CN1362965A - 细胞质转移使受体细胞去分化 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供通过导入更为原始、分化较低的细胞类型(例如卵母细胞或卵裂球)的细胞质,使目的“受体细胞”,例如人类体细胞去分化,或改变其寿命的方法。这些方法可以用于制备胚胎干细胞,并通过使目的细胞可以接受多次遗传修饰而不衰老来增加基因治疗的有效性。可以对所述细胞质进行分级分离和/或扣除杂交,并鉴定和通过重组方法制备(对去分化有效的)活性物质。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及使目的受体细胞,优选人的体细胞“去分化”和/或改变其寿命的方法。这些方法尤其可以应用于细胞治疗领域和遗传修饰细胞的产生。
发明背景
20世纪60年代采用两栖类动物的核移植首先使核转移获得了认可。(Diberardino,M.A.1980,“移植入卵和卵母细胞中的后生动物细胞核的遗传稳定性和调节”,分化(Differentiation),17-17-30;Diberardino,M.A.,N.J.Hoffner和L.D.Etkin,1984;“特化细胞中休眠基因的激活”,科学(science),224:946-952;Prather,R.S.和Robl,J.M.,1991,“通过核移植的克隆和实验动物及家畜胚胎中的分裂”,《动物在哺乳动物发育研究中的应用》(AnimalApplication of Research in Mammalian Development),R.A.Pederson,A.McLaren和N.First(编),Spring HarborLaboratory出版社)。核转移最初是在两栖类动物中进行的,部分原因是与哺乳动物的卵母细胞相比两栖类动物的卵母细胞相对较大。这些实验的结果向本领域的技术人员指明,供体细胞核的分化程度如果不是决定性地,也是在极大程度上确定了含有该细胞或细胞核的受体卵母细胞是否能有效地对所述核进行重新编程(reprogram)和产生可存活的胚。(Diberardino,M.A.,N.J.Hoffner和L.D.Etkin,1984,“特化细胞中休眠基因的激活”,科学,224:946-952;Prather,R.S.和Robl,J.M.1991,“通过细胞核转移的克隆和实验动物及家畜胚中的分裂”,《动物在哺乳动物发育研究中的应用》,R.A.Pederson,A.McLaren和N.First(编),Spring Harbor Laboratory出版社)。
多年以后,在20世纪80年代中期,显微手术技术已臻完善后,研究者们开始研究是否能将核转移沿用至哺乳动物。Robel等报道了克隆牛的最初方法(Robel,J.M.,R.Prather,F.Barnes,W.Eyestone,D.Northey,B.Gilligan和N.L.First,1987,“在牛胚胎中进行的核移植”,J.Anim.Sci.,64:642-647)。事实上,Robel博士的实验室率先采用来自较早期胚胎细胞的供体核通过核移植克隆了兔(Stice,S.L.和Robl,J.M.,1988,“核移植兔胚胎中细胞核的重新编程”,Biol.Reprod.,39,657-664)。而且,采用相似的技术,通过将极早期胚胎的细胞或细胞核移植至去核卵母细胞中,克隆了牛(Prather,R.S.,FL.Barnes,ML.Sims,Robl,J.M.,W.H.Eyestone和N.L.First,1987,“牛胚胎中的细胞核移植:对供体核和受体卵母细胞的评价”,Biol.Reprod.,37:859-866)和绵羊(Willadsen,S.M.;1986,“绵羊胚胎中的细胞核移植”,自然(Nature),(Lond)320:63-65),以及推测还克隆了猪(Prather,R.S.,M.M.Sims和N.L.First,1989,“猪胚胎中的细胞核移植”,Biol.Reprod.,41:414)。
在20世纪90年代早期,对采用从进程上更为分化的细胞获得的供体核制备核转移胚胎的可能性进行了研究。这些实验的最初结果提示,当胚胎发展到胚泡期(最初两个细胞谱系发生分离时的胚胎期)后,核移植效力急剧降低(Collas,P.和J.M.Robl,1991,“核移植兔胚胎中细胞核重塑(remodeling)和发育的关系”,Biol.Reprod.,45:455-465)。例如,已发现滋养外胚层细胞(形成胎盘的细胞)不支持细胞核融合物发育至胚泡期。(Collas,P.和J.M.Robl,1991,“核移植兔胚胎中细胞核重塑和发育的关系”,Biol.Reprod.45:455-465)。相反,发现内细胞团细胞(形成体细胞和生殖细胞的细胞)支持低比例的发育至胚泡期,并获得一些后代。(Collas P,BarnesFL,“通过显微注射内细胞团和颗粒细胞核进行的核移植”,Mol ReprodDevel.,1994,38:264-267)而且,进一步的工作提示,经过短期培养的内细胞团细胞能够支持发育至分娩。(Sims M,First NL,“通过移植培养的内细胞团细胞的核生产牛”,Proc Natl Acod Sci,1994,91:6143-6147)。
基于这些结果,在那时本领域技术人员广泛认为两栖类动物核移植实验产生的观察结果将极有可能在哺乳动物中被观察到。即,20世纪90年代早期在克隆领域工作的研究者广泛认为,一旦细胞定型为某一特定体细胞谱系后,它的细胞核将不可逆地丧失其“重新编程”的能力,即,当用作核转移的核供体时支持全程发育的能力。尽管体细胞表现出的不能有效重新编程的确切分子机制仍未知,但推测这可能是细胞分化过程中发生的DNA甲基化、组蛋白乙酰化和染色质结构过渡控制因子的改变所产生的结果。而且,据信这些细胞改变不能逆转。
因此,1998年Roslin研究所报道定型为体细胞谱系的细胞当用作核移植供体时能够支持胚胎发育,是十分令人震惊的。同样令人震惊,而且更具有商业意义的是,之后不久Massachusetts and AdvancedCell Technology大学工作的科学家报道了采用转基因成纤维细胞作为供体细胞通过核移植产生转基因牛。
而且,最近有报道在日本Ishikawa Prefecture Livestock研究中心从收集自屠宰场的母牛的输卵管细胞产生了两头小牛。(Hadfield,P.和A.Coghlan,“早产重复Dolly混合物”,NewScientist,1998年7月11日)。而且,法国INRA的Jean-Paul Renard报道了采用胎牛的肌肉细胞产生的牛。(Mackenzie,D.和P.Cohen,1998,“法国牛回答关于克隆的几个问题”,New Scientist,3月21日)。而且,新西兰的David Wells报道了采用从成年母牛获得的成纤维细胞作为供体细胞产生的牛。(Wells,D.N.,1998,“克隆专题讨论会:重新编程细胞命运-转基因和克隆”,Monash MedicalCenter,Melbourne,澳大利亚,4月15-16日)。
据报道分化的细胞也可成功地用作核移植供体产生克隆小鼠。(Wakayama T,Perry ACF,Zucconi M,Johnsoal KR,YanagimachiR.,“从注射卵丘细胞核的去核卵母细胞全期发育的小鼠”,自然,1998,394:369-374。)
更进一步地,Massachusetts and Advanced Cell Technology大学的研究者最近在1999年1月纽约时报的一则主要文章中报道了一个实验,其中通过在去核的牛卵母细胞中插入一个成年分化细胞(从成人供体的颊获得的细胞)产生核转移融合胚胎。因此,基于这些结果,似乎至少在某些条件下分化细胞可以被重新编程或去分化。
相关的是,最近在大众化出版物上还报道,从年青女性供体卵母细胞转移的细胞质使老年妇女的卵母细胞“恢复活力”,以至能够进行繁殖。
然而,如果能够开发在无需克隆的条件下将分化细胞转化为胚胎细胞类型的方法,尤其是假若它们可以潜在地用于核移植和产生不同的治疗用分化细胞类型,将是有利的。而且,如果能够鉴定和通过重组方法制备负责分化细胞去分化和重新编程的细胞物质,也将是有利的。
发明目的
因此,本发明旨在提供用于目的细胞“去分化”和/或改变其寿命的新方法。
本发明更具体的目的是提供一种新方法,以便通过导入分化较低的细胞,优选卵母细胞或卵裂球,或另一胚胎细胞类型的细胞质,使期望的分化细胞“去分化”和/或改变其寿命。ADD:“胚胎干细胞和原始生殖细胞”。
本发明的另一目的是,在遗传修饰之前、同时、或之后,改变目的细胞,典型的是哺乳动物分化细胞的寿命和/或使其去分化。
本发明的另一目的是,提供一种细胞治疗的改良方法,其中改良包含施用通过导入从分化较低或未分化状态的细胞,优选卵母细胞或卵裂球获得的细胞质而去分化或寿命改变的细胞。
本发明的再一目的是,通过例如分级分离或扣除杂交,鉴定卵母细胞细胞质中负责去分化和/或改变细胞寿命的成分或多种成分。
本发明的再一目的是,提供一种治疗(尤其是皮肤治疗)的新方法,该方法通过施用治疗上有效量的、获自基本未分化或未分化细胞,尤其是卵母细胞或卵裂球的细胞质来实现。
本发明的另一目的是提供用于治疗、皮肤病学和/或化妆品的新组合物,其含有来自基本未分化或未分化的细胞(优选卵母细胞或卵裂球)的细胞质。
本发明的另一目的是,提供通过导入基本未分化或未分化细胞,优选卵母细胞或卵裂球的细胞质而“去分化”或寿命改变的细胞治疗用细胞。
本发明的再一目的是,提供一种通过核移植进行克隆的改良方法,其中改良包含将通过导入基本未分化或未分化细胞的细胞质而去分化和/或其寿命发生改变的细胞用作供体细胞或细胞核。
发明简述
本发明提供通过导入未分化或基本未分化细胞,优选卵母细胞或卵裂球,或另一胚胎细胞类型的细胞质,制备去分化和/或其寿命改变(增加)的细胞、优选哺乳动物细胞、最优选人细胞的新方法。在一个尤其优选的实施方案中,本发明将被用于制备处于更为原始状态的细胞,特别是胚胎干细胞。
所获细胞可用于基因和细胞治疗,并可用作核移植用供体细胞或细胞核。
定义
“卵母细胞”-本发明中,这是指从卵原细胞发育而来,并经减数分裂形成成熟卵的任何卵母细胞,优选哺乳动物的卵母细胞。
“分裂中期II卵母细胞”:用于核移植的优选卵母细胞成熟阶段(First和Prather,分化(Differentiation),48:1-8)。在此阶段,卵母细胞充分准备好将导入的供体细胞或细胞核如同受精的精子一样地处理。
“供体细胞”-本发明中,这是指这样一种细胞,其中其部分或全部细胞质被转移至另一细胞(“受体细胞”)中。供体细胞典型地是原始的或胚胎细胞类型,优选卵母细胞、卵裂球、或内细胞团细胞。
“受体细胞”-这是指这样一种细胞,在该细胞中转移了供体细胞的全部或部分细胞质,其中该供体细胞是比受体细胞更为原始的细胞类型。该转移可以通过不同的方法来实现,这些方法的例子是显微注射、或用脂质体包被的细胞质接触供体细胞。典型地,供体细胞是卵母细胞、卵裂球或内细胞团细胞,而受体细胞是体细胞,优选人的体细胞。
“卵裂球”-胚泡期胚胎中包含的基本上未分化的胚细胞。
“胚细胞或胚胎细胞类型”-本发明中,这是指任何细胞,例如卵母细胞、卵裂球、胚胎干细胞、内细胞团细胞、或原始生殖细胞,其中将由此来源的细胞质导入分化细胞,例如组织培养中的人的体细胞,导致这些分化细胞去分化和/或延长了它们的寿命。
“寿命改变的细胞”-本发明中这是指将更为原始或分化较低的细胞类型,例如胚细胞或胚细胞类型如卵母细胞或卵裂球的细胞质导入期望的分化细胞例如人的体细胞时,产生的细胞寿命的改变(延长)。
“胚胎干细胞(ES细胞)”-本发明中,这是指具有发育形成完整生物的潜能的未分化细胞,即能够无限制增殖、维持其未分化状态、并且当被诱导分化时能够产生任何机体细胞类型的细胞。
“核转移”-供体细胞的细胞或细胞核DNA被导入去核的卵母细胞中,然后该细胞或细胞核与卵母细胞融合产生核转移融合物或核融合胚胎。可以采用该NT融合物制备克隆化胚胎或后代,或制备ES细胞。
“端粒酶”-采用其内部RNA成分的部分作为模板进行端粒重复DNA合成的核糖核蛋白(RNP)颗粒和聚合酶(美国专利5,583,016;Yu等,自然,344:126(1990);Singer和Gottschling,科学,266:404(1004);Autexier和Greider,Genes Develop.8:563(1994);Gilley等,Genes Develop.,9:2214(1995);McEachern和Blackburn,自然,367:403(1995);Blackburn,Ann.Rev.Biochem.,61:113(1992);Greider,Ann.Rev.Bioehem.,65:337(1996))。该酶的活性依赖于其RNA和蛋白质成份,从而避免了采用RNA(即,与DNA相对的)作为端粒DNA合成的模板进行末端复制所带来的问题。端粒酶使端粒DNA的G链延长。包括端粒酶的持续合成能力、在各端粒部分的作用频率、和端粒DNA降解速率在内的多个因素一起决定了端粒的大小(即,它们是否被延长、缩短或维持在特定大小)。在体外端粒酶可以具有极大的持续性,四膜虫属(Tetrahymena)的端粒酶在解离前平均向G链添加大约500个碱基(Greider,Mol.Cell Biol.114572(1992))。
“遗传修饰或改变”-本发明中这是指其基因组DNA中含有一个或多个修饰(例如添加、替换和/或缺失)的细胞。
“去分化”-本发明中,这是指由于导入更为原始的分化较低的细胞类型,例如卵母细胞或其它胚细胞,的细胞质,引起的分化细胞如组织培养中的人类体细胞中的改变。
“全能性”-本发明中,这是指可产生发育机体例如胚胎、胎儿、动物中的所有细胞的细胞。术语“全能性”也可以指产生动物体中所有细胞的细胞。当全能性细胞被用于从一或多个核移植步骤制备胚胎的程序中时,它能够产生发育中的细胞团的所有细胞。动物可以是在子宫外(ex utero)发挥功能的任何动物。动物可以例如以胎生动物的形式存在。全能性细胞还可以用于制备不完全动物,例如用于收获器官的那些动物,如通过同源异型基因的操作而遗传修饰消除了头的生长的那些动物。
“有蹄动物”-本发明中这是指有蹄的四腿动物。在其它优选实施方案中,该有蹄动物选自驯养或野生的牛科、羊科(ovids)、鹿科、猪科(suids)、马科和骆驼科(camelids)代表性动物。这些代表性动物的例子有母牛或公牛、美洲野牛、水牛、绵羊、大角绵羊、马、矮马、驴、骡、鹿、麋鹿、北美驯鹿、山羊、水牛(water buffalo)、骆砣、大羊驼、羊驼和猪。在牛的物种中尤其优选黄牛(Bos Taurus)、瘤牛(Bos Indicus)、和Bos buffalos母牛或公牛。
“无限增殖化”或“永久”细胞-本发明中用于指细胞的这些术语是指超越Hayflick限制的细胞。Hayflick限制可以定义为在一个细胞系衰老之前发生的细胞分裂次数。对于大多数非无限增殖化细胞,Hayflick将该限制设定为约60次分裂。见例如Hayflick和Moorhead,1971,Exp.Cell.Res.,25:585-621;和Hayflick,1965,Exp.CellResearch,37:614-636,它们以参考文献形式完整地(包括所有数据、表和图)并入本文。因此,如果该细胞系中的细胞能经历60次以上的细胞分裂,则可以将无限增殖化细胞系和非无限增殖化细胞系区分开来。如果细胞系中的细胞能够经历60次以上细胞分裂,则该细胞系是无限增殖化或永生细胞系。本发明的无限增殖化细胞优选能够经历70次以上的分裂,更优选地能够经历80次以上的分裂,最优选能够经历90次以上的分裂。
典型地,可以根据无限增殖化和永生细胞与非无限增殖化细胞相比能够以较低的密度传代,对无限增殖化或永生细胞和非无限增殖化及非永生细胞进行区分。具体地,当接种条件不允许细胞间发生物理接触时,无限增殖化细胞能够生长至汇合(例如,细胞单层铺展在整个平板上)。因此,当以细胞之间彼此不能发生物理接触的细胞密度接种细胞时,可以将无限增殖化细胞和非无限增殖化细胞区分开来。
“培养”-本文中此术语是指在液本培养基中处于静止的或经历细胞分裂的一或多个细胞。几乎所有类型的细胞都可以处在细胞培养条件中。细胞可以以悬浮和/或单细胞层形式和一或多种基本相似的细胞一起培养。细胞可以以悬浮和/或单细胞层形式和异种细胞群一起培养。前句中所用术语异种可以涉及任何细胞特征,如细胞类型和细胞周期阶段等。细胞可以以悬浮和/或单细胞层形式和喂养细胞一起培养。
“饲养细胞”-这是指以和其它细胞一起共培养的形式培养的细胞。饲养细胞包括例如成纤维细胞、胎儿细胞、输卵管细胞,并可以为与之共培养的细胞提供肽、多肽、电信号、有机分子(例如类固醇)、核酸分子、生长因子、细胞因子、和代谢养料的来源。一些细胞在组织培养中培养时需要饲养细胞。
“重新编程(reprogram)”-该术语在本发明中用以指能够将分化细胞转化为分化较低的更原始的细胞类型(例如胚胎干细胞)的材料和方法。
“胚胎”-本发明中这是指尚未植入母体宿主的子宫膜中的发育中细胞团。因此,术语“胚胎”在此用以指受精的卵母细胞、胞质杂种(本文定义的)、胚泡期前发育中的细胞团、和/或处于植入母体宿主子宫膜之前的发育阶段的任何其它发育中的细胞团。本发明的胚胎可能不会出现生殖嵴。因此,“胚细胞”是从胚胎分离获得的和/或从胚胎产生的。
“胎儿”—本文发明中指植入母体宿主子宫膜中的发育中的细胞团。胎儿可以包括如生殖嵴等辨别特征。生殖嵴是本领域普通技术人员易于鉴别的一个特征,是大多数动物物种的胎儿中可识别的特征。
“胎儿细胞”—在此可以指从胎儿分离的和/或产生的或来源于胎儿的任何细胞。
“非胎儿细胞”—是指并非来源于胎儿也不是从胎儿分离的细胞。
“衰老”—本发明中这是指组织培养中非无限增殖化体细胞在通过培养维持了一段较长时期后出现的特征性生长变慢。特征性地,非无限增殖化细胞在衰老和死亡前具有确定的寿命。本发明通过在受体细胞如培养的人类体细胞中导入供体细胞,典型的是卵母细胞或卵裂球的细胞质来减缓或防止衰老。
发明详述
正如以上所阐述的,本发明提供通过导入更为原始的细胞类型,典型的是未分化或基本未分化细胞如卵母细胞或卵裂球的细胞质,使目的细胞、优选哺乳动物细胞、最优选人或其它灵长类动物细胞去分化和/或改变其寿命的新方法。
正如前面提及的,最近在大众出版物上报道,人工授精和不育领域的工作组成功地将较年青女性卵母细胞的细胞质转移入老年女性卵母细胞中,并籍此使该老年卵母细胞的能力恢复以胜任受精和胚胎发育。基于这则秩闻证据,以及科学文献中最近关于如下提示的论文:即通过核移植可以有利地对分化的成年细胞“重新编程”,推测通过导入来自未分化或基本未分化细胞,例如卵母细胞或卵裂球,或另一胚胎细胞类型的细胞质,可以有效地使分化细胞“重新编程”或“去分化”和/或改变其寿命。
尽管目前仍不知道一个细胞的细胞质是如何影响另一细胞的寿命或分化状态的,但推测处于发育早期或原始状态的细胞的细胞质含有一或多种物质,例如转录因子和/或起到触发或促进细胞分化作用的其它物质。例如,其中可能包含的影响细胞分化状态的一种物质是端粒酶。然而,申请人不希望受此理论的约束,因为对于本发明的理解这并不是必需的。
本发明中,典型地,受体细胞将在体外通过导入有效量的供体细胞,即未分化或基本未分化细胞如卵母细胞或卵裂球的细胞质来去分化。细胞质的这种导入或转移可以通过多种不同方法如通过显微注射或利用脂质体递送系统来实现。
受体细胞可以是任何物种的细胞,并可以和供体细胞异源,如两栖动物、哺乳动物、鸟类的细胞,优选哺乳动物细胞。尤其优选的受体细胞包括人和其它灵长类动物的细胞,如黑猩猩、cynomolgusmonkey、狒狒、其它旧大陆猴的细胞、山羊、马、猪、绵羊、和其它有蹄动物、鼠、犬、猫、和其它哺乳动物物种。
而且,受体细胞可以是任何分化的细胞类型。其适合的例子包括上皮细胞、内皮细胞、成纤维细胞、角质形成细胞、黑色素细胞和其它皮肤细胞类型、肌细胞、骨细胞、免疫细胞如T和B淋巴细胞、少突胶质细胞、树突细胞、红细胞和其它血细胞;胰细胞、神经细胞(neural and nerve cell)类型、胃、肠、食道、肺、肝、脾、肾、膀胱、心、胸腺、角膜细胞和其它眼细胞类型等。一般地,这些方法可以用于任何希望处于较不分化状态的细胞来源的应用领域中。
正如所提及的,转移的细胞质将从与受体细胞相比处于分化较低状态或更原始状态的“供体细胞”获得。典型地,该细胞质将来源于卵母细胞或早期胚胎的细胞,如来自早期胚胎的卵裂球或内细胞团细胞。一般地,优选供体细胞质获自卵母细胞或处于未分化或基本未分化状态的其它胚细胞。牛卵母细胞是一个优选来源,因为它们可以容易地从屠宰场大量获得。
近来,文献中报道了含有胚胎干细胞的培养物的产生,这些胚胎干细胞据报道表达或不表达胚胎干细胞的某些特征性标志。因此,也优选供体细胞质获自表达或不表达未分化胚胎细胞类型特征性的细胞标志的卵母细胞或其它细胞。灵长类动物ES细胞上的这些标志包括例如,SSEA-1(-);SSEA-3(+);SSEA-4(+);TRA-1-60(+);TRA-1-81(+);和碱性磷酸酶(+)。(见1998年12月1日授予Thomson的美国专利5,843,780)。
正如以上讨论的,也期望将端粒酶和/或为端粒酶表达作准备的DNA序列或其它成份导入受体细胞,如哺乳动物细胞、更优选人或非人灵长类动物细胞。端粒酶的分离和相应DNA的克隆在本发明前就已有报道。例如,Cech等1998年4月9日公开的WO 98/14593报道了来自Eeuplotes aediculatus、酵母(Saccharomyces)、裂殖酵母(Schizosaccharomyces)、和人的端粒酶核酸序列,以及含有端粒酶蛋白亚基的多肽。而且,Cech等1998年4月9日公开的WO 98/14592公开了含有人端粒酶的逆转录酶,即人端粒酶的催化蛋白亚基的组合物。美国专利5,837,857和5,583,414也描述了编码哺乳动物端粒酶的核酸。
进一步地,授予West等的美国专利5,830,644;授予Kzolowski等的美国专利5,834,193和授予Harley等的美国专利5,837,453描述了测量端粒酶长度和端粒酶活性的方法以及影响端粒酶活性的药剂。这些专利和PCT申请以参考文献方式完整地并入本文。
因此,本发明中,期望的细胞如培养的人类体细胞可以通过单独或联合端粒酶一起导入更原始细胞类型如卵母细胞或胚胎细胞类型的细胞质,在组织培养中去分化或重新编程。这种供体卵母细胞或胚细胞(如卵裂球)的细胞质的导入可以通过多种方法来实现。例如这可以通过如下方式实现:借助显微手术用微量移液管取出供体卵母细胞或卵裂球或其它胚胎细胞类型的全部或部份细胞质,并将这些细胞质显微注射至受体哺乳动物细胞的细胞质中。还可以期望在该导入之前去除受体细胞的细胞质。该去除可以通过熟知的显微手术方法来实现。或者,可以采用脂质体递送系统来导入该细胞质和/或端粒酶或端粒酶DNA。
本发明方法应提供通过在组织培养中使目的细胞重新编程或去分化,制备胚胎干细胞如哺乳动物胚胎干细胞、最期望的是人胚胎干细胞的手段。从治疗的立场上这些细胞是人们所期望的,因为这些细胞可以用于产生任何分化细胞类型。所获分化细胞类型可以用于细胞移植治疗。
本发明的另一重要应用是用于基因治疗。至今,已经鉴定和克隆了许多具有显著治疗重要性的不同基因。而且,用于稳定地将这些DNA导入目的细胞,如哺乳动物细胞、更优选的是人类体细胞类型中的方法是熟知的。而且,用于通过同源重组实现目的DNA的位点特异性插入的方法也是本领域熟知的。
然而,尽管将特定DNA导入目的体细胞并对其进行检测的方法是已知的,但正常即非无限增殖化细胞在组织培养中的有限寿命仍显著防碍了这些方法的有效性。在期望导入多种DNA修饰如缺失、替代和/或添加的情况下,这尤其成问题。实质上,尽管用于实现定向DNA修饰的方法是已知的,但实现和筛选这些修饰的所需时间可能是很漫长的。因此,在完成期望的DNA修饰之前细胞可能会衰老或死亡。
本发明可以通过在遗传修饰之前、同时或之后在受体细胞中导入卵母细胞或其它胚胎细胞类型的细胞质,缓解基因和细胞治疗的这种固有限制。单独地,或者联合端粒酶或导致端粒酶表达的DNA或其它成份一起,导入该细胞质将便该遗传修饰细胞重新编程并使其在组织培养中具有更长的寿命。可以在受体细胞的遗传修饰过程中一次或重复地实施这种重新编程。例如,对于很复杂的遗传修饰,为了防止衰老可能必须通过重复导入供体细胞质,对受体细胞进行几次“重新编程”。可以通过监测组织培养中细胞的倍增时间确定该重新编程的最佳频率,以便在细胞衰老前对它们进行重新编程。
由于重新编程而具有更长寿命的所获重新编程遗传修饰细胞,可以用于细胞和基因治疗。而且,这些细胞可以用作核移植程序的供体细胞或用于制备嵌合动物。本发明方法将使得可以制备具有复杂遗传修饰的克隆化和嵌合动物。对于制备人疾病的动物模型而言,这将是尤其有利的。在目的基因产物或表型的表达取决于多个不同DNA序列的表达的情况下,或对于涉及不同基因彼此交互影响的基因研究而言,本发明方法也将是有利的。而且,预期随着对不同基因表达彼此交互影响的进一步理解,本发明方法将变得极为重要。
本发明的再一应用是减缓老化的作用。正如哺乳动物细胞在组织培养中具有有限寿命一样,它们在体内同样具有有限寿命。这种有限寿命被推测解释了为什么生物,包括人类,具有正常的最大寿命,即由人类体细胞的有限寿命所确定。
本发明将通过从哺乳动物个体采取细胞,并借助卵母细胞或其它胚胎细胞类型如卵裂球的细胞质的导入来改变(延长)这些细胞的寿命,从而减缓老化的作用。所获得恢复活力的细胞可以用于在组织培养中产生分化细胞类型,然后可以将这些细胞导入个体中。这可以用于例如恢复个体免疫系统的活力。在据认为的免疫来源疾病如某些癌症的治疗中这种活力恢复应是有利的。
而且,本发明方法可以用于制备能在组织损伤或选择手术(elective surgery)中使用的自体移植物,如皮肤移植物。
本发明的再一应用是治疗时间和UV诱导的皮肤老化影响。随着皮肤老化,可能出现多种物理变化,包括变色、弹性的丧失、光泽的丧失、细纹和皱纹的出现。预期可以通过局部施用含细胞质的组合物减轻或甚至逆转老化的这些影响。例如,可以将任选地包括端粒酶或端粒酶DNA结构在内的供体卵母细胞如牛卵母细胞的细胞质,包装在脂质体中以便于在局部施用时内化进入皮肤细胞。而且,在这些组合物中包括利于皮肤吸收的化合物如DMSO可能是有利的。可以将这些组合物局部地施用在老化作用极为明显的皮肤区域如眼睛、颈和手周围的皮肤上。
本发明的又一应用是鉴定细胞质中诱导去分化的物质或多种物质。这可以通过如下方式来实现:对细胞质进行分级分离,并筛选这些组分,以鉴定含有当转移至受体细胞如人分化细胞类型中后导致有效的活力恢复或重新编程的物质的那些组分。
或者,可以通过扣除杂交,对早期胚胎和卵母细胞中mRNA的表达与更为分化的胚胎中mRNA的表达进行比较,鉴定包含在卵母细胞质中负责重新编程或恢复活力的成分。
对于该鉴定,目前并不知道胚胎细胞细胞质中何种成分或化合物负责细胞重新编程或去分化。实际上,甚至关于该成分的具体性质,例如它们是核酸还是蛋白酶,也不确定。
然而,本发明人推测该成分可能含有核酸,尤其是母体RNA,或籍此编码的蛋白质。关于这点,不同的研究组报道,在极早期胚胎中含有一类称作母体RNA的RNA,它们在极早期时储存在卵中,但囊胚期后就检测不到了(Kontrogianni-Konstantopoulos等,Devel.Biol.,177(2):371-382(1996))。多个不同物种即兔、母牛、猪、绵羊和小鼠的母体RNA水平已获得定量。(Olszanska等,J.Exp.Zool.,265(3):317-320(2993))。关于此,还报道,果蝇属(Drosophila)卵母细胞中的母体RNA编码可以和相邻滤泡细胞中存在的酪氨酸激酶受体结合的蛋白质,该受体可以起始导致背侧滤泡细胞分化从而限定和定向胚胎将来背腹轴的多个事件(Schupbach等,Curr.Opin.Genet.Dev.,4(4):502-507(1994))。
而且,卵母细胞的分级分离表明,在小卵母细胞中促分裂原活化的蛋白激酶以较高的水平表达,这提示它是储存用于早期胚胎发生的母体RNA。推测这可能参与了胚胎及成年细胞中的信号转导(Zaitsevskaya等,Cell Growth.Differ.,3(11):773-782(1992))。
另外有报道,蚕卵母细胞中的母体mRNA编码的蛋白质可能是胚胎的细胞囊胚层形成必需的结构成份,而且该母体mRNA和皮层细胞骨架的联系可能参与了囊胚层发育过程中新细胞骨架或相关结构的合成(Kastern等,Devel.,108(3):497-505(1990))。
而且,已报道,海胆卵和双栖类动物卵母细胞中发现的母体poly(A)+RNA与U1 RNA(即体细胞核mRNA前体拼接中的辅因子)一致,而且这些RNA含有散布在单拷贝元件中的重复序列。(Calzone等,Genes Devel.,2(3):305-318(1998);Ruzdijic等,Development,101(1):107-116(1987)。)
因此,基于这些,以及细胞质显然含有某种导致细胞重新编程的成分的观察结果,应当可以鉴定出存在于卵母细胞和早期胚胎的细胞质中、在适合条件下为目的细胞的重新编程或去分化提供条件的化合物,可能地,核酸和/或蛋白质化合物。这可以通过例如基于大小或等电点将细胞质分级分离为不同组分,并确定出当转移至分化细胞类型时实现去分化或重新编程的那些因子来完成。
或者,可以通过扣除杂交,即基本上通过鉴定出存在于卵母细胞中但在胚胎分化超过特定阶段后如发育的囊胚期后消失的那些mRNA、以及鉴定出参与去分化或重新编程的那些mRNA,确定负责重新编程的因子。
因此,本发明包括鉴定当转移至分化细胞时为去分化或重新编程提供条件的特定细胞质物质,如多肽和/或核酸序列。基于有关母体RNA的报道,预期负责去分化或重新编程的活性物质包括母体RNA或由此编码的多肽。
在鉴定出这类核酸或多肽,并对其进行测序后,可以通过重组方法对它们进行制备。预期这些重组制备的核酸或多肽将足以诱导目的细胞重新编程或去分化。
Claims (32)
1.使目的细胞(“受体细胞”)重新编程和/或改变其寿命的方法,包括向该细胞中导入来自其它分化较低或未分化的细胞(“供体细胞”)的细胞质。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中所述供体细胞是卵母细胞或胚细胞。
3.权利要求1的方法,还包括向所述受体细胞中导入端粒酶或为端粒酶表达作准备的DNA结构。
4.权利要求1的方法,其中所述受体细胞含有处于可调节启动子控制下的端粒酶DNA。
5.权利要求1的方法,其中所述细胞是哺乳动物细胞。
6.权利要求5的方法,其中所述哺乳动物细胞来源于选自非人灵长类动物、人、大鼠、豚鼠、小鼠、兔、狗、猫、仓鼠、山羊、牛、绵羊、马、野牛和水牛的哺乳动物。
7.权利要求5的方法,其中所述哺乳动物细胞是人类体细胞。
8.权利要求7的方法,其中所述哺乳动物细胞选自心细胞、肺细胞、皮肤细胞、肝细胞、胃细胞、肠细胞、神经细胞、肌细胞、骨细胞、软骨细胞、免疫细胞、胰细胞、脾细胞、食道细胞和角膜细胞。
9.权利要求1的方法,其中所述受体细胞在导入所述细胞之前、同时和/或之后被遗传修饰。
10.权利要求9的方法,其中所述遗传修饰细胞含有几个遗传修饰。
11.权利要求9的方法,其中所述遗传修饰受体细胞含有编码目的多肽的重组DNA。
12.权利要求11的方法,其中所述重组DNA编码选自下组的多肽:激素、生长因子、结构多肽、酶、酶激动剂或拮抗剂、抗体、抗细菌多肽、抗病毒多肽、抗真菌多肽、细胞因子、凝血因子和抗肿瘤多肽。
13.权利要求1的方法,其导致哺乳动物细胞的寿命增加。
14.权利要求1的方法,其中所述供体细胞与受体细胞来自不同的物种。
15.权利要求14的方法,其中所述供体细胞是非人灵长类动物的卵母细胞或胚细胞,而受体细胞是人的体细胞。
16.权利要求1的方法,其导致胚胎干细胞的产生。
17.涉及导入至少一个遗传修饰细胞的改良基因治疗方法,其中改良包含将通过导入相同或不同物种的卵母细胞或胚胎供体细胞的细胞质而具有增加的寿命和/或被“重新编程”的哺乳动物细胞,用作该遗传修饰细胞。
18.权利要求17的方法,其中所述哺乳动物细胞是人细胞,而供体细胞是人或非人来源的卵母细胞。
19.权利要求18的方法,其中该遗传修饰细胞含有一个以上遗传修饰,而且为了防止或抑制衰老在所述多次遗传修饰细胞的培养过程中将来自供体卵母细胞或胚细胞的细胞质一或多次地导入所述哺乳动物细胞中。
20.含有至少一个哺乳动物细胞的生物学上纯的培养物,其中所述哺乳动物细胞通过导入相同或不同物种的卵母细胞或胚细胞的细胞质已被“重新编程”和/或改变(增加)了其寿命。
21.权利要求20的培养物,其中所述哺乳动物细胞选自人、非人灵长类动物、小鼠、大鼠、豚鼠、兔、仓鼠、山羊、牛、马、绵羊、犬和猫的细胞。
22.权利要求20的培养物,其中所述哺乳动物细胞是人细胞。
23.权利要求20的培养物,其中所述哺乳动物细胞含有一或多个遗传修饰。
24.通过核转移克隆非人哺乳动物的改良方法,其方式是:将供体哺乳动物细胞或细胞核导入与该供体细胞相同或不同物种的去核卵母细胞中,使所述细胞或细胞核与所述卵母细胞融合,培养所述核融合物以产生适于植入的胚胎,并将所述胚胎植入适合的雌性替代动物中以产生克隆化后代,其中改良包含将通过导入与该供体哺乳动物细胞相同或不同物种的卵母细胞或胚细胞的细胞质已被重新编程和/或改变(增加)了其寿命的细胞用作该供体哺乳动物细胞。
25.权利要求24的方法,其中所述供体哺乳动物细胞经遗传修饰而含有一或多个遗传修饰。
26.制备含有胚胎干细胞的培养物的方法,包括向组织培养的哺乳动物细胞中导入有效量的、来自与该哺乳动物细胞相同或不同物种的供体卵母细胞或胚细胞的细胞质。
27.权利要求26的方法,其中所述哺乳动物细胞在导入供体卵母细胞或胚细胞的细胞质之前、之后或同时接受过遗传修饰。
28.权利要求26的方法,其中该哺乳动物细胞是人或非人灵长类动物的细胞。
29.权利要求28的方法,其中所述胚胎干细胞在允许它们分化成不同细胞类型的条件下培养。
30.权利要求26的方法,其中在所述哺乳动物细胞中还导入了端粒酶或为端粒酶表达作准备的DNA序列。
31.权利要求30的方法,其中所述端粒酶DNA序列在可调节启动子的控制下表达。
32.含有通过权利要求26的方法制备的胚胎干细胞的生物学上纯的培养物。
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US5480772A (en) | 1993-02-03 | 1996-01-02 | Brandeis University | In vitro activation of a nucleus |
US5830651A (en) | 1995-06-01 | 1998-11-03 | Signal Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Human oligodendroglial progenitor cell line |
GB9517780D0 (en) * | 1995-08-31 | 1995-11-01 | Roslin Inst Edinburgh | Biological manipulation |
AU2593697A (en) | 1996-03-28 | 1997-10-17 | Albert Einstein College Of Medicine Of Yeshiva University | Transgenic organisms with altered telomerase activity |
CA2262817A1 (en) * | 1996-08-19 | 1998-02-26 | James Robl | Embryonic or stem-like cell lines produced by cross species nuclear transplantation |
US20010012513A1 (en) | 1996-08-19 | 2001-08-09 | University Of Massachusetts | Embryonic or stem-like cell lines produced by cross species nuclear transplantation |
US6011197A (en) * | 1997-03-06 | 2000-01-04 | Infigen, Inc. | Method of cloning bovines using reprogrammed non-embryonic bovine cells |
WO1999005266A2 (en) * | 1997-07-26 | 1999-02-04 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Trans-species nuclear transfer |
GB9809178D0 (en) | 1998-04-29 | 1998-07-01 | Univ Edinburgh | Nuclear reprogramming of somatic cells |
AU4487900A (en) * | 1999-04-23 | 2000-11-10 | Monica Palacios-Boyce | Microelectromechanical devices useful for manipulating cells or embryos, kits thereof, methods of making same, and methods of use thereof |
CN1362965A (zh) | 1999-06-30 | 2002-08-07 | 先进细胞技术公司 | 细胞质转移使受体细胞去分化 |
US20040199935A1 (en) | 1999-06-30 | 2004-10-07 | Chapman Karen B. | Cytoplasmic transfer to de-differentiate recipient cells |
AU784731B2 (en) * | 1999-12-20 | 2006-06-08 | University Of Massachusetts | Embryonic or stem-like cells produced by cross species nuclear transplantation |
WO2003018780A1 (en) | 2001-08-27 | 2003-03-06 | Advanced Cell Technology, Inc. | De-differentiation and re-differentiation of somatic cells and production of cells for cell therapies |
-
2000
- 2000-06-30 CN CN00809800A patent/CN1362965A/zh active Pending
- 2000-06-30 WO PCT/US2000/018063 patent/WO2001000650A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2000-06-30 NZ NZ516236A patent/NZ516236A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-06-30 CA CA2377515A patent/CA2377515C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-06-30 IL IL14717900A patent/IL147179A0/xx unknown
- 2000-06-30 BR BR0012099-5A patent/BR0012099A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-06-30 EP EP00945032A patent/EP1196426A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-06-30 MX MXPA01013450A patent/MXPA01013450A/es not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-06-30 JP JP2001507057A patent/JP2003503071A/ja active Pending
- 2000-06-30 AU AU59028/00A patent/AU782286B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2000-12-15 US US09/736,268 patent/US20020001842A1/en not_active Abandoned
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2001
- 2001-12-19 IL IL147179A patent/IL147179A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
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2012
- 2012-09-14 US US13/617,988 patent/US20130104253A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2014
- 2014-06-11 US US14/302,384 patent/US9580683B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2017
- 2017-02-17 US US15/436,545 patent/US20170226475A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN101798569B (zh) * | 2009-02-09 | 2012-11-21 | 北京瑞途之星科技有限公司 | 以卵裂后的发育胚胎替代卵母细胞的治疗性克隆新方法 |
CN102266350A (zh) * | 2011-07-20 | 2011-12-07 | 黄必录 | 逆转干细胞衰老的方案 |
CN102321571A (zh) * | 2011-09-21 | 2012-01-18 | 王跃嗣 | 从分化细胞制备自体造血干细胞的方法 |
CN106755113A (zh) * | 2016-12-29 | 2017-05-31 | 赛业(苏州)生物科技有限公司 | Es细胞基因打靶技术制备基因修饰小鼠的改进方法 |
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CA2377515C (en) | 2013-09-03 |
IL147179A0 (en) | 2002-08-14 |
IL147179A (en) | 2015-01-29 |
NZ516236A (en) | 2004-12-24 |
US20150132853A1 (en) | 2015-05-14 |
MXPA01013450A (es) | 2003-09-04 |
US20130104253A1 (en) | 2013-04-25 |
AU782286B2 (en) | 2005-07-14 |
JP2003503071A (ja) | 2003-01-28 |
BR0012099A (pt) | 2003-07-29 |
WO2001000650A1 (en) | 2001-01-04 |
EP1196426A4 (en) | 2003-09-03 |
US20020001842A1 (en) | 2002-01-03 |
US20170226475A1 (en) | 2017-08-10 |
EP1196426A1 (en) | 2002-04-17 |
CA2377515A1 (en) | 2001-01-04 |
AU5902800A (en) | 2001-01-31 |
US9580683B2 (en) | 2017-02-28 |
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