CN116508772A - a herbicidal composition - Google Patents

Abstract

A herbicidal composition, containing active components (A) flufenacet, (B) diuron and (C) one of pendimethalin, oxadiazone or flufenacet. The weight ratio of the active component (A), active component (B) and active component (C) is 1-10:1-100:1-100. The present invention also relates to the use of said herbicidal composition in controlling the germination or growth of weeds in useful crops; said useful crops are selected from the group consisting of wheat, barley, rye, triticale, oats, corn, rice, soybean, peanut, Oilseed rape, corolla, potato, sugar beet, sugar cane, cotton, flax, sorghum, pasture, turf; especially useful for controlling weed germination or growth in cotton crops.

Description

a herbicidal composition

This application is a divisional application with the application number 201911260272.4, the application date is December 10, 2019, and the invention name is "a herbicidal composition".

technical field

The invention relates to a herbicidal composition and belongs to the field of crop protection; the herbicidal composition of the invention is especially suitable for controlling weeds in soybean, corn, peanut, cotton, sugarcane, potato and paddy fields.

Background technique

Long-term use of herbicides leads to changes in the susceptibility of herbicides to weeds. Improving herbicide control of tolerant or resistant weed species by increasing herbicide application rates is often unsatisfactory. Operations that increase herbicide application rates can reduce herbicide selectivity, or herbicidal efficacy does not improve even at higher application rates.

Therefore, in weed control, there is a need for herbicides with better overall selectivity for weeds; equal or better control at lower application rates; reduced active compound emissions into the environment to avoid, for example, leaching Dissolution and residual effects; combined fast-acting and long-acting effects, avoiding multiple applications.

Flumioxazin is described in EP170191C, and its structural formula is as formula I. With regard to its herbicidal properties, fluflumecil was not satisfactory in all respects.

Formula I

Contents of the invention

The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of herbicidal composition for above-mentioned deficiencies, solve at least one problem such as improving biological characteristics, providing synergistic characteristics, reducing dosage rate, expanding herbicidal spectrum, combining fast action and long-acting action, resistance Manage to delay resistance.

The present invention provides a herbicidal composition comprising an active ingredient

(A) Propyridine

and

(B) Diuron

and

(C) One of pendimethalin, oxadiazone or flufenacet.

In the herbicidal composition of the present invention, the weight ratio of the active components exists in a ratio to obtain a synergistic effect.

Wherein the weight ratio of the active component (A), active component (B) and active component (C) is 1-10:1-100:1-100.

Further, the weight ratio range of the active component (A), active component (B) and active component (C) is 1~10:1~50:1~50.

Furthermore, the weight ratio range of the active component (A), active component (B) and active component (C) is 1~10:1~20:1~20.

Furthermore, the weight ratio range of active component (A), active component (B) and active component (C) is 1~5:1~20:1~20.

Still further, the weight proportion range of active component (A), active component (B) and active component (C) is 1~5:5~20:5~20.

The present invention has surprisingly found that the combination of active ingredient (A), active ingredient (B) and active ingredient (C) cooperates in a particularly advantageous manner.

Weeds for which the simultaneous application of the active ingredients (A), (B) and (C) or the sequential application of the active ingredients (A), (B) and (C) is enhanced compared to the possible control of the individual compounds The control effect, this unexpected effect is a real synergistic effect and not just the summation of activities.

The herbicidal compositions according to the invention thus significantly reduce the application concentrations of the individual compounds. And it has a longer-term control time for weeds.

Firstly, in the herbicidal composition of the present invention, the application rate of a single compound is reduced while maintaining a good level of action; secondly, when a single compound becomes ineffective from an agroeconomic point of view in the range of low application rates, the herbicidal combination of the present invention achieves a high level of weed control.

The herbicidal compositions of the present invention significantly broaden the control spectrum of the compounds against weeds. The combination of the present invention not only maintains excellent control of weeds in useful crops, but also allows greater flexibility in subsequent crops.

The herbicidal composition of the present invention exhibits effective weed control effects on both upland weeds and paddy field weeds. Therefore, the herbicidal composition can be used on useful crops such as wheat, barley, rye, triticale, oats, corn, peanuts, soybeans, cotton, sugar cane, potatoes, rice crops or plantations such as citrus orchards, vineyards weed control in.

Therefore, the present invention provides the use of said herbicidal composition in controlling the germination or growth of weeds in useful crops; said useful crops are selected from the group consisting of wheat, barley, rye, triticale, oats, corn, peanuts, soybeans, cotton , sugar cane, potatoes, rice crops, citrus, grapes.

Particularly preferred useful crops according to the invention are maize, soybean, peanut, sugar cane, cotton, rice; cotton crops are particularly preferred.

The herbicidal compositions of the present invention can be used to control a large number of agroeconomically important weeds, such as:

The herbicidal compositions according to the invention are particularly suitable for controlling weeds, including grasses and broadleaf weeds, in fields of useful crops. For example:

Cotton crops - Weeds include Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa spp.), Stephania (Leptochloa spp.), Crabgrass (Digitaria spp.), Amaranthus (Amaranthus spp.), Cyperus (Cyperus spp.), Chenopodium (Chenopodium L.), Abutilon Miller, Setaria spp., Sagittaria spp., Sloanum, Amaranthus spp., Eleusine Gaertn. , Eclipta, etc.;

Wheat crops-weeds include Alopecurus species, Poa-species, Apera-species, Avena spp., Lolium- species), Bromus-Species, Myosotis spp., Gallium spp., Geranium spp., Veronica spp., Viola Viola spp., Lamium spp., Stellaria spp., Polygonum spp., Aethusa cynapum, Alchemilla spp., Kochia spp.), Matricaria spp., Anthemis spp., Papaver spp., Myosotisspp., Capsellaspp., Chenopodium spp. );

Rice crops - weeds include Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa spp.), Stephania (Leptochloa spp.), crabgrass (Digitaria spp.), Setaria (Setaria spp.), Brachiaria spp. and duck Ischeamum spp., Monochoria spp., Lindernia spp., Ludwigia spp., Elatine spp., Siamia (Scirpus spp.), Cyperus spp., Butomus spp., Rotala spp., Commelina spp., Limnocharis spp. ), Sphenoclea spp., Sagittarias pp., Bidens pilosa and Fimbristylis spp.;

Corn crops - weeds include Echinochloa spp., Digitaria spp., Setaria spp., Cyperus spp., Kochia spp., Chrysanthemum (Matricarias pp.), Chenopodium (Chenopodium ppp.), Solanum (Solanum spp.), Polygonum (Polygonum spp.), Amaranthus (Amaranthus spp.);

Sugarcane - Weeds including Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa spp.), Crabgrass (Digitaria spp.), Setaria (Setaria spp.), Brachiaria (Brachiaria spp.), Kochia spp. and Amaranth Genus (Amarathus spp.).

In particular, the herbicidal compositions according to the invention are particularly suitable for controlling the emergence or growth of the following undesired weeds:

Digitaria sanguinalis, Eleusine indica, Abutilontheophrasti, Eclipta prostrata, Alternantheraphiloxeroides, Malachium aquaticum, Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.), Acalypha australis L., Cyperus rotundus L., Portulacaoleracea L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Abutilontheophrasti, Nightshade ( Solanum nigrum), Ipomoea purpurea, Xanthium sibiricum, Echinochloa crusgalli, Ammannia arenaria H. B. K., Cyperus difformis L., flat stalk Scirpus planiculmis Schmidt, Lindernia procumbens Philcox, Cyperus rotundus L., Alisma taceae, Sagittaria trifolia, Sesbania exaltata, Bamboo knot flower ( Commelina diffusa), Monochoria vaginalis, Equisetum ramosissimum Desf, Herba Commelinae, Mllrdanniatriguetra, Heleocharis plantagineiformis Tang et Wang, Fimbristylismiliacea (L .) Vahl), Cyperus iria L., Scirpus juncoides Roxburgh, Leptochloachinensis.

The use of the herbicidal composition of the present invention is not limited to the control of these above-mentioned weeds, but can also be used to control other weeds.

The present invention also provides a method of controlling weed germination or growth comprising: (i) before weed germination; (ii) after weed germination; or (iii) at the time of (i) and (ii), applying A herbicidally effective amount of the herbicidal composition of the present invention is applied to the weed or its growing place.

The present invention also provides a method for controlling the germination or growth of weeds, which comprises contacting the weeds or their growing places with the herbicidally effective amount of the above-mentioned herbicidal composition. The herbicidally effective amount refers to the amount of the herbicidal active ingredient applied to control weeds.

The present invention also provides a method for controlling the germination or growth of weeds. The herbicidal composition of the present invention is applied to the soil to control the germination or growth of weeds.

A method for controlling the germination or growth of weeds, comprising applying the herbicidal composition of the present invention to weeds to control the germination or growth of weeds.

A method of controlling undesired germination or growth, applying the active components (A), (B) and (C) in the herbicidal composition of the present invention to weeds or their growing places jointly or separately Control its germination or growth.

A method for controlling weeds, the active components (A), (B) and (C) in the herbicidal composition of the present invention are applied jointly or separately to the soil before weeds germinate, after weeds germinate foliage to control weed germination or growth.

The term "weeds" are those plants which affect the growth and quality of useful crop plants. Includes grasses and broadleaf weeds.

If the herbicidal composition of the present invention is applied to the soil surface before the weeds germinate, the weed seedlings are completely prevented from germinating, or the weeds grow to the cotyledon stage, but then they stop growing, and finally after two to four weeks totally dead.

If the herbicidal composition is applied to the green parts of the weeds after the weeds have germinated, the growth will also be abruptly stopped within a relatively short time after the treatment, and the weed plants will remain in the growth phase at the point of application, Or it dies off completely after a certain time, in this way eliminating early and continuously the competition from weeds which are harmful to the useful crop.

Although the active components (A), (B), (C) have shown good or even sufficient selectivity in a large number of crops, in principle, in some crops, especially also with other less selective herbicidal Phytotoxicity to crop plants may occur when mixed with pesticides. Compositions comprising the herbicidal compositions according to the invention together with one or more safeners are therefore particularly advantageous. The safeners are used in antidotally effective amounts, for example in economically important crops or in fruit tree plantations (plantation crops) to reduce the phytotoxic side effects of the herbicides used. For example weed control in wheat, barley, rye, triticale, oats, corn, peanuts, soybeans, cotton, sugar cane, potato, rice crops or plantations such as citrus orchards, vineyards.

The herbicidal compositions of the present invention can be applied in a conventional manner by using techniques well known to those skilled in the art. Methods of application include, but are not limited to, application to weeds or their locus, for example, to areas adjacent to plants, as well as pre-emergence, post-emergence, foliar (spread, directional, band, spot, mechanical, hop-up, or compound) education), and by hand, backpack, machine, tractor, or aerial (plane, helicopter, drone) application method.

A method of controlling weeds, comprising adding the herbicidal composition of the present invention into irrigation water, and applying it to weeds or their growth sites by using a ground or aerial duster, sprayer, or granulator.

The type of application depends in a known manner on the intended purpose; in any case the technique should ensure the best possible distribution of the active ingredients in the herbicidal compositions according to the invention.

Application rates can vary widely and depend on soil properties, application method (pre-emergence or post-emergence, etc.), crop plants, weeds to be controlled, prevailing climatic conditions and other factors controlled by application method, time of application and target crops. The active ingredient of the herbicidal composition of the present invention can usually be applied in an amount of 1-2000 g/ha, preferably 50-500 g/ha.

The herbicidal compositions according to the invention can be formulated in conventional formulation forms. Its formulation form can be emulsifiable concentrate, water suspension, oil suspension, seed treatment dry powder, seed treatment suspension, water dispersible granule, wettable powder, suspoemulsion, aerosol, coated granule, extruded granule , water emulsion, microcapsule suspension, microcapsule suspension-suspension concentrate, dry suspension concentrate, ultra-low volume liquid, electrostatic oil, gel, granule, microparticle.

The formulations according to the invention can be prepared by mixing active components (A), (B), (C) with liquid diluents and/or solid diluents, and if necessary, surfactants such as emulsifiers and/or dispersants and/or foaming agents are mixed together.

Suitable liquid diluents include water or organic solvents. For example, toluene, xylene, cyclohexane, mineral oil, vegetable oil, butanol, ethylene glycol, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, water and the like.

Suitable solid diluents are diatomaceous earth, magnesium aluminum silicate, attapulgite, kaolin, clay, gypsum, bentonite, white carbon black, light calcium carbonate, limestone, wood chips, cornstarch, soluble starch, and the like.

Suitable emulsifiers may be anionic and/or non-exemplary emulsifiers such as alkylphenol ethoxylates, alkylphenol ethoxylates, benzylphenol ethoxylates, polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters , polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ether, polyoxyethylene fatty amine, alkylphenol polyethylene glycol ether, etc.

Suitable dispersants may be alkylnaphthalenesulfonates, bis(alkyl)naphthalenesulfonate formaldehyde condensates, naphthalenesulfonate formaldehyde condensates, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene phosphates, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene Ether formaldehyde condensate sulfate, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether phosphate, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, castor oil ethylene oxide adduct, ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymer, alkyl Phenol ethoxylate formaldehyde condensate, octylphenol ethoxylate sulfate and methylcellulose. For example, sodium lignosulfonate, calcium lignosulfonate, sodium methylnaphthalenesulfonate formaldehyde condensate, sodium naphthalenesulfonate formaldehyde condensate, sodium methylenenaphthalenesulfonate, etc.

Preferred formulation forms of the present invention may be wettable powders, emulsifiable concentrates, suspension concentrates, oil suspension concentrates, microcapsules, microemulsions, water emulsions, suspoemulsions, water dispersible granules, microcapsule suspension-suspension concentrates, ultra-low volume Liquid.

For water-dispersible granules, those skilled in the art are familiar with the use of corresponding adjuvants to complete the present invention. Dispersants are selected from polycarboxylates, lignosulfonates, alkylnaphthalene sulfonates, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ethers, ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block polyethers; wetting agents are selected from alkyl Sulfate, alkyl sulfonate, naphthalene sulfonate, sodium lignin sulfonate, fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether; disintegrating agent is selected from ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, Ammonium chloride, urea, sucrose, glucose, carboxymethylcellulose, soluble starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone; binder selected from polyvinyl alcohol, soluble starch, dextrin, xanthan gum, carboxymethyl (ethyl) Cellulose; the filler is selected from diatomaceous earth, kaolin, white carbon black, light calcium carbonate, talcum powder, attapulgite, and clay.

For wettable powders, the auxiliary agents that can be used are: dispersant selected from polycarboxylate, lignosulfonate, alkyl naphthalene sulfonate; wetting agent selected from alkyl sulfate, alkyl sulfonate, Naphthalene sulfonate; the filler is selected from ammonium sulfate, urea, sucrose, glucose, diatomaceous earth, kaolin, white carbon black, light calcium carbonate, talcum powder, attapulgite, clay.

For the suspending agent, the auxiliary agents that can be used are: the dispersant is selected from polycarboxylate, lignosulfonate, alkylnaphthalene sulfonate; the emulsifier is selected from alkylphenol formaldehyde resin polyoxyethylene ether, sorbitol anhydride monostearate), sorbitan monostearate polyoxyethylene ether, phenethylphenol polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene ether; wetting agent is selected from alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether formaldehyde condensate sulfuric acid Salt, alkylphenol ethoxylate phosphate, phenethylphenol ethoxylate phosphate, alkyl sulfate, alkyl sulfonate, naphthalene sulfonate; thickener selected from xanthan gum, Polyvinyl alcohol, bentonite, magnesium aluminum silicate; preservatives are selected from formaldehyde, benzoic acid, sodium benzoate; defoamer is silicone defoamer; antifreeze is selected from ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerin, urea, inorganic salts class (such as sodium chloride).

For dispersible oil suspensions, the auxiliary agents that can be used are: dispersants selected from polycarboxylates, lignosulfonates, alkylnaphthalene sulfonates, castor oil polyoxyethylene ethers, alkylphenol formaldehyde resin polyoxygen Vinyl ether, sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan monostearate polyoxyethylene ether, phenylethylphenol polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene ether; wetting agent selected from alkylphenol polyoxyethylene Ether formaldehyde condensate sulfate, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether phosphate, phenethylphenol polyoxyethylene ether phosphate, alkyl sulfate, alkylsulfonate, naphthalenesulfonate; thickener selected from white Carbon black, polyvinyl alcohol, bentonite, magnesium aluminum silicate; antifreeze is selected from ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerin, urea, inorganic salts (such as sodium chloride); stabilizer is selected from epoxy soybean oil, epoxy chlorine Propane, triphenyl phosphate; dispersion medium selected from soybean oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil, methyl oleate, diesel oil, motor oil, mineral oil.

The formulation of the present invention, which contains active components (A), (B) and (C), the total weight of the active components (A), (B) and (C) accounted for the herbicidal composition 1%-90% by weight, preferably 5%-80%, more preferably 5%-70%, even more preferably 10%-60%.

If appropriate, further additive components can also be present in the herbicidal compositions according to the invention, such as protective colloids, adhesives, adhesives, thickeners, antifreeze agents, defoamers, thixotropes, penetrants, stabilizers, Sequestering agent, sequestering agent, complex forming agent. In general, the active ingredients may be combined with any solid or liquid additive conventionally used for formulation purposes.

Suitable thickeners are polysaccharides (eg xanthan gum, carboxymethylcellulose), inorganic clays (organically modified or not), polycarboxylates and silicates.

Suitable antifreezes are ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, urea and glycerin.

Suitable defoamers are polysiloxanes, long-chain alcohols and fatty acid salts.

Suitable binders are polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylates and cellulose ethers.

According to the characteristics of the preparation, the application method can be selected according to the intended object and the prevailing environment, such as foliage, soaking, spraying, dusting, and scattering.

When used, the preparations can be in commercial form and, if necessary, diluted in a conventional manner, such as diluting wettable powders, emulsifiable concentrates, dispersions and water-dispersible granules with water. For dusts, soil application granules, broadcast granules and spray solution type formulations, they are generally not diluted with other inert substances before use.

The herbicidal composition of the present invention can also contain various active compounds of other components, such as selected from fungicides, insecticides, acaricides, nematicides, bird repellents, soil structure improvers, and plant growth regulator.

The synergistic effect of the present invention can reduce the application rate of a single herbicide, have higher efficacy at the same application rate, control varieties that have not been controlled, and control species that are tolerant or resistant to a single herbicide or multiple herbicides. resistant varieties, extended application periods and/or fewer separate applications required; and for the user, an economically and ecologically more favorable weed control system is obtained.

Detailed ways

biological test case

method:

According to the test design, the active components (A), (B), and (C) were dissolved in acetone to prepare a single-dose mother solution, and then diluted to the required concentration with an aqueous solution containing 0.1% Tween-80.

Use pot bottom infiltration irrigation to make the soil completely moist. Sow the weed seeds to be tested in plastic pots with a diameter of 20 cm, 20 seeds per pot, and cover with about 2 cm of soil. On the second day, the prepared agent to be tested was evenly applied to the surface of the soil with a DeVries, SB6-202 walking spray tower, and a clear water control was set; each treatment was repeated 3 times. After treatment, the pots were placed in the weed cultivation room. 21 days after application, the fresh weight of the aerial part was weighed, and the fresh weight control effect was calculated respectively.

Fresh weight control effect (%) = (fresh weight of blank control weeds - fresh weight of weeds treated with pesticides) / fresh weight of blank control weeds × 100

The evaluation of the synergistic effect exhibited in the mixed application of the three herbicidal active ingredients was determined based on Colby's method described in "Calculation Synergistic and Antagonistic Response of Herbicide Combinations" (Weeds 15/1 (1967), S.R. Colby).

E ₀ =A×B×C/ (100× ^(N-1) )

N is 3;

A is the survival rate of weeds when the active ingredient (A) is used at mg/ha or m ppm; expressed as a percentage of the untreated control;

B is the survival rate of weeds when the active ingredient (B) is used at a rate of ng/ha or a concentration of n ppm; expressed as a percentage of the untreated control;

C is the survival rate of weeds when the active ingredient (C) is used at h g/ha or h ppm; expressed as a percentage of the untreated control;

E ₀ is the theoretical weed survival rate when active compounds (A), (B) and (C) are used at m, n, hg/ha or m, n, h ppm concentrations;

If the actual observed weed survival rate (E) is less than the theoretical weed survival rate ( _E0 ), then the composition is superadditive, ie synergistic.

Table 1 Control effect on Solanum nigrum

Table 2 Control effect on cocklebur

Table 3 Control effect on Radix Cyperi

Table 4 Control effect on Abutilon

Table 5 Control effect on barnyardgrass

From the above test results, it can be seen that the herbicidal effect of the combination of active components (A), (B) and (C) is obviously better than that of the active components (A), (B) or (C) alone, and has obvious herbicidal effect. buff.

Claims (16)

1. A herbicidal composition comprising an active ingredient

(A) Flumioxazin

And

(B) Diuron (diuron)

And

(C) Fluofenacet;

the weight ratio of the active component (A), the active component (B) and the active component (C) is 1-10:1-100:1-100.

2. The herbicidal composition according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of the active component (a), the active component (B) and the active component (C) is 1 to 10:1 to 50:1 to 50.

3. The herbicidal composition according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of the active component (a), the active component (B) and the active component (C) is 1 to 10:1 to 20:1 to 20.

4. The herbicidal composition according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of the active component (a), the active component (B) and the active component (C) is 1 to 5:1 to 20:1 to 20.

5. The herbicidal composition according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of the active component (a), the active component (B) and the active component (C) is 1 to 5:5 to 20:5 to 20.

6. The herbicidal composition according to claim 1, wherein the weight of the active components (a), (B) and (C) together amounts to 1% -90% by weight of the herbicidal composition.

7. The herbicidal composition according to claim 1, wherein the weight of the active components (a), (B) and (C) together amounts to 5% -80% by weight of the herbicidal composition.

8. The herbicidal composition according to claim 1, wherein the weight of the active components (a), (B) and (C) together amounts to 5% -70% by weight of the herbicidal composition.

9. The herbicidal composition according to claim 1, wherein the weight of the active components (a), (B) and (C) together amounts to 10% -60% by weight of the herbicidal composition.

10. The herbicidal composition of claim 1, wherein the herbicidal composition is formulated as an emulsifiable concentrate, an aqueous suspension, an oil suspension, a seed-treatment dry powder, a seed-treatment suspension, a water dispersible granule, a wettable powder, a suspoemulsion, an aerosol, a coated granule, an extruded granule, an aqueous emulsion, a microcapsule suspension-suspension, a dry suspension, an ultra-low volume liquid, an electrostatic oil, a gel, a granule, a microparticle.

11. Use of the herbicidal composition of claim 1 for controlling the germination or growth of weeds in crops of useful plants selected from the group consisting of wheat, barley, rye, triticale, oat, corn, peanut, soybean, cotton, sugarcane, potato, rice, citrus, grape.

12. Use of the herbicidal composition of claim 1 for controlling the germination or growth of weeds in soybean, corn, peanut, cotton, sugarcane, potato, paddy crops.

13. A method of controlling germination or growth of weeds, comprising: (i) prior to germination of the weeds; (ii) after germination of the weeds; or (iii) applying a herbicidally effective amount of the herbicidal composition of claim 1 to the weeds or the locus thereof at the time of (i) and (ii).

14. A method of controlling the germination or growth of weeds, characterized in that the herbicidal composition of claim 1 is applied to soil to control the germination or growth of weeds.

15. A method of controlling the germination or growth of weeds, characterized in that the herbicidal composition of claim 1 is applied to weeds to control the germination or growth of weeds.

16. A method for controlling the germination or growth of weeds, characterized in that the herbicidal composition of claim 1 is applied to the soil before germination of weeds, the foliage after germination of weeds to control the germination or growth of weeds.