CN1318568C - Protein peptone and production thereof - Google Patents
Protein peptone and production thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN1318568C CN1318568C CNB2005100749143A CN200510074914A CN1318568C CN 1318568 C CN1318568 C CN 1318568C CN B2005100749143 A CNB2005100749143 A CN B2005100749143A CN 200510074914 A CN200510074914 A CN 200510074914A CN 1318568 C CN1318568 C CN 1318568C
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Abstract
The present invention provides a peptone product and a preparation method thereof. The peptone contains 0.9 to 1.5% of water, 0.5 to 4.0% of ash, totally 18.5 to 23.6% of nitrogen and 31.40 to 45.48% of amino acid, and has a grain diameter of 2 to 10 mu and the amino acid hydrolysis rate of 38.0 to 43.6%. In the present invention, a stable complex organic acid salt is generated by the complex reaction of citric acid with calcium, magnesium and other metal ions in protein hydrolysate. Compared with slightly soluble or hard-soluble salts such as calcium phosphate, calcium hydrogenphosphate dihydrate, magnesium phosphate, etc. formed with the existing traditional phosphate precipitation method, the organic acid salt has lower solubility and degree of electrolytic dissociation, and metal ions of the organic acid can be removed more thoroughly.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of peptone and preparation method thereof, belong to biological technical field.
Background technology
Substratum mainly is made of water, nitrogenous source, carbon source, inorganic salt, somatomedin and vitamins and other nutritious components, wherein nitrogenous source is mainly derived from peptone, animal tissue cell's extract, amino acid etc., the quality quality of substratum product, depend on the substratum material fully, wherein peptone is one of the most key starting material, is widely used in industry fields such as modern biomedical research, clinical bacteria check, epidemiology investigation, commodity quarantine, health and epidemic prevention, national defence scientific research, genetically engineered, cell engineering and microbial fermentation engineering.
Peptone is that a kind of outward appearance is flaxen pulvis, has the special breath of meat perfume (or spice).It is as the main raw material of microbiological culture media, at microbiotic, and medicine industry, fermentation industry, the consumption in the fields such as biochemical product and microbiology scientific research is all very big; In the international market, peptone also belongs to one of short-term kind of the tight high price of goods.
Different organism needs specific amino acid and polypeptide, therefore has various peptones, and in general, the albumen that is used for peptone production comprises two kinds of animal proteinum (casein, meat) and vegetable-proteins (beans).
Peptone is proteinic hydrolysate, is most important substratum starting material, mainly form by peptone, polypeptide, little peptide (having another name called oligopeptides), amino acid etc.,
The preparation of peptone mainly obtains by proteinic degraded.
Proteinic degraded is mainly by acid-hydrolysis method, alkali hydrolysis method and enzyme hydrolysis method.The quality of the size of proteolysis degree, hydrolysate quality all has direct relation with the hydrolyzation catalysis medium.Produce products such as fine bacteriology peptone, trypticase, it is crucial selecting the biological starting material of fine, but the selection of technologies such as method for hydrolysis and later separation purifying is for important techniques performance index decisive role such as product such as clarity, amino acid whose content, total nitrogen content, the ash content of coal, NaCl content, product color.
Traditional acid hydrolysis uses hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid etc. as hydrolytic reagent more, but this method is almost all destroyed tryptophane, and part Serine, Threonine are also destroyed, and is transformed into a kind of rotten black substance after the tryptophane decomposition, and product colour is deepened; Basic hydrolysis adopts rare soda lye as hydrolytic reagent, carries out in pressure kettle, and this kind method almost makes all amino acid produce racemization and part deamination, and arginine becomes bird ammonia and urea; Gelucystine, halfcystine, Serine, Threonine all decompose; The same with acid-hydrolysis method, it is very high that alkali hydrolysis method produces ash oontent, and color is darker.And acid and alkali hydrolysis all can bring the pollution problem to environment.
After proteolysis finished, the interference that remove metal ions such as calcium unnecessary in the product, magnesium its objective is to guarantee bacteriology peptone product aqueous solution clarification, transparent, and is not producing any precipitation behind the autoclaving under alkalescence and the phosphoric acid salt condition.This is the important techniques index that bacteriology peptone product needed is guaranteed.
The removal metal ion technology that generally adopts both at home and abroad is to adjust pH value with hydrochloric acid earlier at present, and under acid heating condition, foreign protein sex change post precipitation separates to be removed, and carries out drying then and makes work in-process, and this is the first step; Second step, dissolve once more by will be the dry work in-process of crossing, under particular concentration, adds excessive phosphoric acid, make metal ions such as calcium in the solution, magnesium change into removal (abbreviation calcium phosphate precipitation method) behind the calcium phosphate precipitation.The disadvantage one of traditional technology is to adopt two step removal methods, has strengthened the production cycle, increases productive expense; The 2nd, because dissolving repeatedly, peptone nutrition destroys serious; The 3rd, repeatedly, after excess ground adds acid, alkali, product salt content overproof, color and luster exceeds standard seriously.
Therefore, peptone production has the space of continuing to optimize in the removal link of hydrolysis and metal ion.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of peptone product, described product is widely used in industry fields such as modern biomedical research, clinical bacteria check, epidemiology investigation, commodity quarantine, health and epidemic prevention, national defence scientific research, genetically engineered, cell engineering and microbial fermentation engineering.
Another object of the present invention provides the preparation method of above-mentioned peptone.
Peptone particle diameter 2-10 μ m of the present invention, water content is 0.9-1.5%, and ash 0.5-4.0%, total nitrogen content are 18.5-23.6%, and aminoacids content is 31.40-45.48%, and the amino acid percent hydrolysis is 38.0-43.6%, aminoacids content distributes as follows:
Aspartic acid 0.62-1.26 (g/100g, down together)
Threonine 0.92-1.68
Serine 0.32-1.40
L-glutamic acid 2.74-3.80
Proline(Pro) 2.20-2.88
Glycine 3.56-3.74
L-Ala 2.20-3.10
Gelucystine 1.60-2.30
Xie Ansuan 2.14-2.80
Halfcystine 1.10-1.50
Isoleucine 0.64-1.50
Leucine 2.10-3.02
Tyrosine 0.94-1.90
Phenylalanine 2.14-3.02
2,5-diaminovaleric acid 0.60-2.06
Methionin 1.22-1.64
Histidine 1.06-1.36
Arginine 0.82-1.48
Methionine(Met) 3.68-4.02
Tryptophane 0.80-1.02
Above aminoacids content amounts to: 31.40-45.48g/100g.
Peptone of the present invention prepares the component that raw material comprises following weight part:
Animal fresh bone: 12-20
The animal heart: 0.5-1.5
Animal liver: 0.5-1.5
Animal placenta: 1-3
The preferred animal fresh bone of said ratio: the animal heart: animal liver: animal placenta=16: 1: 1: 2.
The preparation method of peptone of the present invention may further comprise the steps:
A. with animal fresh bone, the heart, liver, placenta fragmentation, mix according to aforementioned proportion, add the water boiling that 1-5 doubly measures, cooking pressure 0.1-0.2Mpa, temperature is 150-200 ℃, and cooking time is 5-15 hour, and liquid part is carried out oily water separation, get bone soup, bone soup concentration is 4-5 degree Beaume (30 ℃);
B. bone soup temperature is controlled at 45-50 ℃, add Sumizyme MP, be hydrolyzed, reacted 1-3 hour, when pH is 7.5, add trypsinase and carry out second one-step hydrolysis, reacted 3-5 hour, when pH reduces to 7.0, bone soup is warming up to 70 ℃, add papoid and carry out the 3rd one-step hydrolysis, react end in 1.5-3 hour, get hydrolyzed solution;
C. hydrolyzed solution is warming up to 90 ℃, the citric acid of adding hydrolyzed solution weight 1-5%, when pH is 6.0-6.5, the end reaction, smart elimination removes precipitation, gets filtrate, through desalting treatment, ultrafiltration, concentrate drying, crushing screening, gets the finished product peptone.
Above-mentioned Sumizyme MP can be 2709 Sumizyme MPs.
Above-mentioned pancreatin is that self-control obtains: fresh animal pancreas is pulverized pulping, add 95% ethanol of pancreas slurry total amount 6-8%, left standstill after stirring 6-24 hour, get pancreatin.
Above-mentioned Sumizyme MP, papoid activity are not less than 100,000 U/g.
Smart filter uses stainless steel sheet frame strainer to operate among the above-mentioned steps C.
Desalting treatment among the above-mentioned steps C adopts all modes of two-pass reverse osmosis ultrafiltration to carry out.
The film of ultra-filtration process is 10000-30000 through molecular weight among the above-mentioned steps C, is preferably 20000 molecular weight, can use hollow fiber membrane ultrafiltration device to carry out.
Concentration operation among the above-mentioned steps C can use vacuum concentration equipment to carry out; Drying mode is a spraying drying, preferred centrifugal spraying drying.
Crushing operation among the above-mentioned steps C should make particle fineness reach 100 orders.
The hydrolyzed solution pH that above-mentioned steps B obtains is 6.5-7.0, be lower than that the hydrolyzed solution pH under the kindred circumstances is 7.5 in the prior art, because hydrolytic process is a process by the alkali souring, illustrates that the hydrolytic process of the inventive method is a hydrolytic process more completely than prior art.
Product physical and chemical index of the present invention sees the following form:
Project | Index |
Transparency | 2% aqueous solution, transparent no-sundries |
Color and luster | Light yellow, light brown or yellow |
Alkaline sedimentation | Do not have |
Calcium phosphate precipitation | Do not have |
Aminoacids content | ≥2.5% |
Total nitrogen content | ≥14.5% |
Total amino acid content | ≥85% |
Free aminoacid content | ≥10% |
Oxide compound | ≤3% |
Ash | ≤4.0% |
Moisture | ≤4.5% |
Nitrite | 0 |
pH | 5.5-6.5 |
Product bacteriology index of the present invention:
Project | Index |
Hydrogen sulfide production test | Salmonella shows positive reaction, and intestinal bacteria show negative reaction |
The indole test | Salmonella shows negative reaction, and intestinal bacteria show positive reaction |
The V-P test | Gas bacillus shows positive reaction, and intestinal bacteria show negative reaction |
The fermentable sugars test | Intestinal bacteria and typhoid fever bacterium all show negative reaction |
Pigment generates experiment | Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces green pigment +++, streptococcus aureus produces golden yellow pigment +++ |
Hemolytic test | Pneumococcus should be typical α zone of hemolysis, and beta hemolytic streptococcus should be typical β type zone of hemolysis |
Nutritional test | Inoculate golden yellow Portugal coccus and intestinal bacteria, cultivated 24 hours for 37 ℃, colony diameter should be more than 1.0mm, and 95% should be the S type |
Sensitivity test | 32210 colony growths to 10 -6, 7316 colony growths should be 10 -7 |
Heat source check | No standard, reach U.S. DIFCO company bacteriology peptone (≤12.5EU/g) |
The present invention adopts metal ion generation complex reactions such as calcium in citric acid and the protein hydrolyzate, magnesium, generate a kind of stable complexing organic acid salt, microsolubility such as the calcium phosphate that this organic acid salt and existing traditional calcium phosphate precipitation method form, secondary calcium phosphate, trimagnesium phosphate or insoluble salt are compared, solvability and degree of ionization are littler, therefore, the existing traditional calcium phosphate precipitation method removal metal ion of organic acid metal ion remaval method of the present invention is more thorough.Its most direct embodiment is exactly that peptone product of the present invention detects under artificial specific alkalescence and phosphoric acid salt condition, through high pressure (1.5Kg/cm
2, 30 minutes) after no longer produce any precipitation, therefore can fully satisfy the technical requirements of relevant special industry, and adopt existing calcium phosphate precipitation technology, behind parlkaline, phosphoric acid salt high pressure, federation's generating unit fractional precipitation.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is peptone preparation process technological line figure.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1
With the bright bone 1200Kg of sheep fragmentation, OX-heart 100Kg, beef liver 100Kg, Bovine Placenta 200Kg rub, and put into pressure type digester (9m
3, Wenzhou imperial examinations light industry and machinery company limited, model: R1101), add 3000Kg water, 0.1Mpa, 150 ℃ of following boilings 5 hours, waste row soup carried out oily water separation with liquid part, bone soup, bone soup concentration is controlled at 4 degree Beaume (30 ℃);
With fresh cattle and sheep pancreas 20Kg at pancreatin activator appliance (0.3m
3, Wenzhou imperial examinations light industry and machinery company limited, model: pulverize pulping R1104), add 95% ethanol of 1.2Kg, left standstill after stirring 8 hours, get pancreatin.
Bone soup is cooled to 50 ℃, places hydrolytic decomposition pot (4m
3, Wenzhou imperial examinations light industry and machinery company limited, model: R1102) add 2709 Sumizyme MP 2.5Kg (100,000 U/g, the biotechnology limited liability company of Beijing U.S.), is hydrolyzed, reacted 2 hours, pH is 7.5, adds pancreatin hydrolysis, reacts 5 hours, pH reduces to 7.0, then bone soup is warming up to 70 ℃, adds papoid 1.5Kg (100,000 U/g, Pu mausoleum, Yongning, Guangxi papain products factory) and carry out the 3rd one-step hydrolysis, react end in 2 hours, get hydrolyzed solution;
Hydrolyzed solution is warming up to 90 ℃, adds the citric acid of 6.0Kg, make precipitation by metallic ion, when pH is 6.0, use stainless steel sheet frame strainer (10m
3/ h; model: F1101; river, Shen environmental protection equipment company limited) carries out the essence filter, remove precipitation, get filtrate; through two-pass reverse osmosis purified water equipment (specification: 2T/h; model: X1204, emerging medical instruments instrument factory in the Changchun) desalting treatment; ultrafiltration (20000 molecular weight, specification of equipment: CC-05-2.5; model: F1103; Taixing, Jiangsu normal magnificent ultrafiltration apparatus factory); concentrate drying; use turbine self-cooled dust-free pulverizing mill (specification: TF-305B, M1202, the dried drying plant of Changzhou star company limited) to pulverize; oscillating sieving machine (model: ZS-600; M1203; the dried drying plant of Changzhou star company limited) sieves, get the finished product peptone, peptone particle diameter 2 μ m; water content is 0.9%; ash 1.5%, total nitrogen content are 23.6%, and aminoacids content is 31.40%; the amino acid percent hydrolysis is 38.0%, and aminoacids content distributes as follows:
Aspartic acid 0.62 (g/100g, down together)
Threonine 1.68
Serine 0.32
L-glutamic acid 3.80
Proline(Pro) 2.20
Glycine 3.74
L-Ala 2.20
Gelucystine 2.30
Xie Ansuan 2.14
Halfcystine 1.50
Isoleucine 0.64
Leucine 3.02
Tyrosine 0.94
Phenylalanine-3,4-quinone .02
2,5-diaminovaleric acid 0.60
Methionin 1.64
Histidine 1.06
Arginine 1.48
Methionine(Met) 3.68
Tryptophane 1.02.
Embodiment 2
With the bright bone 1600Kg of ox fragmentation, OX-heart 150Kg, beef liver 150Kg, Bovine Placenta 300Kg rub, and put into pressure type digester (9m
3, Wenzhou imperial examinations light industry and machinery company limited, model: R1101), add 5000Kg water, 0.2Mpa, 200 ℃ of following boilings 15 hours, waste row soup carried out oily water separation with liquid part, bone soup, bone soup concentration is controlled at 4 degree Beaume (30 ℃);
Adopt the pancreatin among the embodiment 1.
Bone soup is cooled to 48 ℃, places hydrolytic decomposition pot (4m
3, Wenzhou imperial examinations light industry and machinery company limited, model: R1102) add 2709 Sumizyme MP 2.5Kg (100,000 U/g, the biotechnology limited liability company of Beijing U.S.), is hydrolyzed, reacted 1 hour, pH is 7.5, adds pancreatin hydrolysis, reacts 4.5 hours, pH reduces to 7.0, then bone soup is warming up to 70 ℃, adds papoid 1.5Kg (100,000 U/g, Pu mausoleum, Yongning, Guangxi papain products factory) and carry out the 3rd one-step hydrolysis, react end in 1.5 hours, get hydrolyzed solution;
Hydrolyzed solution is warming up to 90 ℃, adds the citric acid of 15.0Kg, make precipitation by metallic ion, when pH is 6.0, use stainless steel sheet frame strainer (10m
3/ h; model: F1101; river, Shen environmental protection equipment company limited) carries out the essence filter; remove precipitation, get filtrate, through desalting treatment; ultrafiltration (10000 molecular weight; specification of equipment: CC-05-2.5; model: F1103, the normal magnificent ultrafiltration apparatus in Taixing, Jiangsu factory); concentrate drying; use turbine self-cooled dust-free pulverizing mill (specification: TF-305B, M1202; the dried drying plant of Changzhou star company limited) pulverizes; oscillating sieving machine (model: ZS-600; M1203, the dried drying plant of Changzhou star company limited) sieve, get the finished product peptone; get the finished product peptone; peptone particle diameter 10 μ m, water content is 1.1%, ash 0.5%; total nitrogen content is 21.6%; aminoacids content is 37.15%, and the amino acid percent hydrolysis is 39.1%, and aminoacids content distributes as follows:
Aspartic acid 1.26 (g/100g, down together)
Threonine 0.92
Serine 1.40
L-glutamic acid 2.74
Proline(Pro) 2.88
Glycine 3.56
L-Ala 3.10
Gelucystine 1.60
Xie Ansuan 2.80
Halfcystine 1.10
Isoleucine 1.50
Leucine 2.10
Tyrosine 1.90
Phenylalanine 2.14
2,5-diaminovaleric acid 2.06
Methionin 1.22
Histidine 1.36
Arginine 0.82
Methionine(Met) 4.02
Tryptophane 0.80.
Embodiment 3
With the bright bone 2000Kg of ox fragmentation, OX-heart 50Kg, beef liver 50Kg, Bovine Placenta 100Kg rub, and put into pressure type digester (9m
3, Wenzhou imperial examinations light industry and machinery company limited, model: R1101), add 7000Kg water, 0.1Mpa, 150 ℃ of following boilings 5 hours, waste row soup carried out oily water separation with liquid part, bone soup, bone soup concentration is controlled at 4-5 degree Beaume (30 ℃);
Pancreatin with embodiment 1.
Bone soup is cooled to 50 ℃, places hydrolytic decomposition pot (4m
3, Wenzhou imperial examinations light industry and machinery company limited, model: R1102) add 2709 Sumizyme MP 2.5Kg (100,000 U/g, the biotechnology limited liability company of Beijing U.S.), is hydrolyzed, reacted 3 hours, pH is 7.5, adds pancreatin hydrolysis, reacts 3 hours, pH reduces to 7.0, then bone soup is warming up to 70 ℃, adds papoid 1.5Kg (100,000 U/g, Pu mausoleum, Yongning, Guangxi papain products factory) and carry out the 3rd one-step hydrolysis, react end in 3 hours, get hydrolyzed solution;
Hydrolyzed solution is warming up to 90 ℃, adds the citric acid of 3.5Kg, make precipitation by metallic ion, when pH is 6.5, use stainless steel sheet frame strainer (10m
3/ h, model: F1101, river, Shen environmental protection equipment company limited) carry out the essence filter, remove precipitation, get filtrate, through desalting treatment, ultrafiltration (30000 molecular weight), concentrate vacuum spray drying, use turbine self-cooled dust-free pulverizing mill (specification: TF-305B, M1202, the dried drying plant of Changzhou star company limited) pulverizes, oscillating sieving machine (model: ZS-600, M1203, the dried drying plant of Changzhou star company limited) sieve, get the finished product peptone, get the finished product peptone, peptone particle diameter 4 μ m, water content is 1.5%, ash 3.5%, total nitrogen content is 18.5%, aminoacids content is 45.48%, and the amino acid percent hydrolysis is 43.6%, and aminoacids content distributes as follows:
Aspartic acid 0.96 (g/100g, down together)
Threonine 1.22
Serine 0.50
L-glutamic acid 2.98
Proline(Pro) 2.56
Glycine 3.58
L-Ala 3.04
Gelucystine 2.19
Xie Ansuan 2.44
Halfcystine 1.32
Isoleucine 1.10
Leucine 2.76
Tyrosine 1.14
Phenylalanine 2.32
2,5-diaminovaleric acid 1.90
Methionin 1.30
Histidine 1.24
Arginine 1.28
Methionine(Met) 3.84
Tryptophane 0.94.
Claims (7)
1, a kind of preparation method of peptone is characterized in that may further comprise the steps:
A. with animal fresh bone, the heart, liver and placenta fragmentation, mix, add the water boiling that 1-5 doubly measures, cooking pressure 0.1-0.2Mpa, temperature is 150-200 ℃, and cooking time is 5-15 hour, and liquid part is carried out oily water separation, get bone soup, bone soup concentration is the 4-5 degree Beaume, measures down for 30 ℃;
B. bone soup temperature is controlled at 45-50 ℃, add Sumizyme MP, be hydrolyzed, reacted 1-3 hour, when pH is 7.5, add trypsinase and carry out second one-step hydrolysis, reacted 3-5 hour, when pH reduces to 7.0, bone soup is warming up to 70 ℃, add papoid and carry out the 3rd one-step hydrolysis, react end in 1.5-3 hour, get hydrolyzed solution;
C. hydrolyzed solution is warming up to 90 ℃, the citric acid of adding hydrolyzed solution weight 1-5%, when pH is 6.0-6.5, the end reaction, smart elimination removes precipitation, gets filtrate, through desalting treatment, ultrafiltration, concentrate drying, crushing screening, gets the finished product peptone;
The consumption of above-mentioned animal fresh bone, the heart, liver and placenta is following weight part:
Animal fresh bone: 12-20
The animal heart: 0.5-1.5
Animal liver: 0.5-1.5
Animal placenta: 1-3.
2, preparation method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described Sumizyme MP is 2709 Sumizyme MPs.
3, preparation method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described pancreatin is that self-control obtains: fresh animal pancreas is pulverized pulping, add 95% ethanol of pancreas slurry total amount 6-8%, left standstill after stirring 6-24 hour, get pancreatin.
4, preparation method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the crushing operation among the described step C should make particle fineness reach 100 orders.
5, preparation method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the consumption of described animal fresh bone, the heart, liver and placenta is following weight part:
Animal fresh bone: 16
The animal heart: 1
Animal liver: 1
Animal placenta: 2.
6, the peptone that obtains of each described preparation method of claim 1-5 is characterized in that, described peptone particle diameter 2-10 μ m, and water content is 0.9-1.5%, ash 0.5-4.0%, total nitrogen content are 18.5-23.6%.
7, peptone according to claim 6 is characterized in that, described peptone is obtained by proteolysis, and its amino acid percent hydrolysis is 38.0-43.6%.
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CNB2005100749143A CN1318568C (en) | 2004-06-21 | 2005-06-06 | Protein peptone and production thereof |
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CN200410049926.6 | 2004-06-21 | ||
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CN103966290B (en) * | 2013-01-29 | 2017-06-30 | 安琪酵母股份有限公司 | Yeast protein peptone and preparation method thereof |
CN104450840A (en) * | 2014-11-14 | 2015-03-25 | 四川大学 | Production process of bovine bone peptone |
CN105112480A (en) * | 2015-07-06 | 2015-12-02 | 南通凯恒生物科技发展有限公司 | Preparation method of composite peptone specially used for production of lyoenzyme preparations through Aspergillus oryzae liquid fermentation |
CN105039478A (en) * | 2015-07-06 | 2015-11-11 | 南通凯恒生物科技发展有限公司 | Preparation method of peptone specially used for producing paecilomyces hepiali powder through submerged fermentation |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN1149627A (en) * | 1995-11-08 | 1997-05-14 | 巴存洲 | Reagent peptone formula and production process thereof |
CN1150523A (en) * | 1996-02-16 | 1997-05-28 | 马慈民 | Method for preparing peptone |
WO2001018229A1 (en) * | 1999-09-09 | 2001-03-15 | Farmland Industries, Inc. | Processes for making protein hydrolysates from animal peptone and for preserving mucosa |
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Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN1149627A (en) * | 1995-11-08 | 1997-05-14 | 巴存洲 | Reagent peptone formula and production process thereof |
CN1150523A (en) * | 1996-02-16 | 1997-05-28 | 马慈民 | Method for preparing peptone |
WO2001018229A1 (en) * | 1999-09-09 | 2001-03-15 | Farmland Industries, Inc. | Processes for making protein hydrolysates from animal peptone and for preserving mucosa |
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