CN118685505A - Gad1或其表观遗传标记作为hpt轴功能活性紊乱易感的早期标志物的用途 - Google Patents
Gad1或其表观遗传标记作为hpt轴功能活性紊乱易感的早期标志物的用途 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了GAD1或其表观遗传标记作为HPT轴功能活性紊乱易感的早期标志物的用途,属于生物检测技术领域。本发明将GAD1基因或其表观遗传标记作为HPT轴功能活性紊乱易感的早期标志物,能够实现HPT轴功能活性紊乱易感的早期预警,有利于HPT轴功能活性紊乱的早期预防或治疗,降低不孕不育率。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于生物检测技术领域,特别涉及GAD1或其表观遗传标记作为HPT轴功能活性紊乱易感的早期标志物的用途。
背景技术
2009年的《中国不孕不育现状调研报告》显示,近十年来,我国育龄人群的不孕不育呈年轻化趋势,以25~30岁人数最多。除可明确诊断的病因外,不孕不育受多基因与环境因素的调控,其具体的发病机制十分复杂,至今绝大部分的病因仍不完全清楚,对于不孕不育的防治也缺乏重要的理论基础及早期标志物,因此成为目前临床急待解决的科学问题。
下丘脑-垂体-睾丸(hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular,HPT)轴是雄性个体生殖内分泌系统的调控中枢。下丘脑促性腺激素释放激素(gonadotropin-releasinghormone,GnRH)是生殖内分泌系统的中枢调节剂,由下丘脑GnRH神经元脉冲性释放GnRH并到达垂体前叶,调控促性腺激素包括促黄体激素(luteinizing hormone,LH)和卵泡刺激素(follicule-stimulating hormone,FSH)的合成和分泌,LH可促进睾丸间质细胞合成与分泌雄激素(主要是睾酮),FSH具有增强LH刺激睾酮分泌的作用,两者有协同作用,进一步促进精子的发生和男性生殖器官发育,以及维持第二性征和性功能。HPT轴功能活性紊乱可能导致生殖内分泌系统功能障碍,如睾酮水平异常、青春期后阴囊周长减小、生殖细胞数量减少、精子浓度降低、异常精子增多等。
发明内容
为了解决HPT轴功能活性紊乱的早期预警问题,本发明提供了GAD1或其表观遗传标记作为HPT轴功能活性紊乱易感的早期标志物的用途,将GAD1基因或其表观遗传标记作为HPT轴功能活性紊乱易感的早期标志物,能够实现HPT轴功能活性紊乱易感的早期预警,有利于HPT轴功能活性紊乱的早期预防或治疗,降低不孕不育率。
本发明通过以下技术方案实现:
本发明提供GAD1(左旋谷氨酸脱羧酶1L-glutamic acid decarboxylase)或其表观遗传标记作为HPT轴功能活性紊乱易感的早期标志物的用途。
基于同一发明构思,本发明提供一种HPT轴功能活性紊乱易感的早期标志物,所述早期标志物包括GAD1或其表观遗传标记。
基于同一发明构思,本发明提供GAD1基因表达水平和/或GAD1基因启动子区甲基化水平在制备用于早期预警HPT轴功能活性紊乱易感的试剂盒中的用途。
进一步的,在下丘脑中,所述GAD1基因表达水平升高和/或所述GAD1基因启动子区甲基化水平降低,则患有HPT轴功能活性紊乱的风险提高。
进一步的,所述试剂盒包含所述GAD1基因表达水平的检测试剂和/或所述GAD1基因启动子区甲基化水平的检测试剂。
进一步的,所述GAD1基因表达水平的检测试剂包括扩增GAD1基因的引物对,所述GAD1基因启动子区甲基化水平的检测试剂包括检测GAD1基因启动子区甲基化水平的引物对。
进一步的,所述扩增GAD1基因的引物对的核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO.1和SEQ IDNO.2所示,所述检测GAD1基因启动子区甲基化水平的引物对的核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO.3和SEQ ID NO.4所示。
可选的,SEQ ID NO.1具体为CAAGTTCTGGCTGATGTGGA,SEQ ID NO.2具体为GCCACCCTGTGTAGCTTTTC。SEQ ID NO.3具体为AAATTATTATTTTTGGAAGTTAATAAGG,SEQ IDNO.4具体为CAAAACATTTCAAAATACTCAAAAC。
基于同一发明构思,本发明提供一种用于早期预警HPT轴功能活性紊乱易感的试剂盒,所述试剂盒包含GAD1基因表达水平的检测试剂和/或GAD1基因启动子区甲基化水平的检测试剂,所述GAD1基因表达水平的检测试剂包括扩增GAD1基因的引物对,所述GAD1基因启动子区甲基化水平的检测试剂包括检测GAD1基因启动子区甲基化水平的引物对。
可选的,所述扩增GAD1基因的引物对的核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO.1和SEQ ID NO.2所示,所述检测GAD1基因启动子区甲基化水平的引物对的核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO.3和SEQID NO.4所示。
基于同一发明构思,本发明提供GAD1基因表达水平和/或GAD1基因启动子区甲基化水平在制备用于早期预警睾丸发育不良的试剂盒中的用途。
基于同一发明构思,本发明还提供一种用于早期预警睾丸发育不良的试剂盒,所述试剂盒包含GAD1基因表达水平的检测试剂和/或GAD1基因启动子区甲基化水平的检测试剂。
本发明实施例中的一个或多个技术方案,至少具有如下技术效果或优点:
本发明GAD1或其表观遗传标记作为HPT轴功能活性紊乱易感的早期标志物的用途,发明人重点观察了孕期地塞米松暴露(prenatal dexamethasone exposure,PDE)后雄性子代大鼠出生前、后的HPT轴功能活性,并进一步从下丘脑GnRH神经元发育分化及其关键调控点GAD1表达层面,探讨PDE所致子代大鼠HPT轴功能活性紊乱的宫内编程机制,发现PDE通过活化下丘脑GR,引起GAD1启动子区低甲基化及高表达改变,促使Glu向GABA转化增加,进一步诱导GnRH1高表达,这些编程性改变可延续至出生后,导致HPT轴功能活性紊乱,GAD1siRNA可逆转孕期地塞米松暴露所致子代HPT轴功能活性紊乱,阐明GAD1及其表观遗传标记可作为PDE所致HPT轴功能活性紊乱易感的早期标志物,将为男性生殖内分泌系统疾病的防治提供理论依据和科学价值。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例中的技术方案,下面将对实施例描述中所需要使用的附图作一简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图是本发明的一些实施例,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据这些附图获得其它的附图。
图1为动物处理程序示意图。
图2为孕期地塞米松暴露对出生后85天成年雄性子代大鼠睾丸形态和生精功能的影响:(A)睾丸重量;(B-D)睾丸形态分析(H&E染色,100×):生精上皮厚度及生精小管直径,组间比较采用t检验,平均值±标准差,*P<0.05,**P<0.01。
图3为孕期地塞米松暴露对出生后85天成年雄性子代大鼠血清和睾丸内睾酮水平、睾丸类固醇生成酶表达的影响:(A)qRT-PCR检测睾丸类固醇生成酶的表达;(B)免疫组化法检测睾丸StAR表达;(C、D)碘[125i]睾酮放射免疫测定试剂盒测定血清和睾丸内睾酮水平;(E、F)血LH、FSH水平,*P<0.05,**P<0.01。
图4为孕期地塞米松暴露对出生后85天成年雄性子代大鼠下丘脑GnRH1与GAD1表达的影响:(A)qRT-PCR检测下丘脑GnRH1与GAD1的表达;(B)BSP法检测GAD1启动子区甲基化水平;(C-D)Elisa法检测下丘脑神经递质Glutamate及GABA的组织含量;(E-F)免疫组化法检测下丘脑GnRH1及GAD1表达;(G-H)免疫荧光法检测投射至下丘脑弓状核(ARN)GnRH神经元的Glu能神经元(Glutamate)及GABA能神经元(GAD1)的活性,*P<0.05,**P<0.01。
图5为孕期地塞米松暴露对孕22天雄性胎鼠睾丸形态学、睾丸类固醇生成酶表达的影响:(A)睾丸组织H&E染色形态学分析;(B)qRT-PCR检测睾丸类固醇生成酶的表达;(C)免疫组化法检测StAR表达,*P<0.05,**P<0.01。
图6为孕期地塞米松暴露对孕22天雄性胎鼠下丘脑相关基因表达的影响:(A)qRT-PCR检测下丘脑GnRH1、GAD1与DNMT3a的表达;(B)BSP法检测GAD1启动子区甲基化水平;(C)电镜下观察下丘脑神经元的组织细胞学改变;(D-E)免疫组化法检测GnRH1、GAD1的表达;(F-G)免疫荧光法检测投射至下丘脑弓状核(ARN)GnRH神经元的Glu能神经元(Glutamate)及GABA能神经元(GAD1)的活性;*P<0.05,**P<0.01。
图7为地塞米松对原代雄性胎鼠下丘脑细胞相关基因的表达及Glu能/GABA能神经元活性的影响:(A-J)qRT-PCR检测下丘脑GnRH1、GAD1、Egr-1、DNMT1、DNMT3a的表达;(K-L)免疫荧光法检测下丘脑Glu能神经元(Glutamate)及GABA能神经元(GAD1)的活性,*P<0.05,**P<0.01。
图8为GAD1或其表观遗传标记作为下丘脑-垂体-睾丸轴功能活性紊乱易感早期标志物用途的机制。
具体实施方式
下文将结合具体实施方式和实施例,具体阐述本发明,本发明的优点和各种效果将由此更加清楚地呈现。本领域技术人员应理解,这些具体实施方式和实施例是用于说明本发明,而非限制本发明。
在整个说明书中,除非另有特别说明,本文使用的术语应理解为如本领域中通常所使用的含义。因此,除非另有定义,本文使用的所有技术和科学术语具有与本发明所属领域技术人员的一般理解相同的含义。若存在矛盾,本说明书优先。
除非另有特别说明,本发明中用到的各种原材料、试剂、仪器和设备等,均可通过市场购买得到或者可通过现有方法制备得到。
本发明整体思路如下:
地塞米松(Dexamethasone,简称DXMS,化学式:C22H29FO5),于1957年首次合成,列名于世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单之中,为基础公卫体系必备药物之一。地塞米松与其他糖皮质激素一样,具有抗炎、抗内毒素、抑制免疫、抗休克及增强应激反应等药理作用,故广泛应用于各科治疗多种疾病。研究报道,出生前接受地塞米松治疗的儿童,其宫内发育迟缓(IUGR)发生率较高。流行病学调查、临床研究和动物实验均证实,宫内发育迟缓(intrauterine growth retardation,IUGR)子代成年期生殖内分泌系统疾病的易感性增加,如HPT轴功能活性紊乱、睾丸发育不良及生殖障碍等。
发明人认为,IUGR和成年期生殖内分泌系统疾病之间的相关性与“编程”假说相关,即孕期不利因素对胎组织结构和功能会产生永久改变,引起成年期组织器官功能障碍和疾病。因此发明人推测,IUGR子代成年期生殖内分泌系统疾病易感性增加的主要机制可能与下丘脑-垂体-睾丸(HPT)轴功能活性及其高位调控中枢下丘脑促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)神经元发育分化及其关键调控点左旋谷氨酸脱羧酶1(GAD1)的宫内编程改变相关。
基于此,发明人重点观察了孕期地塞米松暴露(prenatal dexamethasoneexposure,PDE)后雄性子代大鼠出生前、后HPT轴功能活性,进一步从下丘脑GnRH神经元发育分化及其关键调控点左旋谷氨酸脱羧酶1表达层面,探讨PDE所致子代大鼠HPT轴功能活性紊乱的宫内编程机制,发现PDE通过活化下丘脑GR,引起GAD1启动子区低甲基化及高表达改变,促使Glu向GABA转化增加,进一步诱导GnRH1高表达,这些编程性改变可延续至出生后,导致HPT轴功能活性紊乱。发明人通过试验发现,GAD1 siRNA可逆转孕期地塞米松暴露所致子代下丘脑-垂体-睾丸轴功能活性紊乱。阐明GAD1及其表观遗传标记可作为孕期地塞米松暴露所致下丘脑-垂体-睾丸轴功能活性紊乱易感的早期标志物,将为男性生殖内分泌系统疾病的防治提供理论依据和科学价值。
下面将结合实施例及实验数据对本申请GAD1或其表观遗传标记作为HPT轴功能活性紊乱易感的早期标志物的用途进行详细说明。
实施例1
本实施例构建孕期地塞米松暴露所致子代HTP轴功能活性紊乱的模型。
1.SPF(无特定病原体)级Wistar大鼠(10周龄)被安置在标准条件下的空调房间里(室温:18-22℃;湿度:40%-60%;光循环:12小时的光-暗循环;每小时10-15次换气),自由进食和水。实验前将所有大鼠适应性喂养一周后,将2只雌鼠和1只雄鼠合笼过夜交配,次日阴道涂片上出现精子证实受孕,定义为孕(gestational day,GD)0天,将孕鼠随机分为对照组和PDE组。图1所示为动物处理程序示意图。从GD20到GD21,PDE组每天两次给予孕鼠皮下注射地塞米松0.4mg/kg(cat.no.H11020538,中国武汉双鹤制药有限公司),对照组给予等量生理盐水注射。
2.对照组和PDE组的部分孕鼠于孕晚期(22d)麻醉处死,剖腹取出胎鼠,称重。另一部分孕鼠自然生产,PDE组幼鼠出生后75d再细分为PDE+GAD1 siRNA组和PDE组,分别在出生后75、80天,PDE+GAD1 siRNA组给予双侧弓状核(ARN)区脑室定位注射GAD1 siRNA(6μgGAD1 siRNA溶于1.2ul动物在体转染试剂HifectinⅡ,分双侧注射)以敲低GAD1表达,PDE组给予双侧ARN区脑室定位注射等体积的Hifectin II,幼鼠出生后85天(postnatal day 85,PD85)麻醉处死动物。
实施例2
本实施例对GAD1 siRNA可逆转孕期地塞米松暴露所致子代HPT轴功能活性紊乱进行验证。
1.相关检测方法:
1.1睾丸内睾酮检测:
按照碘睾酮放射免疫分析试剂盒方法学,测定组织提取物中的睾酮含量(ng/mg)。
1.2下丘脑苏木素-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)染色和透射电镜(transmissionelectron,TEM)分析:
参照我们已发表的文章(Lu J,Jiao Z,Yu Y,et al.Programming for increasedexpression of hippocampal GAD67 mediated the hypersensitivity of thehypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in male offspring rats with prenatalethanol exposure.Cell Death Dis.2018.9(6):659.),采用Olympus AH-2光学显微镜(Olympus,Tokyo,Japan)对5μm切片进行观察和拍照。为了进行TEM分析,将1mm3下丘脑组织块放置在含有0.1M磷酸盐缓冲溶液(PBS)的3%戊二醛溶液中。样品在1%四氧化锇溶液中固定1.5小时,在0.1M PBS中洗涤,用不同浓度的乙醇脱水,并包埋在Epon 618中。环氧块在超微切片机(LKB-v,LKB,Stockholm,Sweden,70nm)上切片,用醋酸铀酰和柠檬酸铅染色,使用日立H600透射电镜(Hitachi,Co.,Tokyo,Japan)检查。通过计算获取数字图像。
1.3逆转录和RT-qPCR分析:
对于RT-qPCR分析,根据制造商的方案,使用TRIzol(Invitrogen有限公司,加拿大,美国)从下丘脑组织(50mg)以及原代下丘脑细胞中提取总RNA。根据Takara RT试剂盒(Takara生物技术有限公司,大连,中国)的方案,从2μg总RNA制备单链cDNA。然后,使用SYBRGreen定量PCR Master Mix试剂盒和ABI StepOnePlus Cycler(赛默飞世尔科技公司,马萨诸塞州沃尔瑟姆,美国)进行RT-qPCR,初始变性步骤为95℃下持续5分钟。然后,每个反应循环40次,每个循环由95℃持续5秒组成,然后是表1中所示的具有不同退火条件的退火步骤,如果退火温度低于60℃,则在72℃下进行30秒的最终延伸步骤。使用2-Asct法和甘油醛3-磷酸脱氢酶计算每个基因的相对基因表达以进行标准化。表1列出了大鼠引物序列和退火温度。其中,大鼠引物序列及退火温度见表1。
表1实时荧光定量PCR所用大鼠寡核苷酸引物及反应条件
表1中,11βHSD,11-羟基类固醇脱氢酶;GAD1,谷氨酸脱羧酶1;GAPDH,甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶;GR,糖皮质激素受体;DNMT1,DNA甲基转移酶1;DNMT3a,DNA甲基转移酶3a;Egr-1,早期生长反应转录因子1;GnRH1,促性腺激素释放激素1;P450scc,胆固醇侧链切割酶;StAR,类固醇合成急性调节蛋白。
1.4免疫组织化学分析:
根据试剂盒说明书,使用链霉亲和素过氧化物酶结合的方法进行免疫组化。一抗采用小鼠抗L-GAD1(1:200稀释,cat.no.sc-28376,Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.,Texas,USA),阴性对照组(用确证不含已知抗原的标本作对照,应呈阴性结果)用非免疫兔IgG作为一抗。光学显微镜下观察和拍照,并用图像成像系统(Nikon H550S,Japan)计算每张图像上GAD1染色的面积。神经元胞质中棕色颗粒为GAD1阳性表达。用光学显微镜检测每张切片的5个随机区域的平均光密度,并用HMIAS-2000进行分析。
1.5下丘脑神经递质-谷氨酸(glutamate,Glu)和γ-氨基丁酸(gammaaminobutyric acid,GABA)的分析:
分别应用ELISA试剂盒(cat.no.E0900Ge,EIAab science Co.Ltd.,Wuhan,China)和生化分析试剂盒(cat.no.A074,Jianchen Bio-Tek Inc.,Nanjing,China)检测下丘脑谷氨酸和GABA的组织含量。
1.6免疫荧光法分析下丘脑Glu能/GABA能神经元:
参照我们已发表的文章(Lu J,Jiao Z,Yu Y,et al.Programming for increasedexpression of hippocampal GAD67 mediated the hypersensitivity of thehypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis inmale offspring rats with prenatalethanol exposure.Cell Death Dis.2018.9(6):659.),免疫荧光法检测每组下丘脑相同水平的相邻脑切片(10μm)的Glu/GAD1阳性表达神经元。一抗:小鼠抗谷氨酸(1:2000dilutions,cat.no.22523,ImmunoStar Inc.,WI,USA),小鼠抗GAD1(1:500dilutions,cat.no.sc-28376,Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.,Texas,USA)抗体,兔抗NeuN抗体(1:500dilutions,cat.no.ab104225,Abcam Inc.,MA,USA),阴性对照组应用0.01M PBS代替一抗。二抗:山羊抗兔FITC(1:200dilutions,cat.no.bs-0295G-FITC,BiossBiotechnology,Beijing,China),山羊抗小鼠Cy3(1:200dilutions,cat.no.115-166-003,Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories Inc.,Baltimore,USA),核染料DAPI(1:500,cat.no.D1306,Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.,USA)。染色切片用徕卡荧光显微镜(Leica,DM5000B;Leica CTR5000;Leica,Germany)及配套高级荧光软件(LAS AF,LeicaMicrosystems,Germany)进行拍照与定量分析。
1.7脑室定位注射GAD1 siRNA干扰GAD1:
(1)用异氟烷和空气的混合物(5%异氟烷诱导,2.5%异氟烷维持)麻醉大鼠;(2)将大鼠放置于37℃加热板上的立体定位框架中,切牙杆设置在耳间线下方3.5mm处,局部消毒后切头皮;(3)根据大鼠脑立体定位图谱以及前期的预实验,选择合适的下丘脑坐标。在双侧下丘脑ARN区(前后,-2.3mm;左右,±0.3mm;上下,-9.97mm)(后2.3mm,外侧±0.3mm,腹侧9.9mm)各注射GAD1 siRNA(6μg GAD1 siRNA溶于1.2μl HifectionⅡ中)(GAD1 siRNA正义链核苷酸序列:5’-3’GCAAACUGUGCAGUUCUUAUU;反义链核苷酸序列:3’-5’UAAGAACUGCACAGUUUGCUU),模型对照组注射等体积的HifectinⅡ;(4)注射后将移液管放置5min,防止液体通过注射道回流,然后缓慢退出5min;(5)对大鼠进行局部青霉素消毒和皮肤缝合,放至电热毯回温;(6)大鼠清醒后,将其移至饲养室。
1.8亚硫酸氢盐测序法(bisulfite sequencing PCR,BSP)检测
提取下丘脑组织及细胞的DNA,应用甲基化转换试剂盒(cat.no.D5005,Zymo,美国)进行CT转换,Gad1引物为:F-AAATTATTATTTTTGGAAGTTAATAAGG,R-CAAAACATTTCAAAATACTCAAAAC,用PCR纯化试剂盒纯化PCR产物,纯化后的PCR产物与T载体连接,将连接产物转入刚化冻的感受态细胞中,冰浴30分钟后,42度热激45秒,后冰浴2分钟,加入500μL LB培养基,37℃,200rpm孵育1小时后,取100μL涂板。将感受态细胞涂布在含有氨苄青霉素的平板上过夜培养,挑取单克隆接种至含有氨苄青霉素的液体培养基中,过夜培养。将培养出来的菌液通过菌落PCR检测,阳性克隆送测序公司测序。
2.对成年后(出生后85天)的雄性子代大鼠进行睾丸形态、功能、内分泌和相关基因表达水平的检测。
2.1睾丸形态学分析
与对照组相比,PDE组雄性子代大鼠的睾丸重量减轻,体积减小(P<0.01,图2A-B),间质细胞排列明显紊乱,生精小管的直径和生精上皮厚度均显著减小(P<0.01,图2C-E),而PDE+GAD1siRNA组无明显差异。提示,PDE可致雄性成年子代睾丸发生形态学改变,出生后脑室注射GAD1siRNA可逆转以上改变。
图2中。组间比较采用t检验,平均值±标准差,*P<0.05,**P<0.01。PDE:孕期地塞米松暴露(0.4mg/kg,每天两次);PDE+GAD1 siRNA:孕期地塞米松暴露(0.4mg/kg,每天两次)及出生后脑室注射GAD1 siRNA(6μg/次,两次))。
2.2睾丸的睾酮合成功能检测
雄激素的生物合成是一个复杂的过程,它以胆固醇为原料,经过StAR、P450scc、3β-HSD、17α-HSD1和17β-HSD3等系列酶催化完成。男性雄激素主要由睾丸间质细胞分泌。为了进一步研究成年仔鼠睾丸内分泌功能的变化,我们检测了出生后85天(PD85)时睾酮水平、黄体生成素(LH)水平、促卵泡激素(FSH)水平、类固醇生成酶表达水平。结果表明,与对照组相比,PDE组仔鼠血清睾酮浓度和睾丸内睾酮生成量及血LH、FSH水平均显著降低(P<0.05,图3C-F);同时,类固醇生成酶(如StAR、3β-HSD和17α-HSD1)的mRNA表达降低(P<0.05,图3A),StAR蛋白表达也显著降低(P<0.05,图3B);GAD1siRNA组无明显改变。与PDE组相比,GAD1siRNA组可显著逆转其改变。提示PDE可导致成年雄性大鼠睾丸的睾酮合成功能降低,出生后脑室注射GAD1siRNA可逆转以上改变。
图3中,PDE:孕晚期地塞米松暴露(0.4mg/kg,每天两次);PDE+GAD1 siRNA:孕晚期地塞米松暴露(0.4mg/kg,每天两次)及出生后脑室注射GAD1 siRNA(6μg/次,两次)。FSH:促卵泡激素;LH:黄体生成素;StAR:类固醇生成急性调节蛋白;3β-HSD,3β-羟类固醇脱氢酶;17α-HSD1,17α-羟类固醇脱氢酶1;17β-HSD3,17β-羟类固醇脱氢酶3;P450scc,细胞色素P450胆固醇侧链裂解酶。
2.3下丘脑GnRH1/GAD1表达及Glu能/GABA能神经元活性检测
检测结果如图4所述,与对照组相比,PDE组成年子代下丘脑GnRH1与GAD1的mRNA表达水平均显著上调(P<0.01,图4A);GAD1启动子区甲基化水平显著降低(P<0.05,图4B);下丘脑主要表现为弓状核(ARN)中GnRH1及GAD1的蛋白水平显著增加(P<0.01,图4E-F);神经递质Glu的组织浓度减少,而GABA的组织浓度增加(P<0.05,图4C-D);投射至ARN的GnRH神经元上的Glu能神经元活性减弱,而GABA能神经元活性增强(P<0.01,图4G-H)。与对照组相比,GAD1siRNA组均无明显改变;与PDE组相比,GAD1siRNA组可显著逆转其改变。提示PDE可导致成年雄性大鼠下丘脑GAD1启动子区发生低甲基化改变,并进一步介导了GnRH1\GAD1表达上调及Glu能\GABA能神经元活性失衡,出生后脑室注射GAD1siRNA可逆转以上改变。
图4中,PDE:孕期地塞米松暴露(0.4mg/kg,每天两次);PDE+GAD1 siRNA:孕期地塞米松暴露(0.4mg/kg,每天两次)及出生后脑室注射GAD1 siRNA(6μg/次,两次);GAD1,左旋谷氨酸脱羧酶1。
3.对子代雄性胎鼠进行睾丸形态、功能、内分泌和相关基因表达水平的检测。
3.1睾丸形态学及睾酮合成功能检测
对子代胎鼠的睾丸进行HE染色和TEM分析,并检测睾酮合成功能。HE染色结果显示,与对照组相比,PDE组的胎睾丸发生了形态学变化,生精小管较小,间质区扩大,间质细胞排列紊乱明显(图5A)。PDE组睾丸类固醇生成酶StAR、P450scc、3β-HSD、17α-HSD 1和17β-HSD3的mRNA表达水平显著低于对照组(P<0.05,图5B)。免疫组化结果还表明,PDE显著降低了StAR蛋白的表达(P<0.05,图5C)。结果表明,PDE可致雄性胎鼠睾丸形态学改变并降低胎鼠睾酮合成功能相关基因的表达及睾酮的生成,提示PDE子代睾丸的形态学改变及睾酮合成功能降低具有宫内起源。
图5中,PDE:孕期地塞米松暴露(0.4mg/kg,每天两次);StAR:类固醇生成急性调节蛋白;P450scc:细胞色素P450胆固醇侧链;3β-HSD1,3β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶1;17α-HSD1,17α-羟基类固醇脱氢酶1;17β-HSD3,17β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶3。
3.2下丘脑Glu能/GABA能神经元活性及相关基因表达检测
对胎鼠下丘脑Glu能/GABA能神经元活性及相关基因表达的检测结果如图6,与对照组相比,PDE组的GnRH1、GAD1、Egr1与GR的mRNA表达均显著上调(图6A,P<0.05),而DNMT3a、DNMT1的mRNA表达显著下调(图6A,P<0.05)。电镜结果显示,与对照组相比,PDE组下丘脑神经元细胞呈中重度水肿,细胞膜模糊破损,部分区域不连续,胞内基质稀疏,并可见大面积低电子密度水肿区;细胞核(N)近卵圆形有凹陷,染色质溶解,核周隙略增宽;线粒体(M),中度肿胀,基质溶解变淡;粗面内质网(RER)明显扩张,核糖体脱颗粒;该视野可见2个自噬溶酶体(ASS)结构,高尔基体(Go)肥大(图6C)。BSP结果显示,PDE组胎下丘脑GAD1启动子区甲基化水平显著降低(图6B,P<0.05)。与对照组相比,在PDE组主要表现为下丘脑ARN中GnRH1及GAD1的蛋白表达水平均显著上调(P<0.01,图6D-E);投射至ARN的GnRH神经元上的Glu能神经元活性减弱,而GABA能神经元活性增强(P<0.05,图6F-G)。提示,PDE可致胎下丘脑GAD1、GnRH1表达上调及Glu能/GABA能神经元活性失衡,并可能与DNMT3a的表达改变及GAD1启动子区发生低甲基化相关。
图6中,PDE:孕期地塞米松暴露(0.4mg/kg,每天两次);GAD1:左旋谷氨酸脱羧酶1;DNMT3a:DNA甲基转移酶3a;GnRH1:下丘脑促性腺激素释放激素1。
4.细胞和分子水平研究地塞米松增加胎下丘脑GAD1表达的表观遗传调控机制
为了在细胞和分子水平研究地塞米松增加胎下丘脑GAD1表达的表观遗传调控机制,我们分离GD20~PD7雄性胎鼠的下丘脑原代细胞,并培养在37℃添加B27和4mM L-谷氨酰胺的Neurobasal培养基中,直至贴壁。然后在37℃和5%CO2条件下,用20、100和500nM地塞米松或与1.5M米非司酮处理细胞5天。每天更换含或不含药物的完全培养液,第5天收集细胞。
在体外培养的原代雄性胎下丘脑细胞上,我们发现10~500nM地塞米松处理胎下丘脑细胞可直接上调其GnRH1、GAD1、Egr-1而下调DNMT1及DNMT3a的mRNA表达,且均存在较好的量效关系(图7A-E),同时观察到,500nM地塞米松可减少与GnRH神经元共表达的Glu能神经元的活性,而增加GABA能神经元的活性(图7K-L)。糖皮质激素受体(GR)拮抗剂RU486可逆转500nM地塞米松对下丘脑神经元的上述效应(图7F-L),提示GR活化介导了地塞米松的这些效应。
图7中,Egr-1:早期生长反应因子1;DEX:地塞米松;GAD1:左旋谷氨酸脱羧酶1;DNMT:DNA甲基转移酶;GnRH1:下丘脑促性腺激素释放激素1。
从上述实施例可知,与对照组相比,PDE组雄性胎下丘脑促性腺激素释放激素(gonadotropin-releasing hormone,GnRH)1表达上调。出生后子代下丘脑-垂体-睾丸(hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular,HPT)轴功能活性紊乱,表现为GnRH1高表达、血和睾丸内睾酮水平及血LH、FSH水平均显著降低、睾丸体积减小、睾丸间质细胞减少,类固醇生成酶(如StAR、3β-HSD和17α-HSD1)的mRNA表达降低,StAR蛋白表达也显著降低;进一步发现,出生前、后PDE组下丘脑GnRH1与GAD1的mRNA表达水平均显著上调;GAD1启动子区甲基化水平显著降低;下丘脑主要表现为ARN区中GnRH1及GAD1的蛋白水平显著增加;神经递质Glu的组织浓度减少,而GABA的组织浓度增加;投射至ARN区的GnRH神经元上的Glu能神经元活性减弱,而GABA能神经元活性增强,脑室注射siRNA-HIFⅡ可逆转出生后以上改变。
综上可知,PDE通过诱导GAD1启动子区低甲基化及高表达改变,促使Glu向GABA转化增加,进一步上调GnRH1的表达,这些编程性改变可延续至出生后,导致HPT轴功能活性紊乱(如图8),而GAD1及其表观遗传标记可作为孕期地塞米松暴露所致下丘脑-垂体-睾丸轴功能活性紊乱易感的早期标志物。
最后,还需要说明的是,术语“包括”、“包含”或者其任何其他变体意在涵盖非排他性的包含,从而使得包括一系列要素的过程、方法、物品或者设备不仅包括那些要素,而且还包括没有明确列出的其他要素,或者是还包括为这种过程、方法、物品或者设备所固有的要素。
尽管已描述了本发明的优选实施例,但本领域内的技术人员一旦得知了基本创造性概念,则可对这些实施例作出另外的变更和修改。所以,所附权利要求意欲解释为包括优选实施例以及落入本发明范围的所有变更和修改。
显然,本领域的技术人员可以对本发明进行各种改动和变型而不脱离本发明的精神和范围。这样,倘若本发明的这些修改和变型属于本发明权利要求及其等同技术的范围之内,则本发明也意图包含这些改动和变型在内。
Claims (11)
1.GAD1或其表观遗传标记作为HPT轴功能活性紊乱易感的早期标志物的用途。
2.一种HPT轴功能活性紊乱易感的早期标志物,其特征在于,所述早期标志物包括GAD1或其表观遗传标记。
3.GAD1基因表达水平和/或GAD1基因启动子区甲基化水平在制备用于早期预警HPT轴功能活性紊乱易感的试剂盒中的用途。
4.根据权利要求3所述的用途,其特征在于,在下丘脑中,所述GAD1基因表达水平升高和/或所述GAD1基因启动子区甲基化水平降低,则患有HPT轴功能活性紊乱的风险提高。
5.根据权利要求3所述的用途,其特征在于,所述试剂盒包含所述GAD1基因表达水平的检测试剂和/或所述GAD1基因启动子区甲基化水平的检测试剂。
6.根据权利要求5所述的用途,其特征在于,所述GAD1基因表达水平的检测试剂包括扩增GAD1基因的引物对,所述GAD1基因启动子区甲基化水平的检测试剂包括检测GAD1基因启动子区甲基化水平的引物对。
7.根据权利要求6所述的用途,其特征在于,所述扩增GAD1基因的引物对的核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO.1和SEQ ID NO.2所示,所述检测GAD1基因启动子区甲基化水平的引物对的核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO.3和SEQ ID NO.4所示。
8.一种用于早期预警HPT轴功能活性紊乱易感的试剂盒,其特征在于,所述试剂盒包含GAD1基因表达水平的检测试剂和/或GAD1基因启动子区甲基化水平的检测试剂,所述GAD1基因表达水平的检测试剂包括扩增GAD1基因的引物对,所述GAD1基因启动子区甲基化水平的检测试剂包括检测GAD1基因启动子区甲基化水平的引物对。
9.根据权利要求8所述的一种用于早期预警HPT轴功能活性紊乱易感的试剂盒,其特征在于,所述扩增GAD1基因的引物对的核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO.1和SEQ ID NO.2所示,所述检测GAD1基因启动子区甲基化水平的引物对的核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO.3和SEQ ID NO.4所示。
10.GAD1基因表达水平和/或GAD1基因启动子区甲基化水平在制备用于早期预警睾丸发育不良的试剂盒中的用途。
11.一种用于早期预警睾丸发育不良的试剂盒,其特征在于,所述试剂盒包含GAD1基因表达水平的检测试剂和/或GAD1基因启动子区甲基化水平的检测试剂。
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