CN118755468A - Acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- C23F11/00—Inhibiting corrosion of metallic material by applying inhibitors to the surface in danger of corrosion or adding them to the corrosive agent
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种油气井压裂用酸化缓蚀剂及其制备方法,包括如下各组分:邻甲氧基苯甲醛改性meso‑四甲基‑meso‑四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯、两性有机离子盐、重氮烷基脲、羟丙基三甲基氯化铵壳聚糖、双(2‑羟乙基)氨基(三羟甲基)甲烷、月桂基羟乙基咪唑啉、乌洛托品、非离子氟碳表面活性剂、十二烷基三甲基氯化铵、APG 1214表面活性剂、助溶剂和水。该酸化缓蚀剂使用量少,缓蚀效果显著,耐高温性能佳,性价比高,使用安全环保。The invention discloses an acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing and a preparation method thereof, comprising the following components: o-methoxybenzaldehyde modified meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetra-aminophenyl cup [4] pyrrole, amphoteric organic ion salt, diazolidinyl urea, hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan, bis (2-hydroxyethyl) amino (trimethylol) methane, lauryl hydroxyethyl imidazoline, urotropine, nonionic fluorocarbon surfactant, dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, APG 1214 surfactant, cosolvent and water. The acidizing corrosion inhibitor has a small amount of use, a significant corrosion inhibition effect, good high temperature resistance, high cost performance, and safe and environmentally friendly use.
Description
技术领域Technical Field
本发明涉及油田用助剂技术领域,尤其涉及一种油气井压裂用酸化缓蚀剂及其制备方法。The invention relates to the technical field of oilfield additives, and in particular to an acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing and a preparation method thereof.
背景技术Background Art
在油气资源开发过程中,酸化压裂施工是油气田增产稳产的有效措施之一。但是高浓度的酸液会对油井管柱和井下金属设备造成严重腐蚀。为了降低酸液的腐蚀,必须在酸液中加入一定比例的酸化缓蚀剂。随着油气井深度的不断开发,井温不断升高,酸液对金属的腐蚀加剧,这对酸化缓蚀剂的性能提出了更高的要求。In the process of oil and gas resource development, acid fracturing construction is one of the effective measures to increase and stabilize the production of oil and gas fields. However, high-concentration acid will cause serious corrosion to the oil well pipe and downhole metal equipment. In order to reduce the corrosion of acid, a certain proportion of acid corrosion inhibitor must be added to the acid. With the continuous development of oil and gas wells, the well temperature continues to rise, and the corrosion of acid to metal is intensified, which puts higher requirements on the performance of acid corrosion inhibitor.
目前市场上主流的酸化缓蚀剂主要为喹啉季铵盐、吡啶季铵盐、醛酮胺缩合物等,它们或多或少存在有毒有害物质含量高,对环境污染较为严重,生产工艺较为复杂,不符合节能环保的绿色理念,通用性不强,生产成本较高,热稳定性不佳,在高温下易结焦、分层,溶解分散性能不稳定,可能造成地层伤害等技术缺陷。Currently, the mainstream acidizing corrosion inhibitors on the market are mainly quinoline quaternary ammonium salts, pyridine quaternary ammonium salts, aldehyde ketoamine condensates, etc. They have more or less high content of toxic and harmful substances, cause serious environmental pollution, have complex production processes, do not conform to the green concept of energy conservation and environmental protection, are not very versatile, have high production costs, poor thermal stability, are prone to coking and stratification at high temperatures, have unstable solubility and dispersion properties, and may cause formation damage and other technical defects.
如,授权公告号为CN104233310B的中国发明专利公开了一种可在油田中油气井、集输系统、注水工艺使用的复合型咪唑啉季铵盐缓蚀剂及其制备方法,所述的缓释剂按质量百分比计含:30wt%~35wt%的烷基酸咪唑啉季铵盐,8wt%~10wt%的含氮有机多元磷酸盐,1wt%~2wt%的两性表面活性剂,0.5wt%~1wt%的分散剂,1wt%~2wt%的助溶剂,余量为水。本发明缓蚀剂在50℃的自配模拟水下,加药量50ppm,缓蚀率大于70%。但其配方复杂,成本较高,也不利于环保。For example, the Chinese invention patent with the authorization announcement number CN104233310B discloses a composite imidazoline quaternary ammonium salt corrosion inhibitor and its preparation method that can be used in oil and gas wells, gathering and transportation systems, and water injection processes in oil fields. The slow-release agent contains, by mass percentage: 30wt% to 35wt% of alkyl acid imidazoline quaternary ammonium salt, 8wt% to 10wt% of nitrogen-containing organic polyphosphate, 1wt% to 2wt% of amphoteric surfactant, 0.5wt% to 1wt% of dispersant, 1wt% to 2wt% of cosolvent, and the balance is water. The corrosion inhibitor of the present invention has a corrosion inhibition rate of more than 70% under 50°C self-prepared simulated water with a dosage of 50ppm. However, its formula is complicated, the cost is high, and it is not conducive to environmental protection.
可见,开发一种使用量少,缓蚀效果显著,耐高温性能佳,性价比高,使用安全环保的油气井压裂用酸化缓蚀剂及其制备方法符合市场需求,具有广泛的市场价值和应用前景,对促进缓蚀剂领域和酸化压裂施工技术的发展具有非常重要的意义。It can be seen that the development of an acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing, which has a small usage amount, significant corrosion inhibition effect, good high temperature resistance, high cost performance, safe and environmentally friendly use, and its preparation method meets the market demand, has broad market value and application prospects, and is of great significance to promoting the development of the corrosion inhibitor field and acidizing fracturing construction technology.
发明内容Summary of the invention
本发明的主要目的在于提供一种使用量少,缓蚀效果显著,耐高温性能佳,性价比高,使用安全环保的油气井压裂用酸化缓蚀剂及其制备方法。The main purpose of the present invention is to provide an acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing, which has small usage amount, significant corrosion inhibition effect, good high temperature resistance, high cost performance, safe use and environmental protection, and a preparation method thereof.
为达到以上目的,本发明提供一种油气井压裂用酸化缓蚀剂,包括如下按重量百分比计的各组分:邻甲氧基苯甲醛改性meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯0.3wt%-0.6wt%、两性有机离子盐0.8wt%-1.2wt%、重氮烷基脲0.1wt%-0.4wt%、羟丙基三甲基氯化铵壳聚糖1wt%-3wt%、双(2-羟乙基)氨基(三羟甲基)甲烷1wt%-3wt%、月桂基羟乙基咪唑啉0.2wt%-0.4wt%、乌洛托品0.8wt%-1.2wt%、非离子氟碳表面活性剂0.1wt%-1wt%、十二烷基三甲基氯化铵4wt%-8wt%、APG 1214表面活性剂8wt%-25wt%、助溶剂3wt%-5wt%,余量为水。To achieve the above object, the present invention provides an acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing, comprising the following components in weight percentage: 0.3wt%-0.6wt% of o-anisaldehyde modified meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetra-p-aminophenyl cup [4] pyrrole, 0.8wt%-1.2wt% of amphoteric organic ion salt, 0.1wt%-0.4wt% of diazolidinyl urea, 1wt%-3wt% of hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride chitosan, 1wt%-3wt% of bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino(trihydroxymethyl)methane, 0.2wt%-0.4wt% of lauryl hydroxyethyl imidazoline, 0.8wt%-1.2wt% of urotropine, 0.1wt%-1wt% of nonionic fluorocarbon surfactant, 4wt%-8wt% of dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, 8wt%-25wt% of APG 1214 surfactant, 3wt%-5wt% of cosolvent, and the balance is water.
优选的,所述邻甲氧基苯甲醛改性meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯的制备方法,包括如下步骤:在惰性气体保护下,将meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯加入到三口反应瓶中,再加入质量为meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯质量的3-5倍的无水乙醇搅拌均匀,边搅拌边缓慢滴加邻甲氧基苯甲醛的无水乙醇溶液,1小时内滴完,滴完后,在65-90℃下继续搅拌反应3-5h,冷却、抽滤后得到滤饼,将所述滤饼用无水乙醇重结晶3-5次,真空干燥后得到邻甲氧基苯甲醛改性meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯。Preferably, the preparation method of the o-anisaldehyde modified meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetraaminophenylcalix[4]pyrrole comprises the following steps: under the protection of inert gas, adding meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetraaminophenylcalix[4]pyrrole into a three-necked reaction bottle, adding anhydrous ethanol with a mass 3-5 times that of meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetraaminophenylcalix[4]pyrrole and stirring evenly, slowly dropping anhydrous ethanol solution of o-anisaldehyde while stirring, and dripping it within 1 hour. After dripping, stirring and reacting at 65-90° C. for 3-5 hours, cooling and filtering to obtain a filter cake, recrystallizing the filter cake with anhydrous ethanol for 3-5 times, and vacuum drying to obtain o-anisaldehyde modified meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetraaminophenylcalix[4]pyrrole.
优选的,所述惰性气体为氮气、氦气、氖气、氩气中的任意一种。Preferably, the inert gas is any one of nitrogen, helium, neon and argon.
优选的,所述meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯、邻甲氧基苯甲醛的摩尔比为1:4。Preferably, the molar ratio of meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetra-p-aminophenylcalix[4]pyrrole to o-anisaldehyde is 1:4.
优选的,所述Meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯的制备方法,参见:郭勇,邵士俊,何丽君,et al.Meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯的合成及表征[J].化学试剂,2002(6):344-345。Preferably, the preparation method of the meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetraaminophenylcalix[4]pyrrole is described in: Guo Yong, Shao Shijun, He Lijun, et al. Synthesis and Characterization of Meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetraaminophenylcalix[4]pyrrole [J]. Chemical Reagents, 2002(6):344-345.
优选的,所述邻甲氧基苯甲醛的无水乙醇溶液的质量百分浓度为5wt%-10wt%。Preferably, the mass percentage concentration of the anhydrous ethanol solution of o-anisaldehyde is 5wt%-10wt%.
优选的,所述两性有机离子盐为羟基丙烷磺酸吡啶盐、1-苄基吡啶-3-羧酸盐中的至少一种;所述羟丙基三甲基氯化铵壳聚糖的数均分子量为10万,取代度为90%。Preferably, the amphoteric organic ion salt is at least one of hydroxypropane sulfonate pyridinium salt and 1-benzylpyridine-3-carboxylate; the number average molecular weight of the hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride chitosan is 100,000, and the degree of substitution is 90%.
优选的,所述非离子氟碳表面活性剂为型号为ZY-FC368的氟碳表面活性剂,由上海梓意化工有限公司提供。Preferably, the nonionic fluorocarbon surfactant is a fluorocarbon surfactant of model ZY-FC368, provided by Shanghai Ziyi Chemical Co., Ltd.
优选的,所述助溶剂为乙醇、甲醇中的至少一种。Preferably, the co-solvent is at least one of ethanol and methanol.
本发明的另一个目的,在于提供一种所述油气井压裂用酸化缓蚀剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:将各组分按重量百分比混合均匀后,抽真空脱泡,自然静置1-3h,制成油气井压裂用酸化缓蚀剂。Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing the acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing, comprising the following steps: mixing the components uniformly according to weight percentage, vacuuming and degassing, and naturally standing for 1-3 hours to prepare the acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing.
由于上述技术方案的运用,本发明具有以下有益效果:Due to the application of the above technical solution, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1)本发明公开的油气井压裂用酸化缓蚀剂的制备方法,只需将各组分按重量百分比混合均匀后脱泡即可,无需专用设备,资金投入少,耗能低,制备效率和成品合格率高,劳动强度低,对环境影响小,适于连续规模化生产。(1) The method for preparing the acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing disclosed in the present invention only requires mixing the components uniformly according to weight percentage and then degassing. No special equipment is required, capital investment is small, energy consumption is low, preparation efficiency and finished product qualification rate are high, labor intensity is low, and environmental impact is small, which is suitable for continuous large-scale production.
(2)本发明公开的油气井压裂用酸化缓蚀剂,包括如下按重量百分比计的各组分:邻甲氧基苯甲醛改性meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯0.3wt%-0.6wt%、两性有机离子盐0.8wt%-1.2wt%、重氮烷基脲0.1wt%-0.4wt%、羟丙基三甲基氯化铵壳聚糖1wt%-3wt%、双(2-羟乙基)氨基(三羟甲基)甲烷1wt%-3wt%、月桂基羟乙基咪唑啉0.2wt%-0.4wt%、乌洛托品0.8wt%-1.2wt%、非离子氟碳表面活性剂0.1wt%-1wt%、十二烷基三甲基氯化铵4wt%-8wt%、APG 1214表面活性剂8wt%-25wt%、助溶剂3wt%-5wt%,余量为水。通过各组分之间的相互配合共同作用,使得制成的酸化缓蚀剂使用量少,缓蚀效果显著,耐高温性能佳,性价比高,使用安全环保。(2) The acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing disclosed in the present invention comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 0.3wt%-0.6wt% of o-anisaldehyde-modified meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetra-p-aminophenyl cup [4] pyrrole, 0.8wt%-1.2wt% of amphoteric organic ion salt, 0.1wt%-0.4wt% of diazolidinyl urea, 1wt%-3wt% of hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride chitosan, 1wt%-3wt% of bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino(trihydroxymethyl)methane, 0.2wt%-0.4wt% of lauryl hydroxyethyl imidazoline, 0.8wt%-1.2wt% of urotropine, 0.1wt%-1wt% of nonionic fluorocarbon surfactant, 4wt%-8wt% of dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, 8wt%-25wt% of APG 1214 surfactant, 3wt%-5wt% of cosolvent, and the balance is water. Through the mutual cooperation between the components, the acidizing corrosion inhibitor has a small usage, significant corrosion inhibition effect, good high temperature resistance, high cost performance, and is safe and environmentally friendly to use.
(3)本发明公开的油气井压裂用酸化缓蚀剂,通过组分种类和用量配比的合理选取,能有效改善表面活性,提高各组分的分散均匀性和相互之间的相容性,进而提高缓蚀剂的稳定性,使得其缓蚀效果更显著;通过添加邻甲氧基苯甲醛改性meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯,同时引入的碳氮双键、苯环和杯吡咯,可强化缓蚀剂分子在金属表面的吸附能力,缓蚀作用增强;与羟丙基三甲基氯化铵壳聚糖、十二烷基三甲基氯化铵配合作用,使得酸化缓蚀剂使用量更少,缓蚀效果更显著,耐高温性能更佳,性价比更高。(3) The acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing disclosed in the present invention can effectively improve the surface activity, improve the dispersion uniformity and mutual compatibility of each component through the reasonable selection of component types and dosage ratios, thereby improving the stability of the corrosion inhibitor and making its corrosion inhibition effect more significant; by adding o-anisaldehyde to modify meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetraaminophenyl cup[4]pyrrole, the carbon-nitrogen double bonds, benzene rings and cuppyrrole introduced at the same time can enhance the adsorption capacity of the corrosion inhibitor molecules on the metal surface and enhance the corrosion inhibition effect; by cooperating with hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride chitosan and dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, the amount of acidizing corrosion inhibitor used is reduced, the corrosion inhibition effect is more significant, the high temperature resistance is better, and the cost performance is higher.
具体实施方式DETAILED DESCRIPTION
以下描述用于揭露本发明以使本领域技术人员能够实现本发明。以下描述中的优选实施例只作为举例,本领域技术人员可以想到其他显而易见的变型。The following description is used to disclose the present invention so that those skilled in the art can implement the present invention. The preferred embodiments described below are only examples, and those skilled in the art may think of other obvious variations.
实施例1,一种油气井压裂用酸化缓蚀剂,包括如下按重量百分比计的各组分:邻甲氧基苯甲醛改性meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯0.3wt%、两性有机离子盐0.8wt%、重氮烷基脲0.1wt%、羟丙基三甲基氯化铵壳聚糖1wt%、双(2-羟乙基)氨基(三羟甲基)甲烷1wt%、月桂基羟乙基咪唑啉0.2wt%、乌洛托品0.8wt%、非离子氟碳表面活性剂0.1wt%、十二烷基三甲基氯化铵4wt%、APG 1214表面活性剂8wt%、助溶剂3wt%,余量为水。Example 1. An acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing, comprising the following components in percentage by weight: 0.3 wt % of o-anisaldehyde-modified meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetra-p-aminophenyl cup [4] pyrrole, 0.8 wt % of amphoteric organic ion salt, 0.1 wt % of diazolidinyl urea, 1 wt % of hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride chitosan, 1 wt % of bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino(trihydroxymethyl)methane, 0.2 wt % of lauryl hydroxyethyl imidazoline, 0.8 wt % of urotropine, 0.1 wt % of nonionic fluorocarbon surfactant, 4 wt % of dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, 8 wt % of APG 1214 surfactant, 3 wt % of cosolvent, and the balance being water.
所述邻甲氧基苯甲醛改性meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯的制备方法,包括如下步骤:在惰性气体保护下,将meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯加入到三口反应瓶中,再加入质量为meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯质量的3倍的无水乙醇搅拌均匀,边搅拌边缓慢滴加邻甲氧基苯甲醛的无水乙醇溶液,1小时内滴完,滴完后,在65℃下继续搅拌反应3h,冷却、抽滤后得到滤饼,将所述滤饼用无水乙醇重结晶3次,真空干燥后得到邻甲氧基苯甲醛改性meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯;所述惰性气体为氮气;所述meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯、邻甲氧基苯甲醛的摩尔比为1:4;所述Meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯的制备方法,参见:郭勇,邵士俊,何丽君,etal.Meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯的合成及表征[J].化学试剂,2002(6):344-345。通过红外分析验证,产物中存在碳氮双键结构,证实上述改性反应的发生。The preparation method of o-anisaldehyde modified meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetra-p-aminophenyl cup [4] pyrrole comprises the following steps: under the protection of inert gas, adding meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetra-p-aminophenyl cup [4] pyrrole into a three-necked reaction bottle, adding anhydrous ethanol with a mass three times that of meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetra-p-aminophenyl cup [4] pyrrole and stirring evenly, slowly dropping anhydrous ethanol solution of o-anisaldehyde while stirring, and dripping it within 1 hour, and after dripping, continuing to stir and react at 65° C. for 3 hours, cooling, filtering and obtaining a filter cake, and filtration the filter cake with anhydrous ethanol. Recrystallize three times and vacuum dry to obtain o-anisaldehyde modified meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetraaminophenyl-calix[4]pyrrole; the inert gas is nitrogen; the molar ratio of meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetraaminophenyl-calix[4]pyrrole to o-anisaldehyde is 1:4; the preparation method of meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetraaminophenyl-calix[4]pyrrole, see: Guo Yong, Shao Shijun, He Lijun, et al. Synthesis and Characterization of Meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetraaminophenyl-calix[4]pyrrole [J]. Chemical Reagents, 2002 (6): 344-345. The presence of carbon-nitrogen double bond structure in the product was verified by infrared analysis, confirming the occurrence of the above modification reaction.
所述邻甲氧基苯甲醛的无水乙醇溶液的质量百分浓度为5wt%;所述两性有机离子盐为羟基丙烷磺酸吡啶盐;所述非离子氟碳表面活性剂为型号为ZY-FC368的氟碳表面活性剂,由上海梓意化工有限公司提供;所述羟丙基三甲基氯化铵壳聚糖的数均分子量为10万,取代度为90%;所述助溶剂为乙醇。The mass percentage concentration of the anhydrous ethanol solution of o-anisaldehyde is 5wt%; the amphoteric organic ion salt is hydroxypropane sulfonate pyridinium salt; the non-ionic fluorocarbon surfactant is a fluorocarbon surfactant with model number ZY-FC368, provided by Shanghai Ziyi Chemical Co., Ltd.; the number average molecular weight of the hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride chitosan is 100,000, and the degree of substitution is 90%; the cosolvent is ethanol.
一种所述油气井压裂用酸化缓蚀剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:将各组分按重量百分比混合均匀后,抽真空脱泡,自然静置1h,制成油气井压裂用酸化缓蚀剂。A method for preparing the acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing comprises the following steps: mixing the components uniformly according to weight percentage, vacuuming and degassing, and letting the mixture stand naturally for 1 hour to prepare the acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing.
实施例2,一种油气井压裂用酸化缓蚀剂,包括如下按重量百分比计的各组分:邻甲氧基苯甲醛改性meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯0.4wt%、两性有机离子盐0.9wt%、重氮烷基脲0.2wt%、羟丙基三甲基氯化铵壳聚糖1.5wt%、双(2-羟乙基)氨基(三羟甲基)甲烷1.5wt%、月桂基羟乙基咪唑啉0.25wt%、乌洛托品0.9wt%、非离子氟碳表面活性剂0.3wt%、十二烷基三甲基氯化铵5wt%、APG 1214表面活性剂13wt%、助溶剂3.5wt%,余量为水。Example 2, an acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing, comprising the following components in percentage by weight: 0.4wt% of o-anisaldehyde-modified meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetra-p-aminophenyl cup [4] pyrrole, 0.9wt% of amphoteric organic ion salt, 0.2wt% of diazolidinyl urea, 1.5wt% of hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride chitosan, 1.5wt% of bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino(trihydroxymethyl)methane, 0.25wt% of lauryl hydroxyethyl imidazoline, 0.9wt% of methenamine, 0.3wt% of nonionic fluorocarbon surfactant, 5wt% of dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, 13wt% of APG 1214 surfactant, 3.5wt% of cosolvent, and the balance is water.
所述邻甲氧基苯甲醛改性meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯的制备方法,包括如下步骤:在惰性气体保护下,将meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯加入到三口反应瓶中,再加入质量为meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯质量的3.5倍的无水乙醇搅拌均匀,边搅拌边缓慢滴加邻甲氧基苯甲醛的无水乙醇溶液,1小时内滴完,滴完后,在70℃下继续搅拌反应3.5h,冷却、抽滤后得到滤饼,将所述滤饼用无水乙醇重结晶4次,真空干燥后得到邻甲氧基苯甲醛改性meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯;所述惰性气体为氦气;所述meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯、邻甲氧基苯甲醛的摩尔比为1:4;所述Meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯的制备方法,参见:郭勇,邵士俊,何丽君,et al.Meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯的合成及表征[J].化学试剂,2002(6):344-345。The preparation method of o-anisaldehyde modified meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetra-p-aminophenyl calix[4]pyrrole comprises the following steps: under the protection of inert gas, adding meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetra-p-aminophenyl calix[4]pyrrole into a three-necked reaction bottle, adding anhydrous ethanol with a mass 3.5 times that of meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetra-p-aminophenyl calix[4]pyrrole and stirring evenly, slowly dropping anhydrous ethanol solution of o-anisaldehyde while stirring, and dripping it within 1 hour, and then continuing to heat at 70°C after dripping. The reaction was continued with stirring for 3.5 hours, and the mixture was cooled and filtered to obtain a filter cake, which was recrystallized four times with anhydrous ethanol and dried in vacuo to obtain o-anisaldehyde-modified meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetraaminophenylcalix[4]pyrrole; the inert gas was helium; the molar ratio of meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetraaminophenylcalix[4]pyrrole to o-anisaldehyde was 1:4; the preparation method of meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetraaminophenylcalix[4]pyrrole, see: Guo Yong, Shao Shijun, He Lijun, et al. Synthesis and Characterization of Meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetraaminophenylcalix[4]pyrrole [J]. Chemical Reagents, 2002(6):344-345.
所述邻甲氧基苯甲醛的无水乙醇溶液的质量百分浓度为7wt%;所述两性有机离子盐为1-苄基吡啶-3-羧酸盐;所述非离子氟碳表面活性剂为型号为ZY-FC368的氟碳表面活性剂,由上海梓意化工有限公司提供;所述羟丙基三甲基氯化铵壳聚糖的数均分子量为10万,取代度为90%;所述助溶剂为甲醇。The mass percentage concentration of the anhydrous ethanol solution of o-anisaldehyde is 7wt%; the amphoteric organic ion salt is 1-benzylpyridine-3-carboxylate; the non-ionic fluorocarbon surfactant is a fluorocarbon surfactant with model number ZY-FC368, provided by Shanghai Ziyi Chemical Co., Ltd.; the number average molecular weight of the hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride chitosan is 100,000, and the degree of substitution is 90%; the cosolvent is methanol.
一种所述油气井压裂用酸化缓蚀剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:将各组分按重量百分比混合均匀后,抽真空脱泡,自然静置1.5h,制成油气井压裂用酸化缓蚀剂。A method for preparing the acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing comprises the following steps: mixing the components uniformly according to weight percentage, vacuuming and degassing, and letting the mixture stand naturally for 1.5 hours to prepare the acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing.
实施例3,一种油气井压裂用酸化缓蚀剂,包括如下按重量百分比计的各组分:邻甲氧基苯甲醛改性meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯0.45wt%、两性有机离子盐1wt%、重氮烷基脲0.25wt%、羟丙基三甲基氯化铵壳聚糖2wt%、双(2-羟乙基)氨基(三羟甲基)甲烷2wt%、月桂基羟乙基咪唑啉0.3wt%、乌洛托品1wt%、非离子氟碳表面活性剂0.7wt%、十二烷基三甲基氯化铵6wt%、APG 1214表面活性剂18wt%、助溶剂4wt%,余量为水。Example 3, an acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing, comprising the following components in percentage by weight: 0.45wt% of o-anisaldehyde-modified meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetra-p-aminophenyl cup [4] pyrrole, 1wt% of amphoteric organic ion salt, 0.25wt% of diazolidinyl urea, 2wt% of hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride chitosan, 2wt% of bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino(trihydroxymethyl)methane, 0.3wt% of lauryl hydroxyethyl imidazoline, 1wt% of urotropine, 0.7wt% of nonionic fluorocarbon surfactant, 6wt% of dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, 18wt% of APG 1214 surfactant, 4wt% of cosolvent, and the balance is water.
所述邻甲氧基苯甲醛改性meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯的制备方法,包括如下步骤:在惰性气体保护下,将meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯加入到三口反应瓶中,再加入质量为meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯质量的4倍的无水乙醇搅拌均匀,边搅拌边缓慢滴加邻甲氧基苯甲醛的无水乙醇溶液,1小时内滴完,滴完后,在80℃下继续搅拌反应4h,冷却、抽滤后得到滤饼,将所述滤饼用无水乙醇重结晶4次,真空干燥后得到邻甲氧基苯甲醛改性meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯;所述惰性气体为氖气;所述meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯、邻甲氧基苯甲醛的摩尔比为1:4;所述Meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯的制备方法,参见:郭勇,邵士俊,何丽君,etal.Meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯的合成及表征[J].化学试剂,2002(6):344-345;所述邻甲氧基苯甲醛的无水乙醇溶液的质量百分浓度为8wt%。The preparation method of o-anisaldehyde modified meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetra-p-aminophenyl cup [4] pyrrole comprises the following steps: under the protection of inert gas, adding meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetra-p-aminophenyl cup [4] pyrrole into a three-necked reaction bottle, adding anhydrous ethanol with a mass of 4 times that of meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetra-p-aminophenyl cup [4] pyrrole and stirring evenly, slowly dropping anhydrous ethanol solution of o-anisaldehyde while stirring, and dripping it within 1 hour, and after dripping, continuing to stir and react at 80° C. for 4 hours, cooling, filtering and obtaining a filter cake, recrystallizing the filter cake with anhydrous ethanol for 4 times, and vacuum drying to obtain o-anisaldehyde. Oxybenzaldehyde modified meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetraaminophenyl cup [4] pyrrole; the inert gas is neon; the molar ratio of the meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetraaminophenyl cup [4] pyrrole to o-anisaldehyde is 1:4; the preparation method of the meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetraaminophenyl cup [4] pyrrole, see: Guo Yong, Shao Shijun, He Lijun, et al. Synthesis and Characterization of Meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetraaminophenyl cup [4] pyrrole [J]. Chemical Reagents, 2002 (6): 344-345; the mass percentage concentration of the anhydrous ethanol solution of o-anisaldehyde is 8wt%.
所述两性有机离子盐为羟基丙烷磺酸吡啶盐;所述非离子氟碳表面活性剂为型号为ZY-FC368的氟碳表面活性剂,由上海梓意化工有限公司提供;所述羟丙基三甲基氯化铵壳聚糖的数均分子量为10万,取代度为90%;所述助溶剂为乙醇。The amphoteric organic ion salt is hydroxypropane sulfonic acid pyridinium salt; the nonionic fluorocarbon surfactant is a fluorocarbon surfactant with model number ZY-FC368, provided by Shanghai Ziyi Chemical Co., Ltd.; the number average molecular weight of the hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride chitosan is 100,000, and the degree of substitution is 90%; the cosolvent is ethanol.
一种所述油气井压裂用酸化缓蚀剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:将各组分按重量百分比混合均匀后,抽真空脱泡,自然静置2h,制成油气井压裂用酸化缓蚀剂。A method for preparing the acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing comprises the following steps: mixing the components uniformly according to weight percentage, vacuuming and degassing, and letting the mixture stand naturally for 2 hours to prepare the acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing.
实施例4,一种油气井压裂用酸化缓蚀剂,包括如下按重量百分比计的各组分:邻甲氧基苯甲醛改性meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯0.55wt%、两性有机离子盐1.1wt%、重氮烷基脲0.35wt%、羟丙基三甲基氯化铵壳聚糖2.5wt%、双(2-羟乙基)氨基(三羟甲基)甲烷2.5wt%、月桂基羟乙基咪唑啉0.35wt%、乌洛托品1.1wt%、非离子氟碳表面活性剂0.9wt%、十二烷基三甲基氯化铵7.5wt%、APG 1214表面活性剂23wt%、助溶剂4.5wt%,余量为水。Example 4, an acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing, comprising the following components in weight percentage: 0.55wt% of o-anisaldehyde-modified meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetra-p-aminophenyl cup [4] pyrrole, 1.1wt% of amphoteric organic ion salt, 0.35wt% of diazolidinyl urea, 2.5wt% of hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride chitosan, 2.5wt% of bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino(trihydroxymethyl)methane, 0.35wt% of lauryl hydroxyethyl imidazoline, 1.1wt% of urotropine, 0.9wt% of nonionic fluorocarbon surfactant, 7.5wt% of dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, 23wt% of APG 1214 surfactant, 4.5wt% of cosolvent, and the balance is water.
所述邻甲氧基苯甲醛改性meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯的制备方法,包括如下步骤:在惰性气体保护下,将meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯加入到三口反应瓶中,再加入质量为meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯质量的4.5倍的无水乙醇搅拌均匀,边搅拌边缓慢滴加邻甲氧基苯甲醛的无水乙醇溶液,1小时内滴完,滴完后,在85℃下继续搅拌反应4.5h,冷却、抽滤后得到滤饼,将所述滤饼用无水乙醇重结晶5次,真空干燥后得到邻甲氧基苯甲醛改性meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯;所述惰性气体为氩气;所述meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯、邻甲氧基苯甲醛的摩尔比为1:4;所述Meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯的制备方法,参见:郭勇,邵士俊,何丽君,et al.Meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯的合成及表征[J].化学试剂,2002(6):344-345;所述邻甲氧基苯甲醛的无水乙醇溶液的质量百分浓度为9wt%。The preparation method of o-anisaldehyde modified meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetra-p-aminophenyl calix[4]pyrrole comprises the following steps: under the protection of inert gas, adding meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetra-p-aminophenyl calix[4]pyrrole into a three-necked reaction bottle, adding anhydrous ethanol with a mass 4.5 times that of meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetra-p-aminophenyl calix[4]pyrrole and stirring evenly, slowly dropping anhydrous ethanol solution of o-anisaldehyde while stirring, and dripping it within 1 hour, and then heating it at 85°C after dripping it. The reaction was continued with stirring for 4.5 hours, and the mixture was cooled and filtered to obtain a filter cake. The filter cake was recrystallized from anhydrous ethanol for 5 times and dried in vacuo to obtain o-anisaldehyde-modified meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetraaminophenylcalix[4]pyrrole; the inert gas was argon; the molar ratio of meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetraaminophenylcalix[4]pyrrole to o-anisaldehyde was 1:4; the preparation method of meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetraaminophenylcalix[4]pyrrole, see: Guo Yong, Shao Shijun, He Lijun, et al. Synthesis and Characterization of Meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetraaminophenylcalix[4]pyrrole [J]. Chemical Reagents, 2002(6):344-345; the mass percentage concentration of the anhydrous ethanol solution of o-anisaldehyde was 9wt%.
所述两性有机离子盐为羟基丙烷磺酸吡啶盐、1-苄基吡啶-3-羧酸盐按质量比3:5混合而成;所述非离子氟碳表面活性剂为型号为ZY-FC368的氟碳表面活性剂,由上海梓意化工有限公司提供;所述羟丙基三甲基氯化铵壳聚糖的数均分子量为10万,取代度为90%;所述助溶剂为乙醇、甲醇按质量比1:2混合而成。The amphoteric organic ion salt is a mixture of hydroxypropane sulfonate pyridinium salt and 1-benzylpyridine-3-carboxylate in a mass ratio of 3:5; the non-ionic fluorocarbon surfactant is a fluorocarbon surfactant with model number ZY-FC368, provided by Shanghai Ziyi Chemical Co., Ltd.; the number average molecular weight of the hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride chitosan is 100,000, and the degree of substitution is 90%; the cosolvent is a mixture of ethanol and methanol in a mass ratio of 1:2.
一种所述油气井压裂用酸化缓蚀剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:将各组分按重量百分比混合均匀后,抽真空脱泡,自然静置2.5h,制成油气井压裂用酸化缓蚀剂。A method for preparing the acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing comprises the following steps: mixing the components uniformly according to weight percentage, vacuuming and degassing, and letting the mixture stand naturally for 2.5 hours to prepare the acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing.
实施例5,一种油气井压裂用酸化缓蚀剂,包括如下按重量百分比计的各组分:邻甲氧基苯甲醛改性meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯0.6wt%、两性有机离子盐1.2wt%、重氮烷基脲0.4wt%、羟丙基三甲基氯化铵壳聚糖3wt%、双(2-羟乙基)氨基(三羟甲基)甲烷3wt%、月桂基羟乙基咪唑啉0.4wt%、乌洛托品1.2wt%、非离子氟碳表面活性剂1wt%、十二烷基三甲基氯化铵8wt%、APG 1214表面活性剂25wt%、助溶剂5wt%,余量为水。Example 5, an acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing, comprising the following components in weight percentage: 0.6wt% of o-anisaldehyde-modified meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetra-p-aminophenyl cup [4] pyrrole, 1.2wt% of amphoteric organic ion salt, 0.4wt% of diazolidinyl urea, 3wt% of hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride chitosan, 3wt% of bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino(trihydroxymethyl)methane, 0.4wt% of lauryl hydroxyethyl imidazoline, 1.2wt% of urotropine, 1wt% of nonionic fluorocarbon surfactant, 8wt% of dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, 25wt% of APG 1214 surfactant, 5wt% of cosolvent, and the balance is water.
所述邻甲氧基苯甲醛改性meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯的制备方法,包括如下步骤:在惰性气体保护下,将meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯加入到三口反应瓶中,再加入质量为meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯质量的5倍的无水乙醇搅拌均匀,边搅拌边缓慢滴加邻甲氧基苯甲醛的无水乙醇溶液,1小时内滴完,滴完后,在90℃下继续搅拌反应5h,冷却、抽滤后得到滤饼,将所述滤饼用无水乙醇重结晶5次,真空干燥后得到邻甲氧基苯甲醛改性meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯;所述惰性气体为氮气;所述meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯、邻甲氧基苯甲醛的摩尔比为1:4;所述Meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯的制备方法,参见:郭勇,邵士俊,何丽君,etal.Meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯的合成及表征[J].化学试剂,2002(6):344-345;所述邻甲氧基苯甲醛的无水乙醇溶液的质量百分浓度为10wt%。The preparation method of o-anisaldehyde modified meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetra-p-aminophenyl cup [4] pyrrole comprises the following steps: under the protection of inert gas, adding meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetra-p-aminophenyl cup [4] pyrrole into a three-necked reaction bottle, adding anhydrous ethanol with a mass 5 times that of meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetra-p-aminophenyl cup [4] pyrrole and stirring evenly, slowly dropping anhydrous ethanol solution of o-anisaldehyde while stirring, and dripping it within 1 hour, after dripping, continuing to stir and react at 90° C. for 5 hours, cooling, filtering to obtain a filter cake, recrystallizing the filter cake with anhydrous ethanol for 5 times, and vacuum drying to obtain o-anisaldehyde. Oxybenzaldehyde modified meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetraaminophenylcalix[4]pyrrole; the inert gas is nitrogen; the molar ratio of meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetraaminophenylcalix[4]pyrrole to o-anisaldehyde is 1:4; the preparation method of meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetraaminophenylcalix[4]pyrrole, see: Guo Yong, Shao Shijun, He Lijun, et al. Synthesis and Characterization of Meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetraaminophenylcalix[4]pyrrole [J]. Chemical Reagents, 2002(6):344-345; the mass percentage concentration of the anhydrous ethanol solution of o-anisaldehyde is 10wt%.
所述两性有机离子盐为羟基丙烷磺酸吡啶盐;所述非离子氟碳表面活性剂为型号为ZY-FC368的氟碳表面活性剂,由上海梓意化工有限公司提供;所述羟丙基三甲基氯化铵壳聚糖的数均分子量为10万,取代度为90%;所述助溶剂为乙醇。The amphoteric organic ion salt is hydroxypropane sulfonic acid pyridinium salt; the nonionic fluorocarbon surfactant is a fluorocarbon surfactant with model number ZY-FC368, provided by Shanghai Ziyi Chemical Co., Ltd.; the number average molecular weight of the hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride chitosan is 100,000, and the degree of substitution is 90%; the cosolvent is ethanol.
一种所述油气井压裂用酸化缓蚀剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:将各组分按重量百分比混合均匀后,抽真空脱泡,自然静置3h,制成油气井压裂用酸化缓蚀剂。A method for preparing the acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing comprises the following steps: mixing the components uniformly according to weight percentage, vacuuming and degassing, and naturally standing for 3 hours to prepare the acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing.
对比例1Comparative Example 1
一种油气井压裂用酸化缓蚀剂及其制备方法,其与实施例1基本相同,不同的是用meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯代替邻甲氧基苯甲醛改性meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯。An acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing and a preparation method thereof, which is basically the same as Example 1, except that meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetra-p-aminophenylcalix[4]pyrrole is used instead of o-anisaldehyde to modify meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetra-p-aminophenylcalix[4]pyrrole.
对比例2Comparative Example 2
一种油气井压裂用酸化缓蚀剂及其制备方法,其与实施例1基本相同,不同的是没有添加重氮烷基脲和羟丙基三甲基氯化铵壳聚糖。An acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing and a preparation method thereof are substantially the same as those in Example 1, except that diazolidinyl urea and hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride chitosan are not added.
为了进一步说明本发明各实施例涉及到的油气井压裂用酸化缓蚀剂的有益技术效果,对实施例1-5及对比例1-2涉及到的油气井压裂用酸化缓蚀剂进行相关性能测试,测试结果见表1,测试方法如下:In order to further illustrate the beneficial technical effects of the acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing involved in each embodiment of the present invention, the relevant performance tests were carried out on the acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing involved in Examples 1-5 and Comparative Examples 1-2. The test results are shown in Table 1. The test method is as follows:
(1)按照石油天然气行业标准SY/5405~1996《酸化用缓剂性能试验方法及评价指标》中腐蚀速率的实验方法,测试各例酸化缓蚀剂样品,在20%HCl溶液中,对N80钢片在不同温度下的腐蚀速率进行测试,实验时间4h,测试温度为90℃和140℃;缓蚀剂的添加量为1wt%。(1) According to the experimental method of corrosion rate in the petroleum and natural gas industry standard SY/5405-1996 "Performance Test Method and Evaluation Index of Acidizing Inhibitors", each acidizing corrosion inhibitor sample was tested. The corrosion rate of N80 steel sheet at different temperatures was tested in 20% HCl solution. The experimental time was 4h, and the test temperature was 90℃ and 140℃. The addition amount of corrosion inhibitor was 1wt%.
(2)按照石油天然气行业标准SY/5405~1996《酸化用缓剂性能试验方法及评价指标》中缓蚀剂溶解分散性的实验方法,测试各例酸化缓蚀剂样品在 20%HCl溶液中放置7d后的溶解分散性。(2) According to the experimental method for the solubility and dispersibility of corrosion inhibitors in the petroleum and natural gas industry standard SY/5405-1996 "Performance Test Methods and Evaluation Indicators for Acidizing Inhibitors", the solubility and dispersibility of each acidizing corrosion inhibitor sample was tested after being placed in a 20% HCl solution for 7 days.
表1Table 1
从表1可以看出,本发明各实施例公开的油气井压裂用酸化缓蚀剂较对比例产品具有更优异的缓蚀效果,且溶解分散性佳;邻甲氧基苯甲醛改性meso-四甲基-meso-四对氨苯基杯[4]吡咯、重氮烷基脲和羟丙基三甲基氯化铵壳聚糖的添加对改善上述性能有益。It can be seen from Table 1 that the acidizing corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas well fracturing disclosed in each embodiment of the present invention has a better corrosion inhibition effect than the comparative product, and has good solubility and dispersibility; the addition of o-anisaldehyde-modified meso-tetramethyl-meso-tetra-p-aminophenyl cup [4] pyrrole, diazolidinyl urea and hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride chitosan is beneficial to improving the above properties.
以上显示和描述了本发明的基本原理、主要特征和本发明的优点。本行业的技术人员应该了解,本发明不受上述实施例的限制,上述实施例和说明书中描述的只是本发明的原理,在不脱离本发明精神和范围的前提下本发明还会有各种变化和改进,这些变化和改进都落入要求保护的本发明的范围内。本发明要求的保护范围由所附的权利要求书及其等同物界定。The above shows and describes the basic principles, main features and advantages of the present invention. Those skilled in the art should understand that the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments. The above embodiments and descriptions only describe the principles of the present invention. The present invention may be subject to various changes and improvements without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. These changes and improvements fall within the scope of the present invention. The scope of protection claimed by the present invention is defined by the attached claims and their equivalents.
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