M.Current Biology 10(14):R509-11,2000)。已开发了啮齿动物实验模型,其可用于评价所述化合物对基底神经节功能的影响。我们发现罂粟碱对两个这样的模型具有不可预见的独特的行为影响。
测试了罂粟碱单独使用和与氟哌啶醇(haloperidol)联合使用时诱导雄性CD大鼠僵住症的能力。此动物模型可用于分析化合物对基底神经节输出的影响。罂粟碱(1.0,3.2,10或32mg/kg)或赋形剂皮下给药。对于某些实验,再马上给予1.0mg/kg氟哌啶醇(s.c.,溶于0.3%酒石酸中)。给药30分钟后,将动物前爪搭在抬高的(10cm)横杆(直径1cm)上,然后测定其移走两只前爪的潜伏期,潜伏期的最大阈值为30秒,以此来定量其僵住症的程度。在每一处理组内将潜伏期分等级以便通过Kruskall-Wallace方差分析进行比较。通过Mann Whitney U检验进行Post hoc分析。
如前所述(Chartoff,E等,J Pharmacol.Exp.Ther.291:531-537,1999),抗精神病药剂氟哌啶醇在此模型中产生强(robust)僵住症。发现氟哌啶醇最大有效剂量为1mg/kg,s.c.。作为对比,罂粟碱当单独以高达32mg/kg,s.c.的剂量给药时并不诱发僵住症(p=0.86)。但是如图1所示,罂粟碱加强了氟哌啶醇在次最大剂量(0.32mg/kg,s.c.)时的僵化作用(p<0.001)。罂粟碱加强氟哌啶醇诱导的僵住症的最小有效剂量是3.2mg/kg,s.c.。此实验表明罂粟碱可以改变基底神经节输出,其改变的方向与抗精神病活性相一致的。
实施例4.精神病动物模型中选择性PDE10抑制物的作用
下面我们在穿梭盒中检查了罂粟碱对大鼠运动活力的影响。啮齿动物中PCP刺激型运动的减弱可以作为寻找新的精神病药剂的初步筛选。更新的非典型抗精神病药剂通常表现出相对于安非他明刺激型运动活力而言对PCP刺激型运动活力的优先抑制。从Charles River(Wilmington,MA)获得成年,雄性,Sprague-Dawley大鼠(250-300g)。在市售穿梭盒(Coulbourn Instruments,Allentown,PA)中通过穿梭行为评价运动活力。给药后,在1小时内以5分钟的间隔收集数据。给予动物赋形剂(5%DMSO,5%Emulphor,90%盐水)苯环己哌啶(PCP,Sigma Chem.Co..)或安非他明硫酸盐(RBI),然后马上给予赋形剂或试验化合物。采用Student’s t-检验进行统计分析。
神经兴奋药安非他明和苯环己哌啶(PCP)都在此模型中使运动活力大大增强。单独使用罂粟碱(32mg/kg,i.p.)使运动活力略有减弱,这在某些研究中具有统计学显著意义(图2)。但是,该相同剂量的罂粟碱使3.2mg/kg,i.p.苯环己哌啶所刺激的运动活力显著降低,但对行为影响方面等效剂量的安非他明(1mg/kg,i.p.)所刺激的运动活力没有影响。讨论
如上所述,已用原位杂交证实了PDE10 mRNA在纹状体,伏隔核,嗅球中的高表达(Seeger,T.F.等,出处同上)。采用PDE10蛋白的单克隆抗体,在这些脑区我们也已发现了相应高水平的PDE10蛋白。在纹状体和伏隔核中,我们发现PDE10 mRNA在中等刺状神经元中高水平表达。中等刺状神经元是纹状体,伏隔核,嗅球的输出神经元;在这些脑结构的所有神经元中占大约95%。此外,在从纹状体,伏隔核,嗅球延展至其它脑部位,包括苍白球和黑质的中等刺状神经元的延展物(轴突和末梢)中观察到了PDE10蛋白的高含量。这些后脑区本身具有低水平或检测不到的水平的PDE10mRNA。因此,这些部位中高水平的PDE10蛋白来自于中等刺状神经元的轴突和末梢。此外,我们的研究表明PDE10 mRNA和蛋白在其它脑部位,即皮层,海马和小脑区的神经元中以较低水平表达。
PDE10在纹状体和伏隔核中的高水平表达特别引人注意,因为它们是基底神经节的主要的皮层输入核心,以及中脑多巴胺能投射的主要末梢区域。纹状体及其腹部(ventral)延伸,伏隔核,从大脑皮层的几乎每一部位收到谷氨酸能传入,对大范围的皮层活动起皮层下整合位点(integration site)的功能。通常认为背侧纹状体(dorsal striatum)与运动行为的调节有关,而腹侧区,包括所述伏隔核起调节情绪/食欲行为的作用。这样,我们相信PDE10可能参与能调节数个这类基本生理过程的信号传递途径。
皮层到纹状体的输入提供了占所有纹状体神经元95%的γ-氨基丁酸能型中等刺状投射神经元(MSN)的初步兴奋驱动。MSN的谷氨酸能活动反过来受来自中脑的大量多巴胺能输入的调节。许多研究已经证实了这两种输入系统的拮抗性质。例如,在实验室动物中的运动刺激活性可通过多巴胺受体激动剂或谷氨酸受体NMDA亚型的拮抗剂产生(Carlsson,M.L.和Carlsson,A.Trends Neurosci.13:272-276,1990)。D2多巴胺受体拮抗剂例如氟哌啶醇的僵硬症效应可以被NMDA受体拮抗剂减弱,氟哌啶醇诱导的基因表达也被NMDA受体拮抗剂减弱(Chartoff,E等,J Pharmacol.Exp.Ther.291:531-537,1999)。最近,已证实阻断D2多巴胺受体导致磷酸化的或激活状态的纹状体NMDA受体增加(Leveque等,Journal of Neuroscience 20(11):4011-4020,2000)。
由于认识到所有临床上有效的抗精神病药具有强力D2拮抗剂活性,这导致最初假设精神分裂症是mesolimbic多巴胺系统活性过度的结果。化合物减弱直接或间接多巴胺激动剂的刺激性的能力成为筛选新的抗精神病药剂的重要实验室检测方法。最近有报导说,NMDA受体拮抗剂例如PCP可以如实地再现人类精神分裂症的阳性(positive),阴性(negtive)和认知症状(Luby等,1959;Rosenbaum等,1959;Krystal等,1994),此种能力导致形成精神分裂症的hypofrontality理论。简单地说,此假设提出由于谷氨酸能和具体地,NMDA受体介导的神经传递减少,精神分裂症中纹状体介导的行为抑制是不足的。考虑到它们直接或间接解除对皮层输入到纹状体的抑制,此假设完全符合已知的D2多巴胺受体拮抗剂的抗精神病效果(如上所述)。PCP再现人类精神分裂症症状的逼真度导致啮齿动物中PCP刺激型运动在新型抗精神病药物的初步筛选中的应用。更新以及推测更有效的非典型抗精神病药物表现出相对于安非他明诱导的运动活力更优先针对PCP诱发的运动活力,这显示出对此方法的支持(Gleason S.D.和Shannon H.E.Psychopharmacol.129:79-84,1997)。
虽然现有抗精神病治疗通常针对膜受体,我们在此提出在MSN内会增强NMDA受体或减少多巴胺D2受体效应的PDE10的胞内操控也可产生抗精神病效应。已知cAMP和PKA活性的增加可以增强纹状体神经元对谷氨酸激动剂(包括NMDA)的反应(Colwell,C.S.和M.S.Levine,J Neuroscience15(3)1704-1713,1995)。氟哌啶醇的精神安定作用也有赖于cAMP水平(Ward,R.P.和D.M.Dorsa,Neuroscience 89(3):927-938,1999)和PKA活性(Adam,M.R.等,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:12157-12161,1997)的提高。在阻断D2受体后纹状体cGMP水平也得以提高(Altar,C.A.等,Eur J.Pharmacol.181:17-21,1990),已知PKG可使某些与PKA相同的下游底物,包括蛋白磷酸酶I的内源抑制物,DARP磷酸化(Greengard P等,Brain Res.Rev.26:274-284,1998)。因此,我们假设能选择性提高纹状体里MSN中环核苷酸水平的试剂预计应该加强纹状体功能,从而具有抗精神病效果,并且由于这样的一种化合物可以抑制PDE10催化的cAMP和cGMP代谢,提高MSN中这些环核苷酸的水平,所以在精神病的治疗中PDE10抑制物会有疗效。
如上采用罂粟碱的实验揭示选择性PDE10抑制物可以提高基底神经节的纹状体里MSN中的环核苷酸浓度。如上在动物模型中的研究表明选择性PDE10抑制物可对基底神经节功能产生独特的,不可预计的改变。
除精神病外,多种神经精神病疾病包括注意力丧失/机能亢进疾病(ADHD)以及相关的注意力疾病(Seeman,P.等,Molecular Psychiatry 3:386-96,1998),抑郁(Kapur,S.,Biol.Psychiatry 32:1-17,1992;Willner,P.,Brain Res.287:225-236,1983)以及物质滥用(substance abuse)(Self,D.W.Annals ofMed.30:379-389,1998)中涉及基底神经节功能异常。几种神经疾病包括帕金森氏病,多动腿症(Hening,W.等,Sleep 22:970-999,1999)和亨廷顿氏病同样与基底神经节功能障碍有关。因此,基于我们这里的研究,我们认为PDE10抑制物将对这些疾病具有疗效。
如上所述,我们发现PDE10 mRNA和蛋白也在海马和皮层的神经元中表达。由于认知过程有赖于海马和皮层起作用,我们认为PDE10同样在认知过程中起作用,PDE10抑制物可用于治疗具有认知功能缺失的特征的疾病,例如阿尔茨海默氏病和与年龄相关的认知缺失(ARCD)。
Claims (10)
1.选择性PDE10抑制物在制备用于治疗哺乳动物焦虑或精神疾病的药物中的应用。
2.权利要求1的应用,其中所述精神疾病选自精神分裂症,例如类偏狂型,错乱型,紧张症型,混合型,或残余型;精神分裂症样的疾病;分裂情感性精神障碍,例如妄想型或抑郁型;妄想症;物质诱发的精神病,例如由酒精,安非他明,大麻,可卡因,致幻剂,吸入剂,类罂粟碱,或苯环己哌啶诱发的精神病;偏执狂型病态人格;精神分裂型病态人格;焦虑症,其选自恐慌病;广场恐怖症;特异性恐惧症;社交恐惧症;强迫性障碍;创伤后精神紧张障碍;急性紧迫症;泛化性焦虑症。
3.选择性PDE10抑制物在制备用于治疗运动异常的药物中的应用,所述异常选自与哺乳动物多巴胺拮抗剂治疗有关的亨廷顿氏病和运动障碍。
4.选择性PDE10抑制物在制备用于治疗运动异常的药物中的应用,所述异常选自帕金森氏病和多动腿症。
5.选择性PDE10抑制物在制备用于治疗哺乳动物药物成瘾,例如酒精,安非他明,可卡因,或类罂粟碱成瘾的药物中的应用。
6.选择性PDE10抑制物在制备用于治疗哺乳动物中以认知缺陷为症状之疾病的药物中的应用。
7.权利要求6的应用,其中所述疾病选自痴呆,例如阿尔茨海默氏病,多梗塞性痴呆,酒毒性痴呆或其它药物相关性痴呆,与颅内肿瘤或脑创伤有关的痴呆,与亨廷顿氏病或帕金森氏病有关的痴呆,或与AIDS有关的痴呆;谵妄;健忘症;创伤后精神紧张障碍;智力迟钝;学习障碍,例如阅读障碍,数学障碍,或书写表达障碍;注意力缺乏/机能亢进病;与年龄有关的认知减退。
8.选择性PDE10抑制物在制备用于治疗哺乳动物心境障碍或情绪发作的药物中的应用。
9.权利要求8的应用,所述心境障碍或情绪发作选自:严重抑郁发作的轻型,中型或重型,狂噪或混合情绪发作,轻度躁狂情绪发作;非典型特征的抑郁发作;忧郁特征的抑郁发作;紧张性抑郁发作;产后发作的情绪发作;中风后抑郁;严重抑郁症;情绪恶劣性障碍;轻微抑郁症;经前焦虑症;精神病后精神分裂症抑郁症;与精神病如妄想性精神障碍或精神分裂症叠加的严重抑郁症;双相性精神障碍,例如I型双相性精神障碍,II型双相性精神障碍,和循环情感性精神障碍。
10.罂粟碱在制备用于选择性抑制哺乳动物中PDE10的药物中的应用。
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