CN118263543B - Additive-containing aqueous zinc ion battery electrolyte, preparation method thereof and zinc ion battery - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses an aqueous zinc ion battery electrolyte containing additives, a preparation method thereof and a zinc ion battery. The electrolyte comprises zinc salt, water and additives; the additive is a mixture of aminosilane coupling agent and cerous sulfate; the preparation method comprises: dissolving zinc sulfate in deionized water to prepare a zinc sulfate solution, then adding cerous sulfate to the zinc sulfate solution, ultrasonically dispersing to prepare a uniform solution, and finally adding the aminosilane coupling agent to the uniform solution, stirring fully to prepare an electrolyte. An aqueous zinc ion battery comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a diaphragm and the aqueous zinc ion battery electrolyte. The electrolyte is applied to an aqueous zinc ion battery to improve the cycle stability of the battery, prevent the short circuit of the aqueous zinc ion battery, inhibit the growth of zinc dendrites, avoid the production of byproducts and hydrogen evolution corrosion, and extend the cycle life of the zinc ion battery.

Description

Aqueous zinc ion battery electrolyte containing additives, preparation method thereof, and zinc ion battery

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of aqueous zinc ion batteries, and in particular to an aqueous zinc ion battery electrolyte containing an additive, a preparation method thereof, and a zinc ion battery.

Background Art

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries have the advantages of high safety, low cost, and environmental friendliness. In addition, the redox potential of the zinc negative electrode is low (-0.76V, vs. SHE) and the theoretical specific capacity is high (820mAh g ^-1 ). This battery system is considered to be an ideal choice for large-scale energy storage systems. However, the metal zinc negative electrode has high chemical activity and is prone to chemical corrosion in the electrolyte, resulting in surface passivation and reducing the coulombic efficiency of the battery. In addition, during the repeated deposition/stripping process, uneven dendrite growth will occur, reducing the utilization rate of the zinc negative electrode and even penetrating the diaphragm to cause a short circuit in the battery. These problems have greatly limited the specific capacity and cycle life of aqueous zinc-ion batteries and hindered their commercial application. The electrolyte additive strategy has a good effect on improving the performance of the metal zinc negative electrode, and the method is simple and easy to implement, and can be implemented without changing the zinc-ion battery assembly process. Therefore, exploring a class of suitable electrolyte additives is of great significance to promoting the commercial application of aqueous zinc-ion batteries.

Silane coupling agent (SCA) can undergo hydrolysis reaction when in contact with water to generate silanol (Si-OH), which can undergo dehydration condensation to form a polymer network. The polymer can be tightly adsorbed to the surface of metal materials to form a dense protective layer, so it is often used in the field of metal corrosion and protection. Silanes containing amino functional groups can undergo hydrolysis to produce zinc hydroxysulfate, which can be wrapped in the polymer network to form an inorganic-organic hybrid film, thereby improving the density and stability of the adsorption layer. Metal ion electrolyte additives can be adsorbed on the protruding parts of the deposition layer during the deposition process, which is beneficial to inhibit the "tip effect" and inhibit dendrite growth, and are widely used in the field of metal deposition. At present, there is no literature report on the co-addition of silane coupling agent and metal ions to improve the metal zinc negative electrode.

Summary of the invention

The object of the present invention is to provide an aqueous zinc ion battery electrolyte containing an additive, a preparation method thereof and a zinc ion battery. The electrolyte is applied to an aqueous zinc ion battery to improve the cycle stability of the battery, prevent the short circuit of the aqueous zinc ion battery, inhibit the growth of zinc dendrites, avoid the production of by-products and hydrogen evolution corrosion, and extend the cycle life of the zinc ion battery.

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides an aqueous zinc ion battery electrolyte containing additives, comprising zinc salt, water and additives; the additive is a mixture of aminosilane coupling agent and cerous sulfate.

Preferably, the aminosilane coupling agent is one of γ-aminoethylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane.

Preferably, the volume fraction of the aminosilane coupling agent in the electrolyte is 0.05-5%, and the concentration of cerous sulfate is 1-10 mM.

Preferably, the zinc salt includes one or more of zinc sulfate, zinc bromide, zinc nitrate, zinc chloride and zinc trifluoromethanesulfonate, and the concentration of the zinc salt is 1-2 mol/L.

The present invention also provides a method for preparing the above-mentioned aqueous zinc ion battery electrolyte containing additives, which specifically comprises the following steps: dissolving zinc sulfate in deionized water to prepare a zinc sulfate solution, then adding cerous sulfate to the zinc sulfate solution, ultrasonically dispersing to prepare a uniform solution, and finally adding an aminosilane coupling agent to the uniform solution, and fully stirring to prepare an electrolyte.

Preferably, the stirring speed is 600-1400 r/min, and the stirring time is 5-10 min.

The invention also provides an aqueous zinc ion battery, comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a diaphragm and the aqueous zinc ion battery electrolyte.

Preferably, the positive electrode is vanadium pentoxide or manganese dioxide, the negative electrode is zinc sheet, and the separator is glass fiber.

Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages:

The aminosilane coupling agent of the present invention can be hydrolyzed to produce zinc hydroxysulfate, and a condensation reaction occurs at the same time to form a polymer network. The two constitute an inorganic-organic hybrid membrane with high ionic conductivity, inducing uniform deposition of zinc ions, blocking direct contact between electrodes and electrolytes, and inhibiting chemical corrosion; the cerium ions in cerous sulfate can balance the interfacial electric field and further inhibit dendrite growth. The composite additive is used in aqueous zinc ion batteries to exert the synergistic effect of the two-component additives, greatly improving the specific capacity and cycle stability of the battery. The composite electrolyte additive method adopted by the present invention is simple to operate, the conditions are controllable, and it is easy to achieve large-scale production.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG1 is a linear sweep cyclic voltammetry (LSV) graph (a) using the electrolyte of Comparative Examples 3 to 5 and Comparative Example 1 and an LSV graph (b) obtained from Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 2;

FIG2 is a Tafel diagram of the electrolytes obtained in Comparative Example 4, Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 to 2;

FIG3 is a differential capacitance curve of the electrolyte obtained in Comparative Example 4, Example 1 and Comparative Example 1;

Fig. 4 is an infrared test of the centrifugal product of the solution of Comparative Example 4;

Figure 5 is a cross-sectional electron microscope (Figures ac) of the electrolyte obtained in Comparative Example 4, Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 after 50 cycles at a current density of 1 mA cm ^-2 and a surface capacity of 1 mAh cm ^-2 ; Figures df are deposited surface electron microscope (Figures df) of the electrolyte obtained in Comparative Example 4, Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 after 50 cycles at a current density of 1 mA cm ^-2 and a surface capacity of 1 mAh cm ^-2 ;

Figure 6 is a cycle diagram of the symmetrical battery obtained in Comparative Application Examples 4 to 5 and Comparative Application Example 1 at a current density of 4 mA cm ^-2 and a surface capacity of 4 mAh cm ^-2 (a); a cycle diagram of the symmetrical battery obtained in Application Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Application Example 1 at a current density of 4 mA cm ^-2 and a surface capacity of 4 mAh cm ^-2 (b);

FIG7 is a graph showing the coulombic efficiency of the zinc-copper battery obtained in Comparative Application Example 4, Application Example 1 and Comparative Application Example 1 at 1 mA cm ^-2 and 1 mAh cm ^-2 ;

FIG8 is a long cycle diagram of comparative application example 4, application example 1 and the full battery obtained from comparative application example 1 at 2Ag ^-1 .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

Example 1

An aqueous zinc ion battery electrolyte containing additives, comprising zinc sulfate, water and additives; the additive is a mixture of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and cerous sulfate; the volume fraction of the 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane in the electrolyte is 1%, the concentration of cerous sulfate is 1mM; the concentration of the zinc sulfate is 2mol/L;

The preparation method of the aqueous zinc ion battery electrolyte containing the additive comprises the following specific steps: preparing 10 mL, dissolving zinc sulfate in deionized water to prepare a 2 mol/L zinc sulfate solution, then adding cerous sulfate to the zinc sulfate solution, ultrasonically dispersing for 5 minutes to prepare a uniform solution with a concentration of cerous sulfate of 1 mM, and finally adding 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane to the uniform solution to prepare a uniform suspension with a volume fraction of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane of 1% of the electrolyte, stirring fully for 10 minutes at a stirring speed of 1000 r/min to prepare the electrolyte.

Example 2

An aqueous zinc ion battery electrolyte containing additives, comprising zinc sulfate, water and additives; the additive is a mixture of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and cerous sulfate; the volume fraction of the 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane in the electrolyte is 1%, the concentration of cerous sulfate is 5mM; the concentration of the zinc sulfate is 2mol/L;

The preparation method of the aqueous zinc ion battery electrolyte containing the additive comprises the following specific steps: preparing 10 mL, dissolving zinc sulfate in deionized water to prepare a 2 mol/L zinc sulfate solution, then adding cerous sulfate to the zinc sulfate solution, ultrasonically dispersing for 5 minutes to prepare a uniform solution with a concentration of cerous sulfate of 5 mM, and finally adding 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane to the uniform solution to prepare a uniform suspension with a volume fraction of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane of 1% of the electrolyte, stirring fully for 10 minutes at a stirring speed of 1000 r/min to prepare the electrolyte.

Example 3

An aqueous zinc ion battery electrolyte containing additives, comprising zinc sulfate, water and additives; the additive is a mixture of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and cerous sulfate; the volume fraction of the 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane in the electrolyte is 1%, the concentration of cerous sulfate is 10mM; the concentration of the zinc sulfate is 2mol/L;

The preparation method of the aqueous zinc ion battery electrolyte containing the additive comprises the following specific steps: preparing 10 mL, dissolving zinc sulfate in deionized water to prepare a 2 mol/L zinc sulfate solution, then adding cerous sulfate to the zinc sulfate solution, ultrasonically dispersing for 5 minutes to prepare a uniform solution with a cerous sulfate concentration of 10 mM, and finally adding 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane to the uniform solution to prepare a uniform suspension with a volume fraction of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane of 1% of the electrolyte, stirring fully for 10 minutes at a stirring speed of 1000 r/min to prepare the electrolyte.

Example 4

An aqueous zinc ion battery electrolyte containing additives, comprising zinc sulfate, water and additives; the additive is a mixture of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and cerous sulfate; the volume fraction of the 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane in the electrolyte is 0.05%, the concentration of cerous sulfate is 1 mM; the concentration of the zinc sulfate is 2 mol/L;

The preparation method of the aqueous zinc ion battery electrolyte containing the additive comprises the following specific steps: preparing 10 mL, dissolving zinc sulfate in deionized water to prepare a 2 mol/L zinc sulfate solution, then adding cerous sulfate to the zinc sulfate solution, ultrasonically dispersing for 5 minutes to prepare a uniform solution with a cerous sulfate concentration of 1 mM, and finally adding 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane to the uniform solution to prepare a uniform suspension with a volume fraction of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane of 0.05% of the electrolyte, stirring fully for 10 minutes at a stirring speed of 600 r/min to prepare the electrolyte.

Example 5

An aqueous zinc ion battery electrolyte containing additives, comprising zinc sulfate, water and additives; the additive is a mixture of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and cerous sulfate; the volume fraction of the 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane in the electrolyte is 5%, the concentration of cerous sulfate is 1mM; the concentration of the zinc sulfate is 2mol/L;

The preparation method of the aqueous zinc ion battery electrolyte containing the additive comprises the following specific steps: preparing 10 mL, dissolving zinc sulfate in deionized water to prepare a 2 mol/L zinc sulfate solution, then adding cerous sulfate to the zinc sulfate solution, ultrasonically dispersing for 5 minutes to prepare a uniform solution with a cerous sulfate concentration of 1 mM, and finally adding 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane to the uniform solution to prepare a uniform suspension in which the volume fraction of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane in the electrolyte is 5%, and fully stirring for 10 minutes at a stirring speed of 1400 r/min to prepare the electrolyte.

Comparative Example 1

A method for preparing an aqueous zinc ion battery electrolyte comprises the following specific steps: preparing 10 mL of zinc sulfate, dissolving zinc sulfate in deionized water to obtain a 2 mol/L zinc sulfate solution as the electrolyte.

Comparative Example 2

A method for preparing an aqueous zinc ion battery electrolyte comprises the following specific steps: preparing 10 mL of zinc sulfate, dissolving zinc sulfate in deionized water to obtain a 2 mol/L zinc sulfate solution, then adding cerous sulfate to the zinc sulfate solution, and ultrasonically dispersing for 5 minutes to obtain a uniform solution with a cerous sulfate concentration of 1 mM as the electrolyte.

Comparative Example 3

A method for preparing an aqueous zinc ion battery electrolyte containing an additive, the specific steps of which are: preparing 10 mL of zinc sulfate, dissolving zinc sulfate in deionized water to prepare a 2 mol/L zinc sulfate solution, then adding 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane to the zinc sulfate solution to prepare a uniform suspension in which the volume fraction of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane in the electrolyte is 0.5%, and fully stirring for 10 minutes at a stirring speed of 1000 r/min to prepare the electrolyte.

Comparative Example 4

A method for preparing an aqueous zinc ion battery electrolyte containing an additive, the specific steps of which are: preparing 10 mL of zinc sulfate, dissolving zinc sulfate in deionized water to prepare a 2 mol/L zinc sulfate solution, then adding 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane to the zinc sulfate solution to prepare a uniform suspension in which the volume fraction of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane in the electrolyte is 1%, and fully stirring for 10 minutes at a stirring speed of 1000 r/min to prepare the electrolyte.

Comparative Example 5

A method for preparing an aqueous zinc ion battery electrolyte containing an additive, the specific steps of which are: preparing 10 mL of zinc sulfate, dissolving zinc sulfate in deionized water to prepare a 2 mol/L zinc sulfate solution, then adding 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane to the zinc sulfate solution to prepare a uniform suspension in which the volume fraction of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane in the electrolyte is 2%, and fully stirring for 10 minutes at a stirring speed of 1000 r/min to prepare the electrolyte.

As shown in Figure 1(a), from the perspective of hydrogen evolution potential, when the silane additive is present, the hydrogen evolution reaction is inhibited; when the volume fraction of the additive is 1%, the hydrogen evolution reaction is inhibited to the greatest extent; as shown in Figure 1(b), from the perspective of hydrogen evolution potential, when the cerium ion content in the composite additive is 1 mM, the hydrogen evolution reaction is inhibited to the greatest extent.

As shown in FIG. 2 , from the perspective of corrosion current, the corrosion current of the modified electrolytes of Comparative Example 4 and Example 1 is smaller than that of the blank electrolyte of Comparative Example 1 and the electrolyte of Comparative Example 2 with 1 mM cerous sulfate added.

As can be seen from FIG3 , the capacitance values of the modified electrolytes of Comparative Example 4 and Example 1 are smaller than the capacitance value of the blank electrolyte of Comparative Example 1, indicating that the silane-coated organic-inorganic hybrid film is successfully adsorbed on the electrode surface.

Figure 4 demonstrates the successful construction of the silane-coated organic-inorganic hybrid membrane.

As can be seen from Figure 5, the surface of the electron microscope in Comparative Example 4 with the addition of silane additive is smoother than the surface of the blank electrolyte in Comparative Example 1, and the effect of the composite additive in Example 1 is better than that in Comparative Example 4. It can be seen that the aminosilane additive inhibits the growth of dendrites on the surface of the zinc electrode, and the addition of cerium ions further refines the particles and reduces the generation of dendrites.

Application Example 1

Preparation of aqueous zinc ion symmetric battery: 90 μL of the modified electrolyte prepared in Example 1 was dropped on the glass fiber, and the symmetric battery was assembled in the order of negative electrode shell-spring-gasket-negative electrode zinc sheet-diaphragm-electrolyte-positive electrode zinc sheet-positive electrode shell.

Preparation of aqueous zinc ion zinc-copper battery: 90 μL of the modified electrolyte prepared in Example 1 was dropped onto the glass fiber, and the zinc-copper battery was assembled in the order of negative electrode shell-spring-gasket-negative zinc sheet-diaphragm-electrolyte-positive copper sheet-positive electrode shell.

Preparation of aqueous zinc ion full battery: 90 μL of the modified electrolyte prepared in Example 1 was dropped on the glass fiber, and the full battery was assembled in the order of negative electrode shell-spring-gasket-negative zinc sheet-diaphragm-electrolyte-positive electrode stainless steel sheet loaded with _{V2O5 -} positive electrode shell.

Application Example 2

Preparation of aqueous zinc ion symmetric battery: 90 μL of the modified electrolyte prepared in Example 2 was dropped on the glass fiber, and the symmetric battery was assembled in the order of negative electrode shell-spring-gasket-negative electrode zinc sheet-diaphragm-electrolyte-positive electrode zinc sheet-positive electrode shell.

Application Example 3

Preparation of aqueous zinc ion symmetric battery: 90 μL of the modified electrolyte prepared in Example 3 was dropped on the glass fiber, and the symmetric battery was assembled in the order of negative electrode shell-spring-gasket-negative zinc sheet-diaphragm-electrolyte-positive zinc sheet-positive electrode shell.

Comparative application example 1

Preparation of aqueous zinc ion symmetrical battery: 90 μL of the electrolyte prepared in Comparative Example 1 was dropped onto the glass fiber, and the symmetrical battery was assembled in the order of negative electrode shell-spring-gasket-negative electrode zinc sheet-diaphragm-electrolyte-positive electrode zinc sheet-positive electrode shell.

Preparation of aqueous zinc ion zinc-copper battery: 90 μL of the modified electrolyte prepared in Comparative Example 1 was dropped onto the glass fiber, and the zinc-copper battery was assembled in the order of negative electrode shell-spring-gasket-negative electrode zinc sheet-diaphragm-electrolyte-positive electrode copper sheet-positive electrode shell.

Preparation of aqueous zinc ion full battery: 90 μL of the modified electrolyte prepared in Comparative Example 1 was dropped onto the glass fiber, and the full battery was assembled in the order of negative electrode shell-spring-gasket-negative zinc sheet-diaphragm-electrolyte-positive electrode stainless steel sheet loaded with _{V2O5 -} positive electrode shell.

Comparative Application Example 2

Preparation of aqueous zinc ion symmetric battery: 90 μL of the electrolyte prepared in Comparative Example 2 was dropped onto the glass fiber, and the symmetric battery was assembled in the order of negative electrode shell-spring-gasket-negative electrode zinc sheet-diaphragm-electrolyte-positive electrode zinc sheet-positive electrode shell.

Comparative Application Example 3

Preparation of aqueous zinc ion symmetric battery: 90 μL of the modified electrolyte prepared in Comparative Example 3 was dropped on the glass fiber, and the symmetric battery was assembled in the order of negative electrode shell-spring-gasket-negative electrode zinc sheet-diaphragm-electrolyte-positive electrode zinc sheet-positive electrode shell.

Comparative Application Example 4

Preparation of aqueous zinc ion symmetric battery: 90 μL of the modified electrolyte prepared in Comparative Example 4 was dropped on the glass fiber, and the symmetric battery was assembled in the order of negative electrode shell-spring-gasket-negative electrode zinc sheet-diaphragm-electrolyte-positive electrode zinc sheet-positive electrode shell.

Preparation of aqueous zinc ion zinc-copper battery: 90 μL of the modified electrolyte prepared in Comparative Example 4 was dropped on the glass fiber, and the zinc-copper battery was assembled in the order of negative electrode shell-spring-gasket-negative electrode zinc sheet-diaphragm-electrolyte-positive electrode copper sheet-positive electrode shell.

Preparation of aqueous zinc ion full battery: 90 μL of the modified electrolyte prepared in Comparative Example 4 was dropped on the glass fiber, and the full battery was assembled in the order of negative electrode shell-spring-gasket-negative zinc sheet-diaphragm-electrolyte-positive electrode stainless steel sheet loaded with _{V2O5 -} positive electrode shell.

Comparative Application Example 5

Preparation of aqueous zinc ion symmetric battery: 90 μL of the modified electrolyte prepared in Comparative Example 5 was dropped on the glass fiber, and the symmetric battery was assembled in the order of negative electrode shell-spring-gasket-negative electrode zinc sheet-diaphragm-electrolyte-positive electrode zinc sheet-positive electrode shell.

As can be seen from Figure 6, the cycle life of the symmetrical battery in the blank electrolyte of Comparative Application Example 1 and the symmetrical battery in Comparative Application Example 2 with 1 mM Ce ₂ (SO ₄ ) ₃ added is less than 100 h, while the cycle life of the symmetrical battery in Comparative Application Example 4 with the electrolyte added with KH-540 exceeds 800 h, and the cycle life of the symmetrical battery in Application Example 1 with the electrolyte added with the composite additive exceeds 1200 h.

As can be seen from Figure 7, the zinc-copper battery with blank electrolyte in Comparative Application Example 1 failed after more than 100 cycles, while the zinc-copper battery with electrolyte added with KH-540 in Comparative Application Example 4 cycled for more than 300 cycles, and the zinc-copper battery with electrolyte added with composite additives in Application Example 1 cycled for more than 400 cycles.

As can be seen from Figure 8, the full battery capacity of the blank electrolyte in Comparative Application Example 1 decays rapidly, while the full battery of the electrolyte added with KH-540 in Comparative Application Example 4 still has a capacity of 190 mAh g ^-1 after 600 cycles; the full battery of the electrolyte added with the composite additive in Application Example 1 still has a capacity of 210 mAh g ^-1 after 600 cycles.

The zinc ion battery prepared by using the electrolyte additive _ZnSO4 composed of cerous sulfate and aminosilane coupling agent has a cycle performance of 1200h at a current density of 4.0mA cm ^-2 and 4.0mAh cm ^-2 , and the CE value in the full battery is stable and close to 100%, and the capacity retention rate reaches 79%, which is much better than the electrolyte using a single additive. Therefore, the synergistic effect of the composite electrolyte additive of cerous sulfate and aminosilane coupling agent realizes a highly stable and long cycle life aqueous zinc ion battery. The present invention provides a strategy for solving the problems of dendrite formation and side reactions, and promotes the development of the next generation of high-performance ZIBs.

Claims (7)

1. An aqueous zinc ion battery electrolyte containing additives, characterized in that it comprises zinc salt, water and additives; the additive is a mixture of aminosilane coupling agent and cerous sulfate; the volume fraction of the aminosilane coupling agent in the electrolyte is 0.05-5%, the concentration of cerous sulfate is 1-10 mM; the concentration of the zinc salt is 1-2 mol/L. 2. The aqueous zinc ion battery electrolyte containing additives according to claim 1, characterized in that the aminosilane coupling agent is one of γ-aminoethylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. 3. A kind of aqueous zinc ion battery electrolyte containing additive according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the zinc salt comprises one or more of zinc sulfate, zinc bromide, zinc nitrate, zinc chloride and zinc trifluoromethanesulfonate. 4. The method for preparing an aqueous zinc ion battery electrolyte containing an additive according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the specific steps are: dissolving zinc sulfate in deionized water to prepare a zinc sulfate solution, then adding cerous sulfate to the zinc sulfate solution, ultrasonically dispersing to obtain a uniform solution, and finally adding an aminosilane coupling agent to the uniform solution, and fully stirring to prepare an electrolyte. 5. The method for preparing an aqueous zinc ion battery electrolyte containing an additive according to claim 4, wherein the stirring speed is 600-1400 r/min and the stirring time is 5-10 min. 6. An aqueous zinc ion battery, characterized in that it comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator and the aqueous zinc ion battery electrolyte according to any one of claims 1 to 3. 7. An aqueous zinc ion battery according to claim 6, characterized in that the positive electrode is vanadium pentoxide or manganese dioxide, the negative electrode is a zinc sheet, and the separator is glass fiber.