CN118621923A - A modular SMA composite viscoelastic damper - Google Patents

Abstract

A modular SMA composite viscoelastic damper comprises an upper connecting end plate and a lower connecting end plate, the upper connecting end plate and the lower connecting end plate are arranged relatively up and down, a middle corrugated steel plate is arranged between the upper connecting end plate and the lower connecting end plate, and rubber steel plate laminated layers of the same size are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the middle corrugated steel plate; four plum blossom-shaped channels with the same diameter are opened in the middle area of the middle corrugated steel plate and the rubber steel plate laminated layer, and the channels are distributed in the middle area in a diamond shape, and four shape memory alloy rods are placed in the channels; the lower connecting end plate comprises a lower front connecting end plate and a lower rear connecting end plate, a front limit plate is arranged above the lower front connecting end plate, and a rear limit plate is arranged above the lower rear connecting end plate, and the front limit plate and the rear limit plate are respectively located on the outer surfaces of the rubber steel plate laminated layers on both sides; the top of the rubber steel plate laminated layer is lower than the upper end of the middle corrugated steel plate and does not contact the bottom surface of the upper connecting end plate. The present invention has a certain self-reset ability after an earthquake, and is easy to replace if damaged.

Description

A modular SMA composite viscoelastic damper

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of dampers in earthquake resistance and shock absorption, and particularly relates to a modular SMA composite viscoelastic damper.

Background Art

The modular SMA composite viscoelastic damper is a shock absorbing device that utilizes the shear, tensile and compressive deformation of rubber and the yield deformation of corrugated steel plates and shape memory alloy rods to dissipate energy. Under the action of frequent earthquakes, the rubber is deformed by shear (tensile and compressive), and the corrugated steel plates and shape memory alloys are in the elastic stage and do not participate in energy dissipation. Under the action of rare earthquakes, the rubber is deformed by shear (tensile and compressive), and the shape memory alloys and corrugated steel plates are elastic-plastic. The rubber, shape memory alloy and corrugated steel plates work together with good hysteresis characteristics, and absorb and dissipate seismic energy during the deformation process.

At present, the displacement-related and velocity-related energy-absorbing dampers widely used in building structures include metal dampers and viscoelastic dampers. Among them, metal dampers are affected by factors such as material yield strength and structural form. They are generally not prone to yield energy consumption under frequent earthquakes, and often suffer large plastic damage under rare earthquakes, resulting in non-reusability. Viscoelastic dampers have limited energy dissipation capacity under medium and large earthquakes due to their low initial stiffness, and are easily affected by a variety of factors, resulting in a sharp drop in their mechanical properties under earthquakes; the existing self-resetting viscoelastic dampers mostly use shape memory alloy wire bundles. Due to the limitation of the cross-sectional area of the shape memory alloy wire bundles, as well as the high installation precision and difficult assembly, their self-resetting effect is limited, making the self-resetting effect of the damper not obvious in actual engineering applications.

Summary of the invention

In order to overcome the deficiencies of the above-mentioned prior art, the object of the present invention is to provide a modular SMA composite viscoelastic damper, which is installed in a structure, the deformation of which is borne by energy-absorbing components, has a certain self-resetting ability after an earthquake, and is easy to replace if damaged.

In order to achieve the above object, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is:

A modular SMA composite viscoelastic damper comprises an upper connecting end plate and a lower connecting end plate arranged horizontally, the upper connecting end plate and the lower connecting end plate being arranged vertically opposite to each other, a vertical middle corrugated steel plate being arranged between the upper connecting end plate (1) and the lower connecting end plate, and rubber steel plate laminated layers of the same size being symmetrically arranged on both sides of the middle corrugated steel plate;

Four plum blossom-shaped holes with the same diameter are opened in the middle area of the middle corrugated steel plate and rubber steel plate laminated layer. The holes are distributed in the middle area in a diamond shape, and four shape memory alloy rods are placed in the holes.

The lower connecting end plate comprises a lower front connecting end plate and a lower rear connecting end plate, and the lower front connecting end plate and the lower rear connecting end plate are spliced together;

A front limit plate is vertically arranged above the lower front connection end plate, and a rear limit plate is vertically arranged above the lower rear connection end plate, and the front limit plate and the rear limit plate are respectively located on the outer surfaces of the laminated layers of the rubber steel plates on both sides;

The top of the rubber steel plate superposition layer is lower than the upper end of the middle corrugated steel plate and does not contact the bottom surface of the upper connecting end plate.

The lower front connecting end plate and the lower rear connecting end plate are square structures. The distance between the front limiting plate and the rear limiting plate and the long side of one side of the lower front connecting end plate and the lower rear connecting end plate meets the requirement of the reserved bolt hole diameter + 10mm, and the distance from the short sides on both sides is equal.

The front limit plate, the rear limit plate and the rubber steel plate laminated layer are connected through butyl acrylate, and the sides of the middle corrugated steel plate, the rubber steel plate laminated layer, the front limit plate and the rear limit plate are located on the same vertical plane.

The rubber steel plate laminated layer is connected to the middle corrugated steel plate through butyl acrylate.

The surface of the laminated layer of the middle corrugated steel plate and the rubber steel plate is a corrugated structure, and the corrugated structure is divided into vertical corrugations and horizontal corrugations;

When it is vertical corrugation, it is a tension-compression type SMA composite viscoelastic damper; the side limit plates are installed on the outer side of the middle corrugated steel plate, rubber steel plate laminated layer, front limit plate, and rear limit plate to prevent out-of-plane deformation;

The front limit plate, the rear limit plate and the side limit plate are enclosed as a whole, and 8 small foot steels are arranged at the junction of the four sides to achieve connection with the front limit plate and the rear limit plate, and two small angle steels are evenly distributed along the height direction of each side;

When the corrugation is horizontal, it is a shear-type SMA composite viscoelastic damper, and no foot steel or side limit plate is provided.

The middle corrugated steel plate and rubber steel plate laminated layer is composed of multiple rubber layers and thin corrugated steel plate layers. Both the rubber layer and the thin corrugated steel plate layer adopt a corrugated cross-section. The corrugated cross-section includes crests, troughs and ridges. The wave angle is defined as the outer angle between the trough or crest and the ridge, and the angle is 30°, 45°, and 60°.

The rubber-steel laminated layer is connected by high-temperature and high-pressure vulcanization of a rubber layer and a thin corrugated steel layer. The rubber layer and the thin corrugated steel layer in the rubber-steel laminated layer are arranged alternately, and there are two arrangements of the corrugated steel plate, namely vertical corrugation and horizontal corrugation. The thin corrugated steel layer is used as a mold to make the rubber layer also present a corrugated cross section. The vertical corrugation is applied to a tension-compression type SMA composite viscoelastic damper.

The horizontal corrugation is applied to the shear-type SMA composite viscoelastic damper, and its deformation and energy dissipation requirements are met by adjusting the thickness and number of the rubber layer and the thin corrugated steel plate layer in the rubber-steel plate laminate.

The diameter of the plum blossom-shaped channel is twice the diameter of the shape memory alloy rod, and four channels are distributed in a diamond shape in the middle area, and four shape memory alloy rods with the same diameter are placed in the channels;

Two channels are located in the middle of the rubber-steel plate laminate and are distributed vertically, and the other two channels are located in the middle and are distributed horizontally. In order to avoid stress concentration at the shape memory alloy rod during the deformation of the damper, which may cause premature damage to the damper, the four plum blossom-shaped channels should be distributed in the rubber-steel plate laminate in a diamond shape, and the distance between the plum blossom-shaped channels in the same direction is 5 times the diameter of the shape memory alloy rod.

Under small deformation conditions, the rubber in the rubber-steel laminated layer shears and the shape memory alloy rod slides in the plum blossom-shaped channel along the rubber deformation direction to dissipate energy; under large deformation conditions, the rubber in the rubber-steel laminated layer shears and the thin corrugated steel layer and shape memory alloy rod yield to produce elastic-plastic deformation and dissipate energy.

The upper connecting end plate has six bolt holes on the top, and the lower front connecting end plate and the lower rear connecting end plate have three bolt holes respectively, which are connected with the embedded steel plates in the cast-in-place or prefabricated assembled components by high-strength bolts;

The upper connecting end plate, the middle corrugated steel plate, the thin corrugated steel plate in the rubber steel plate laminated layer, the front limit plate, the rear limit plate, the side limit plate, the lower front connecting end plate, and the lower rear connecting end plate are made of ordinary steel with a yield point of 345MPa, and the rubber layer in the rubber steel plate laminated layer is nitrile rubber.

A method for using a modular SMA composite viscoelastic damper comprises the following steps:

Under the action of a small earthquake, the rubber layer and the thin steel plate in the rubber-steel laminate undergo elastic shear deformation, and the shape memory alloy rods dissipate energy by sliding friction in the plum blossom-shaped channel along the deformation direction. The two dissipate energy synergistically.

Under the action of moderate earthquake, the rubber layer and thin steel plate in the rubber-steel laminated layer undergo large deformation, the thin steel plate undergoes local plastic deformation, and the shape memory alloy rod undergoes elastic deformation;

Under the action of a large earthquake, the rubber layer and the thin steel plate in the rubber-steel plate laminated layer, the thin steel plate enters a plastic state, and the shape memory alloy rod undergoes local elastic-plastic deformation, and provides restoring force after unloading, so that the damper returns to the state before loading.

Application of modular SMA composite viscoelastic dampers, which are prefabricated in factories or assembled on site;

The modular SMA composite viscoelastic damper is arranged in the toe of the shear wall, the connecting beam and the frame brace. Under the action of earthquake, the damper undergoes tensile and compressive (shear) deformation to dissipate energy.

Under the action of small earthquakes, the shape memory alloy rod slides in the channel and the rubber in the rubber-steel plate laminated layer undergoes tensile and compressive (shear) deformation to dissipate energy; under the action of moderate and large earthquakes, the middle corrugated steel plate, the thin corrugated steel plate layer in the rubber-steel plate laminated layer and the shape memory alloy rod yield and undergo elastic-plastic deformation to dissipate energy.

Beneficial effects of the present invention:

The present invention proposes a modular SMA composite viscoelastic damper, which utilizes the deformation and energy dissipation of the central corrugated steel plate, the rubber steel plate laminated layer, and the shape memory alloy rod, giving full play to the advantages of metal and viscoelastic materials, and can participate in the work and dissipate energy under the action of small earthquakes, medium earthquakes, and large earthquakes, and has a certain self-reset ability after the earthquake action disappears, which can effectively reduce the residual displacement of the damper component and reduce the damage to the main structure. That is, the dual purpose of shock absorption and recoverable function can be achieved at the same time, so it has a wide application prospect in the field of seismic reinforcement and repair of engineering structures.

By using modular SMA composite viscoelastic dampers to absorb and dissipate seismic energy, the seismic response of the structure can be reduced and the safety of the main structure can be effectively protected. During an earthquake, the damage is mainly concentrated on the damper, and the damage to the main structure is reduced as much as possible, so as to achieve the purpose of controllable damage; after the earthquake, the damaged components can be replaced to restore the use function of the structure. Therefore, the modular SMA composite viscoelastic damper has two types of recoverable structures: self-resetting ability and replaceable structure.

The damper is arranged in different structural positions, resulting in different stress forms, and can be divided into tension and compression type and shear type. Under frequent earthquakes, the rubber is deformed by tension and compression (shear), and the shape memory alloy rod slides in the channel to dissipate energy, while the corrugated steel plate and shape memory alloy are in the elastic stage and do not participate in energy dissipation; under rare earthquakes, the rubber is deformed by tension and compression (shear), and the shape memory alloy and corrugated steel plate are deformed by elastic-plastic deformation to dissipate energy, so it has the characteristics of strong energy dissipation capacity and wide application range.

The upper connecting end plate, the lower front connecting end plate and the lower rear connecting end plate of the damper are all provided with bolt holes for connecting with the embedded steel plates in the cast-in-place or prefabricated components through bolts, which is convenient for disassembly and installation. Moreover, it can be replaced quickly and effectively after an earthquake, achieving the purpose of convenient connection and replacement.

The middle side limit plate of the damper is connected to the front limit plate and the rear limit plate by small angle steel, which is convenient for maintenance and disassembly, and is convenient for post-earthquake maintenance and replacement of damaged parts, thereby improving the use efficiency of the damper.

Four shape memory alloy rods are arranged in the damper. The shape memory alloy rods have superelasticity and shape memory. Phase change occurs inside the shape memory alloy rods during deformation, thereby providing energy dissipation capacity and restoring force. After the external force is unloaded, the shape memory alloy rods can return to the state before loading, reducing the residual displacement of the damper. The damper has a certain self-resetting ability and better protects the safety of the main structure.

The manufacturing process of each component of the present invention is simple, each component is prefabricated in a factory and assembled on site, the assembly method is flexible and the economic benefit is high.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a three-dimensional view of the tension-compression damper of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the tension-compression damper of the present invention.

FIG3 is a schematic plan view of the rubber-steel plate laminated layer of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a three-dimensional view of the shear type damper of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the shear type damper of the present invention.

FIG6 is a schematic diagram of a first application of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a second application of the present invention.

FIG8 is a schematic diagram of a third application of the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a Mises stress cloud diagram 1 of the present invention under ABAQUS finite element software modeling.

FIG. 10 is a second Mises stress cloud diagram of the present invention under modeling using ABAQUS finite element software.

FIG. 11 is a third Mises stress cloud diagram of the present invention under modeling using ABAQUS finite element software.

FIG. 12 is a hysteresis curve extracted by the present invention under ABAQUS finite element software modeling.

Reference numerals:

In the figure: 1-upper connecting end plate; 2-middle corrugated steel plate; 3-rubber steel plate laminated layer; 4-small angle steel; 5-front limit plate; 6-rear limit plate; 7-side limit plate; 8-lower front connecting end plate; 9-lower rear connecting end plate; 10-shape memory alloy rod; 11-rubber layer; 12-thin corrugated steel plate layer; 13-damper; 14-shear wall; 15-beam; 16-energy dissipation connecting beam; 17-column.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention is further described in detail below in conjunction with embodiments.

As shown in Figures 1 to 5, a modular SMA composite viscoelastic damper of the present invention includes an upper connecting end plate 1, a middle corrugated steel plate 2, a rubber steel plate laminated layer 3, a small angle steel 4, a front limit plate 5, a rear limit plate 6, a side limit plate 7, a lower front connecting end plate 8, a lower rear connecting end plate 9, a shape memory alloy rod 10, a rubber layer 11, and a thin corrugated steel plate layer 12.

As shown in Figures 1 and 2, a tension-compression damper is shown. The energy-absorbing components include a middle corrugated steel plate 2, a rubber steel plate laminated layer 3, and a shape memory alloy rod 10. The rubber steel plate laminated layer 3 is alternately arranged by rubber layers 11 and thin corrugated steel plate layers 12. The number of layers can be adjusted according to actual engineering needs. The tops of two rubber steel plate laminated layers 3 of equal size are lower than the upper end of the middle corrugated steel plate 2, and are symmetrically distributed on both sides of the middle corrugated steel plate 2 and connected by butyl acrylate to form a whole. In the central area, there are four plum blossom-shaped channels distributed in a diamond shape. The diameter of the channel is twice the diameter of the shape memory alloy rod 10. Four shape memory alloy rods 4 are respectively located in the channels to form an overall energy-absorbing unit.

The upper end of the middle corrugated steel plate 2 of the modular SMA composite viscoelastic damper is connected to the bottom surface of the upper connecting end plate 1 by welding, and is located in the middle of the bottom surface of the upper connecting end plate 1; the two lower connecting end plates are respectively connected to the front and rear limit plates by welding.

The short sides of the middle corrugated steel plate 2, the rubber steel plate superposition layer 3, the front limit plate 5, and the rear limit plate 6 of the modular SMA composite viscoelastic damper are in the same straight line, and the side limit plate 7 is installed to prevent it from deforming in the short side direction. Eight small foot steels 4 are arranged to be connected with the front limit plate 5 and the rear limit plate 6 by bolts, and two small angle steels 4 are evenly distributed along the height direction of each edge.

The upper connecting end plate 1, the lower front connecting end plate 8, and the lower rear connecting end plate 9 are connected to the steel members reserved in the structure through high-strength bolts. The upper end of the middle corrugated steel plate 2 is located in the middle of the bottom surface of the upper connecting end plate 1 and is connected by welding. The tops of the two rubber steel plate laminated layers 3 of equal size are lower than the upper end of the middle corrugated steel plate 2, symmetrically distributed on both sides and connected by butyl acrylate. Four plum blossom-shaped channels with the same diameter are opened in the middle area of the middle corrugated steel plate 2 and the rubber steel plate laminated layer 3. The channels are distributed in the middle area in a diamond shape. Four shape memory alloy rods 10 are placed in the channels. The lower connecting end plate is composed of the lower front connecting end plate 8 and the lower rear connecting end plate 9. The lower connecting end plate is divided into The two pieces are separated and are welded to the front limit plate 5 and the rear limit plate 6 respectively. The distance between the limit plate and the long side of one side of the lower connecting end plate is to meet the requirement of the reserved bolt hole diameter + 10mm, and the distance from the short sides on both sides is equal. The front limit plate 5 and the rear limit plate 6 are respectively located on the outside of the rubber steel plate laminated layer 3 and are connected by butyl acrylate. The side surfaces of the middle corrugated steel plate 2, the rubber steel plate laminated layer 3, the front limit plate 5, and the rear limit plate 6 are in the same straight line. The side limit plate 7 is installed to prevent it from out-of-plane deformation. Eight small foot steels 4 are set to realize the connection with the front limit plate 5 and the rear limit plate 6, and two small angle steels 4 are evenly distributed along the height direction of each edge.

As shown in FIG2 , the internal structure of the tension-compression damper is shown. When the tension-compression force is small, the rubber layer is deformed by tension and compression, and the shape memory alloy rod 10 slides up and down in the channel to dissipate energy. When the tension-compression force is large, the rubber layer is deformed by tension and compression, and the shape memory alloy and the corrugated steel plate are elastic-plastic deformed. The rubber, shape memory alloy and corrugated steel plate work together to have good hysteresis energy dissipation characteristics.

As shown in Figure 3, the plane diagram of the rubber-steel laminated layer clearly defines the positions of the crests, troughs and ridges. The wave design can effectively prevent out-of-plane buckling, thereby giving full play to the strength of the material and improving the energy dissipation capacity of the damper.

As shown in Figures 4 and 5, this is a shear type damper. The difference from the tension and compression type damper is that the corrugations in the middle corrugated steel plate 2 and the rubber steel plate laminated layer 3 are horizontal corrugations, the shape memory alloy rod 10 slides left and right in the channel to dissipate energy, and no small angle steel 4 or side limit plate 7 is provided.

As shown in FIG6 , the present invention is arranged at the toe of the shear wall 14. According to research and earthquake damage investigation, damage to the toe of the shear wall structure seriously affects the overall performance of the structure. When a damper is arranged at the toe of the shear wall, when an earthquake occurs, the damper undergoes axial tensile and compressive deformation, so that the damage is concentrated on the damper to protect the safety of the main structure. During construction, a damper installation position is reserved in the bottom area of the shear wall, and a connecting steel plate is reserved in the shear wall for bolt connection with the damper. The damper placement position is determined according to the energy of the earthquake and the plastic area at the toe of the shear wall that is prone to damage under the earthquake. The horizontal distribution of the steel bars of the shear wall within the height range parallel to the damper is densely arranged to compensate for the loss of bearing capacity. The bearing capacity of the shear wall structure 14 equipped with the damper is basically the same as that of the original intact shear wall structure, but its energy dissipation capacity is much greater than that of the original replaced wall foot. After the earthquake, it has a certain self-reset ability to ensure the functional requirements of the structure.

As shown in FIG7 , the present invention is set in the energy-absorbing connecting beam 16. The shear wall connecting beam is very easy to be damaged and difficult to repair due to its strength, ductility and bearing capacity. The energy-absorbing connecting beam is set by using a damper. The energy-absorbing connecting beam is located between two shear walls 14. A steel plate is embedded at the connection end of the non-energy-absorbing section and the energy-absorbing section, and connected to the SMA composite viscoelastic damper through high-strength bolts. Under the action of an earthquake, the damper acts as the first line of defense, dissipating energy by shear deformation. Because it has a certain self-reset ability, when the external force is unloaded, the main structure can be restored to its state before loading without repair, reducing its maintenance cost.

As shown in FIG8 , the present invention is arranged in the shear wall 14. The horizontal joints of the prefabricated assembled building are weak links in connection and are prone to deformation and damage under earthquake action. The present invention is arranged at the horizontal joints of the shear wall and is connected to the steel plate in the prefabricated component by bolts. The connection is efficient and convenient. When subjected to external excitation, the damper undergoes reciprocating shear motion to dissipate the vibration energy in the input structure, that is, to improve the connection strength and ductility at the horizontal joints, and to protect the safety of the main structure.

As shown in Figures 9 to 11, the invented SMA composite viscoelastic damper was numerically analyzed using ABAQUS finite element analysis software. From the Mises stress cloud diagram, it can be seen that the deformation mainly occurs in the middle corrugated steel plate, shape memory rod and thin corrugated steel plate, indicating that the SMA composite viscoelastic damper designed in the present invention can achieve the purpose of energy dissipation and shock reduction, and the purpose of rapid recovery of the use function can be achieved by repairing and replacing damaged parts after an earthquake.

As shown in FIG12 , the hysteresis loop is extracted by the ABAQUS finite element analysis software of the present invention. It can be seen from the hysteresis curve that the damper designed by the present invention has a full inverted S-shape, and the residual displacement of the damper after the external force is unloaded is less than 1 mm, indicating that it has excellent self-resetting ability, and the energy consumption capacity continues to increase with the increase of displacement amplitude. It has the characteristics of high bearing capacity and stable energy consumption performance, and can be widely used in practical engineering.

After an earthquake occurs, the damper of the present invention dissipates energy through the rubber tensile, compressive, shear hysteresis deformation energy dissipation in the rubber-steel plate laminated layer 3 and the yielding of the corrugated steel plate and the shape memory alloy rod, thereby protecting the main structure from damage or causing minor damage. The shape memory alloy rod has a certain self-resetting property, which can significantly reduce the residual displacement of the structure, thereby achieving the purpose of protecting the structure while being safe and economical.

The present invention is applicable to small, medium and large earthquakes, and has "fast response and easy triggering energy consumption in small earthquakes, elastic-plastic energy consumption in medium earthquakes, overall elastic-plastic and local plastic energy consumption in large earthquakes, and a new type of damper with self-reset capability after earthquakes". After the earthquake, according to the actual damage of the new damper, after testing and evaluation, if the whole is intact, it can be partially disassembled and the damaged parts replaced and then continued to be used, thereby reducing the cost of post-earthquake repair and reducing economic losses, and meeting the safety requirements of the post-earthquake structure.

Claims (9)

1. A modular SMA composite viscoelastic damper, characterized in that it comprises an upper connecting end plate (1) and a lower connecting end plate which are arranged horizontally, the upper connecting end plate (1) and the lower connecting end plate are arranged vertically opposite to each other, a middle corrugated steel plate (2) is vertically arranged between the upper connecting end plate (1) and the lower connecting end plate, and rubber steel plate laminated layers (3) of the same size are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the middle corrugated steel plate (2); Four plum blossom-shaped holes with the same diameter are opened in the middle area of the middle corrugated steel plate (2) and the rubber steel plate laminated layer (3), and the holes are distributed in the middle area in a rhombus shape, and four shape memory alloy rods (10) are placed in the holes; The lower connecting end plate comprises a lower front connecting end plate (8) and a lower rear connecting end plate (9), and the lower front connecting end plate (8) and the lower rear connecting end plate (9) are assembled together; A front limit plate (5) is vertically arranged above the lower front connection end plate (8), and a rear limit plate (6) is vertically arranged above the lower rear connection end plate (9), and the front limit plate (5) and the rear limit plate (6) are respectively located on the outer surfaces of the rubber steel plate laminated layers (3) on both sides; The top end of the rubber steel plate laminated layer (3) is lower than the upper end of the middle corrugated steel plate (2) and does not contact the bottom surface of the upper connecting end plate (1). 2. A modular SMA composite viscoelastic damper according to claim 1, characterized in that the lower front connecting end plate (8) and the lower rear connecting end plate (9) are square structures, and the distance between the front limiting plate (5) and the rear limiting plate (6) and the long side of one side of the lower front connecting end plate (8) and the lower rear connecting end plate (9) is to meet the requirement of the reserved bolt hole diameter + 10mm, and the distance from the short sides on both sides is equal; The front limit plate (5), the rear limit plate (6) and the rubber steel plate laminated layer (3) are connected by butyl acrylate, and the side surfaces of the middle corrugated steel plate (2), the rubber steel plate laminated layer (3), the front limit plate (5) and the rear limit plate (6) are located on the same vertical plane; The rubber steel plate laminate layer (3) is connected to the middle corrugated steel plate (2) via butyl acrylate. 3. A modular SMA composite viscoelastic damper according to claim 1, characterized in that the surface of the middle corrugated steel plate (2) and the rubber steel plate laminated layer (3) is a corrugated structure, and the corrugated structure is divided into vertical corrugations and horizontal corrugations; When the corrugation is vertical, it is a tension-compression type SMA composite viscoelastic damper; a side limit plate (7) is installed on the outer side of the middle corrugated steel plate (2), the rubber steel plate laminated layer (3), the front limit plate (5), and the rear limit plate (6) as a whole, and the side limit plate (7) prevents them from out-of-plane deformation; The front limit plate (5), the rear limit plate (6) and the side limit plate (7) are enclosed as a whole, and eight small foot steels (4) are arranged at the joints of the four sides for realizing connection with the front limit plate (5) and the rear limit plate (6), and two small angle steels (4) are evenly distributed along the height direction of each side; When the corrugation is horizontal, it is a shear-type SMA composite viscoelastic damper, and the small foot steel (4) and the side limit plate (7) are not provided. 4. A modular SMA composite viscoelastic damper according to claim 1, characterized in that the middle corrugated steel plate (2) and the rubber steel plate laminated layer (3) are respectively composed of multiple rubber layers (11) and thin corrugated steel plate layers (12), and the rubber layer (11) and the thin corrugated steel plate layer (12) both adopt a corrugated cross-section, and the corrugated cross-section includes a crest, a trough and a ridge, and the wave angle is defined as the outer angle between the trough or the crest and the ridge, and the angle is 30°, 45°, or 60°. 5. A modular SMA composite viscoelastic damper according to claim 4, characterized in that the rubber-steel plate laminated layer (3) is connected by a rubber layer (11) and a thin corrugated steel plate layer (12) through high temperature and high pressure vulcanization, the rubber layer (11) and the thin corrugated steel plate layer (12) in the rubber-steel plate laminated layer (3) are arranged alternately, and there are two arrangements of the corrugated steel plates, namely vertical corrugation and horizontal corrugation, the thin corrugated steel plate layer (12) is used as a mold to make the rubber layer (11) also present a corrugated cross section, and the vertical corrugation is applied to the tension-compression type SMA composite viscoelastic damper; The horizontal corrugation is applied to a shear-type SMA composite viscoelastic damper, and its deformation and energy dissipation requirements are met by adjusting the thickness and number of the rubber layer (11) and the thin corrugated steel plate layer (12) in the rubber-steel plate laminate layer (3). 6. A modular SMA composite viscoelastic damper according to claim 1, characterized in that the diameter of the plum blossom-shaped channel is twice the diameter of the shape memory alloy rod (10), four channels are distributed in a diamond shape in the middle area, and four shape memory alloy rods (10) with the same diameter are placed in the channel; Two holes are located in the middle of the rubber-steel plate laminated layer (3) and are distributed vertically, and the other two holes are located in the middle and are distributed horizontally. The four plum blossom-shaped holes should be distributed in the rubber-steel plate laminated layer (3) in a rhombus shape, and the distance between the plum blossom-shaped holes in the same direction is 5 times the diameter of the shape memory alloy rod (10). In the case of small deformation, the rubber in the rubber-steel laminated layer (3) is sheared and deformed, and the shape memory alloy rod (10) slides in the plum blossom-shaped channel along the rubber deformation direction to dissipate energy; in the case of large deformation, the rubber in the rubber-steel laminated layer (3) is sheared and deformed, and the thin corrugated steel layer (12) and the shape memory alloy rod (10) yield and produce elastic-plastic deformation to dissipate energy. 7. A modular SMA composite viscoelastic damper according to claim 1, characterized in that the top of the upper connecting end plate (1) is provided with six bolt holes, and the lower front connecting end plate (8) and the lower rear connecting end plate (9) are respectively provided with three bolt holes, and are connected to the embedded steel plates in the cast-in-place or prefabricated assembled components by high-strength bolts; The upper connecting end plate (1), the middle corrugated steel plate (2), the thin corrugated steel plate (12) in the rubber steel plate laminated layer (3), the front limit plate (5), the rear limit plate (6), the side limit plate (7), the lower front connecting end plate (8), and the lower rear connecting end plate (9) are made of ordinary steel with a yield point of 345 MPa, and the rubber layer (11) in the rubber steel plate laminated layer (3) is nitrile rubber. 8. A method for using a modular SMA composite viscoelastic damper according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: Under the action of a small earthquake, the rubber layer (11) and the thin steel plate (12) in the rubber-steel plate laminate (3) undergo elastic shear deformation, and the shape memory alloy rod (10) dissipates energy by sliding friction in the plum blossom-shaped hole along the deformation direction, and the two dissipate energy in a coordinated manner; Under the action of a moderate earthquake, the rubber layer (11) and the thin steel plate (12) in the rubber-steel plate laminated layer (3) undergo significant deformation, the thin steel plate (12) undergoes local plastic deformation, and the shape memory alloy rod (10) undergoes elastic deformation; Under the action of a large earthquake, the rubber layer (11) and the thin steel plate (12) in the rubber-steel plate laminated layer (3), the thin steel plate (12) enters a plastic state, undergoes local elastic-plastic deformation by the shape memory alloy rod (10), and provides a restoring force after unloading, so that the damper returns to the state before loading. 9. The use of a modular SMA composite viscoelastic damper according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the modular SMA composite viscoelastic damper is prefabricated in a factory or assembled on site; The modular SMA composite viscoelastic damper is arranged in the toe of the shear wall, the connecting beam and the frame brace. Under the action of earthquake, the damper undergoes tensile and compressive (shear) deformation to dissipate energy. Under the action of a small earthquake, the shape memory alloy rod (10) slides in the hole, and the rubber in the rubber-steel plate laminated layer (3) undergoes tensile and compressive (shearing) deformation to dissipate energy; under the action of a medium or large earthquake, the middle corrugated steel plate (2), the thin corrugated steel plate layer (12) in the rubber-steel plate laminated layer (3), and the shape memory alloy rod (10) yield and undergo elastic-plastic deformation to dissipate energy.