CN116486587A - Remote signaling processing system and method for power distribution terminal - Google Patents
Remote signaling processing system and method for power distribution terminal Download PDFInfo
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- CN116486587A CN116486587A CN202310460515.9A CN202310460515A CN116486587A CN 116486587 A CN116486587 A CN 116486587A CN 202310460515 A CN202310460515 A CN 202310460515A CN 116486587 A CN116486587 A CN 116486587A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08C—TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS FOR MEASURED VALUES, CONTROL OR SIMILAR SIGNALS
- G08C17/00—Arrangements for transmitting signals characterised by the use of a wireless electrical link
- G08C17/02—Arrangements for transmitting signals characterised by the use of a wireless electrical link using a radio link
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/0001—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff
- H04L1/0009—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff by adapting the channel coding
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/32—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials
- H04L9/3297—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials involving time stamps, e.g. generation of time stamps
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of remote signaling processing, and particularly relates to a power distribution terminal remote signaling processing system and method. According to the invention, only data storage and decoding task notification are carried out in interrupt processing, remote signaling processing is completed in the decoding task and the data processing task, so that the situation that the remote signaling processing cannot be completed in the interrupt when a large amount of data is encountered is avoided; the remote signaling deflection is determined by the product of the remote signaling serial number in the remote signaling processing module in the data processing system and the acquisition interval duration of the data sampling system, so that two processes of remote signaling deflection confirmation and remote signaling timestamp are decoupled, the complexity is simplified, and the anti-shake precision is improved; the clock precision of the data processing system does not influence the confirmation of the remote signaling deflection, the delay transmission of two sets of systems does not influence the confirmation of the remote signaling deflection, and the precision of the time scale depends on the system time precision of the data processing system and is not influenced by the interrupt time of the two systems.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of remote signaling processing, and particularly relates to a power distribution terminal remote signaling processing system and method.
Background
With the research and construction of smart power grids, high-permeability intermittent energy access and bidirectional interaction requirements of users require that the power grids have more sensitive detection, and high-resolution remote signaling acquisition and transmission are important research contents.
In the power grid system, the remote signaling quantity collected by the measurement and control device reflects information such as the running state of the power distribution terminal, and the remote signaling information is remotely transmitted to a remote dispatch through a channel. When the remote signaling amount changes, recording and marking time marks are carried out, so that SOE (Sequence of Event, event sequence record) is formed. The remote signaling SOE requires recording of the time, type of remote signaling occurrence and can accurately distinguish the timing of each signal, so each recording time must be accurate to the order of milliseconds or even hundred microseconds.
The existing remote signaling collection is generally carried out in a single CPU interrupt mode, then remote signaling anti-shake and time adding processing is completed in an interrupt processing function, the remote signaling anti-shake and resolution can only reach the millisecond level, if high-resolution remote signaling processing is to be realized, the existing method can monopolize interrupt signals, and when a large amount of data is encountered, the remote signaling anti-shake and resolution can not be completed in the interrupt. Based on this, a new power distribution terminal remote signaling processing system and method are needed.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a remote signaling processing system and method for a power distribution terminal.
The technical scheme for solving the technical problems is as follows:
in a first aspect, the present invention provides a remote signaling processing system for a power distribution terminal, including a switching value, a data sampling system, and a data processing system, where the data sampling system includes: the device comprises an acquisition module, a coding module, a sending module, a first processor and a first clock; the data processing system comprises an interrupt receiving module, a task decoding module, remote signaling task processing, a second processor and a second clock;
the switching value is a remote signaling value;
the acquisition module is used for acquiring remote signaling quantity at the speed of microseconds and recording sampling frequency, remote signaling value, sampling number and the like;
the coding module is used for dispersing the sampled remote signaling quantity and performing Manchester coding;
the sending module is used for transmitting the Manchester encoded data to the interrupt receiving module in high-speed diffuse code data;
the interrupt receiving module is used for receiving the Manchester encoded data in an interrupt mode and storing the Manchester encoded data;
the task decoding module is used for decoding the Manchester encoded data content, adding decoding processing packet time, storing the decoded data in a memory, and notifying a remote signaling processing task to perform remote signaling position change judgment and remote signaling time mark processing;
the remote signaling task processing is used for carrying out remote signaling displacement judgment and remote signaling time mark processing;
the first clock is used as the reference time of the data sampling system, and the second clock is used as the reference time of the data processing system;
the first processor is for processing data sampling system data and the second processor is for processing data processing system data.
Further, the task decoding module includes two remote signaling numerical buffers, namely a first remote signaling numerical buffer and a second remote signaling numerical buffer, where the first remote signaling numerical buffer is used for recording the whole time of receiving the manchester encoded data, and the second remote signaling numerical buffer is used for recording the content of the manchester encoded data after analysis.
Further, the remote signaling processing task comprises two remote signaling processing buffer areas, namely a first remote signaling processing buffer area and a second remote signaling processing buffer area, wherein the first remote signaling processing buffer area is used for storing time marks of each collected remote signaling, and each time mark of each collected remote signaling is used for pushing each remote signaling occurrence time forward by the total time of a data packet as the last time of the packet; the second remote signaling processing buffer area is used for recording the remote signaling value in the data packet.
Further, when the set anti-shake time period passes, the occurrence of the shift is determined, and the anti-shake shift confirmation time= (current remote signaling number-shift remote signaling number) ×the acquisition interval time period.
Further, the first processing adopts an FPGA, and the second processor adopts a CPU.
In a second aspect, the present invention further provides a method for processing remote signaling of a power distribution terminal, including the following steps:
step 1, collecting remote signaling quantity which comprises but is not limited to sampling frequency, remote signaling value, sampling number and the like;
step 2, dispersing the collected remote signaling quantity and performing Manchester encoding;
step 3, transmitting Manchester encoded data to an interrupt by using high-speed diffuse code data;
step 4, after the data is received by interruption, storing the Manchester encoded data, and notifying task decoding;
step 5, decoding the Manchester encoded data content, adding decoding processing packet time, storing the decoded data, and notifying a remote signaling processing task to perform remote signaling displacement judgment and remote signaling time mark processing;
and step 6, performing remote signaling displacement judgment and remote signaling time scale processing in a remote signaling processing task.
Further, the step 5 includes the steps of:
after receiving the interrupt notification, the decoding task plays the received Manchester encoded data for the total time;
analyzing the content of the Manchester encoded data, and obtaining the remote signaling number, the acquisition interval duration and the uplink data sequence number in the Manchester encoded data;
and forming the data packet by the remote signaling number, the acquisition interval duration and the uploading data sequence number, and then notifying a remote signaling processing task to carry out remote signaling position change judgment and processing of a remote signaling time mark.
Further, the step 6 includes the steps of:
after receiving the notification of the decoding task, the remote signaling processing task divides the decoding task at equal intervals according to the number of remote signaling and the acquisition interval duration sent by the decoding task, and then sequentially stores the remote signaling processing task in a second remote signaling processing buffer area, wherein the angle mark serial number of the buffer area is used as the remote signaling serial number;
the total time of the data packet is used as the last time of the data packet, each remote signaling occurrence time is pushed forward, and each acquisition remote signaling is marked with a time mark;
when the set anti-shake time length is elapsed, the occurrence of the deflection is determined, and the anti-shake deflection confirmation time= (current remote signaling sequence number-deflection remote signaling sequence number) ×the acquisition interval time length.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following technical effects:
(1) In the invention, the time stamp processing is not carried out on each remote signaling in the interrupt processing, the processing of remote signaling deflection confirmation is not carried out, only the data storage and the notification decoding task are carried out, the processing of the remote signaling is completed in the decoding task and the data processing task, and the situation that the processing of the remote signaling can not be completed in the interrupt when a large amount of data is encountered is avoided;
(2) The invention confirms the remote signaling deflection (when in anti-shake processing) without taking the absolute time stamp of each remote signaling in the data processing system as a basis, and confirms the remote signaling deflection by taking the product of the remote signaling serial number in a remote signaling processing module in the data processing system and the acquisition interval time length of the data sampling system, thereby decoupling the two processes of remote signaling deflection confirmation and remote signaling time stamp, simplifying the complexity and improving the anti-shake precision;
(3) The invention only needs to improve the sampling precision of the data sampling system without concern about the time precision of the data processing system, the clock precision of the data processing system does not influence the confirmation of remote signaling deflection, the delay transmission of two sets of systems does not influence the confirmation of remote signaling deflection, the precision of a time scale depends on the system time precision of the data processing system and is not influenced by the interrupt time of the two systems, and the slow interrupt can be used to reduce the load of a CPU.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the invention or the technical solutions and advantages of the prior art, the following description will briefly explain the drawings used in the embodiments or the description of the prior art, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the invention, and other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the overall system of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a decoding module task according to the present invention;
fig. 3 is a schematic task diagram of a remote signaling data processing module according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to further describe the technical means and effects adopted by the present invention to achieve the preset purpose, the following detailed description is given below of the specific implementation, structure, features and effects of the technical solution according to the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings and preferred embodiments. The particular features, structures, or characteristics of one or more embodiments may be combined in any suitable manner. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.
Referring to fig. 1-3, in one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a power distribution terminal remote signaling processing system including a switching value 1, a data sampling system, and a data processing system, the data sampling system including: the system comprises an acquisition module 2, a data bus 3, a first processor 4, a coding module 5, a sending module 6 and a first clock 11; the data processing system comprises an interrupt receiving module 7, a task decoding module 8, a remote signaling task processing module 9, a second processor 10 and a second clock 12, wherein the modules are connected through a data bus 3.
It should be noted that the switching value 1 refers to a remote signaling value.
The acquisition module 2 is used for acquiring remote signaling quantity at the speed of microseconds and recording sampling frequency, remote signaling value, remote signaling number and the like.
The encoding module 5 is configured to discrete the remote signaling amount and perform manchester encoding.
Specifically, manchester code (Manchester) is also called split phase code, synchronous code and phase code, and is a coding method for representing 1 or 0 by level jump, and the change rule is very simple, namely each code element is represented by two level signals with different phases, namely a periodic square wave, but the phases of the 0 code and the 1 code are opposite.
The transmitting module 6 is configured to transmit the manchester encoded data to the interrupt receiving module 7 as high-speed diffuse code data.
Wherein, the diffuse code is Manchester code for short.
The interrupt receiving module 7 is configured to receive the manchester encoded data in an interrupt manner and store the manchester encoded data.
The task decoding module 8 is configured to decode the manchester encoded data content, add a decoding processing packet time, store the decoded data in a memory, and notify the remote signaling processing task 9 to perform remote signaling displacement determination and remote signaling time scale processing.
Specifically, two remote signaling numerical buffers, namely a first remote signaling numerical buffer and a second remote signaling numerical buffer, are created in the task decoding module 8, wherein the first remote signaling numerical buffer is used for recording the whole time for receiving the manchester encoded data, and the second remote signaling numerical buffer is used for recording the content of the manchester encoded data after analysis. After receiving the interrupt notification, the task decoding module 8 marks the total time of the received Manchester encoded data as a whole, and does not mark the time of the remote signaling data respectively; analyzing the content of the Manchester encoded data, acquiring the number of remote messages, the acquisition interval duration and the sequence number of the uploading data in the Manchester encoded data, forming a data packet by the number of the remote messages, the acquisition interval duration and the sequence number of the uploading data, and then notifying a remote message processing task 9 to carry out remote message deflection judgment and processing of a remote message time mark.
The remote signaling task processing 9 is used for performing remote signaling displacement judgment and remote signaling time scale processing.
Specifically, two remote signaling processing buffer areas, namely a first remote signaling processing buffer area and a second remote signaling processing buffer area, are created in the remote signaling processing task 9, wherein the first remote signaling processing buffer area is used for storing time marks of each collected remote signaling, and each time mark of each collected remote signaling is used for pushing each remote signaling occurrence time forward according to the total time of a data packet as the final time of the packet; the second remote signaling processing buffer area is used for recording the remote signaling value in the data packet.
After receiving the notification of the task decoding module 8, the remote signaling processing task 9 divides the remote signaling processing task at equal intervals according to the number of the remote signaling and the acquisition interval duration sent by the task decoding module 8, and then sequentially stores the remote signaling processing task in a second remote signaling processing buffer area, wherein the angle sign sequence number of the buffer area is the remote signaling sequence number; the total time of the data packet is used as the last time of the data packet, each remote signaling occurrence time is pushed forward, and each acquisition remote signaling is marked with a time mark; after the set anti-shake time length is passed, determining that the deflection occurs, wherein the anti-shake deflection confirmation time= (current remote signaling sequence number-deflection remote signaling sequence number) is the acquisition interval time length; the confirmation of the remote signaling deflection is not based on the absolute time in the data processing system, but based on the actual sampling sequence in the data sampling system, and even if the system time of the data processing system is deviated, the confirmation of the remote signaling deflection is not affected.
The first clock 11 is used as a reference time of the data sampling system, and the second clock 12 is used as a reference time of the data processing system.
The first processor 4 is used for processing data of the data sampling system, and the sampling rate can be tens of microseconds; such as an FPGA;
the second processor 10 is for processing data processing system data, such as a CPU.
In the invention, the time stamp processing is not carried out on each remote signaling in the interrupt processing, the processing of remote signaling deflection confirmation is not carried out, only the data storage and the notification decoding task are carried out, and the processing of the remote signaling is completed in the decoding task and the data processing task; the confirmation of the remote signaling deflection (during anti-shake processing) does not take the absolute time stamp of each remote signaling in the data processing system as a basis, but determines the remote signaling deflection by taking the product of the remote signaling serial number in a remote signaling processing module in the data processing system and the acquisition interval duration of a data sampling system, so that two processes of remote signaling deflection confirmation and remote signaling time stamp are decoupled, the complexity is simplified, and the anti-shake precision is improved; the invention only needs to improve the sampling precision of the data sampling system without concern about the time precision of the data processing system, the clock precision of the data processing system does not influence the confirmation of remote signaling deflection, the delay transmission of two sets of systems does not influence the confirmation of remote signaling deflection, the precision of a time scale depends on the system time precision of the data processing system and is not influenced by the interrupt time of the two systems, and the slow interrupt can be used to reduce the load of a CPU.
Based on the same inventive concept, the embodiment of the invention also provides a high power distribution terminal remote signaling processing method for realizing the high power distribution terminal remote signaling processing system. The implementation scheme of the method for solving the problem is similar to that described in the above system, so the specific limitation in the embodiments provided below may refer to the limitation of a high power distribution terminal remote signaling processing system hereinabove, and will not be repeated herein.
In one embodiment of the present invention, a method for processing remote signaling of a high power distribution terminal is provided, including the following steps:
step 1, collecting remote signaling quantity, wherein the remote signaling quantity comprises, but is not limited to, sampling frequency, acquisition interval duration, remote signaling value, sampling number and the like; specifically, microsecond-level time is adopted for data acquisition, so that the adopted data can be recorded and traced;
step 2, dispersing the collected remote signaling quantity and performing Manchester encoding;
step 3, transmitting Manchester encoded data to an interrupt by using high-speed diffuse code data;
step 4, after the data is received by interruption, storing the Manchester encoded data, and notifying task decoding;
step 5, decoding the Manchester encoded data content, adding decoding processing packet time, storing the decoded data, and notifying a remote signaling processing task to perform remote signaling displacement judgment and remote signaling time mark processing;
specifically, two remote signaling numerical value buffers, namely a first remote signaling numerical value buffer and a second remote signaling numerical value buffer, are created in the decoding task, wherein the integral time for receiving the Manchester encoded data is recorded in the first remote signaling numerical value buffer, and the analyzed Manchester encoded data content is recorded in the second remote signaling numerical value buffer.
After receiving the interrupt notice, the decoding task marks the total time of the received Manchester encoded data as a whole, and does not mark the time of the remote signaling data respectively; analyzing the content of the Manchester encoded data, acquiring the number of remote signaling, the acquisition interval duration and the uploading data sequence number in the Manchester encoded data, forming a data packet by the number of remote signaling, the acquisition interval duration and the uploading data sequence number, and then notifying a remote signaling processing task to perform remote signaling deflection judgment and processing of a remote signaling time mark;
step 6, performing remote signaling displacement judgment and remote signaling time scale processing in a remote signaling processing task;
specifically, two remote signaling processing buffer areas, namely a first remote signaling processing buffer area and a second remote signaling processing buffer area, are created in a remote signaling processing task, a time mark of each collected remote signaling is stored in the first remote signaling processing buffer area, and the time mark of each collected remote signaling is the last time of a data packet by the total time of the data packet, so that each remote signaling occurrence time is pushed forward; and recording the remote signaling value in the data packet in the second remote signaling processing buffer area.
After receiving the notification of the decoding task, the remote signaling processing task divides the decoding task at equal intervals according to the number of remote signaling and the acquisition interval duration sent by the decoding task, and then sequentially stores the remote signaling processing task in a second remote signaling processing buffer area, wherein the angle mark serial number of the buffer area is used as the remote signaling serial number; the total time of the data packet is used as the last time of the data packet, each remote signaling occurrence time is pushed forward, and each acquisition remote signaling is marked with a time mark; after the set anti-shake time length is passed, determining that the deflection occurs, wherein the anti-shake deflection confirmation time= (current remote signaling sequence number-deflection remote signaling sequence number) is the acquisition interval time length; the confirmation of the remote signaling deflection is not based on the absolute time in the data processing system, but based on the actual sampling sequence in the data sampling system, and even if the system time of the data processing system is deviated, the confirmation of the remote signaling deflection is not affected.
It should be understood that, although the steps in the flowcharts related to the embodiments described above are sequentially shown as indicated by arrows, these steps are not necessarily sequentially performed in the order indicated by the arrows. The steps are not strictly limited to the order of execution unless explicitly recited in the present invention, and the steps may be executed in other orders. Moreover, at least some of the steps in the flowcharts described in the above embodiments may include a plurality of steps or a plurality of stages, which are not necessarily performed at the same time, but may be performed at different times, and the order of the steps or stages is not necessarily performed sequentially, but may be performed alternately or alternately with at least some of the other steps or stages.
The above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solution of the present invention, and are not limiting; although the invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical scheme described in the foregoing embodiments can be modified or some technical features thereof can be replaced by equivalents; such modifications and substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, and are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. The utility model provides a distribution terminal remote signaling processing system which characterized in that includes switching value, data sampling system and data processing system, data sampling system includes: the device comprises an acquisition module, a coding module, a sending module, a first processor and a first clock; the data processing system comprises an interrupt receiving module, a task decoding module, remote signaling task processing, a second processor and a second clock;
the switching value is a remote signaling value;
the acquisition module is used for acquiring remote signaling quantity and recording sampling frequency, acquisition interval duration, remote signaling value and sampling number;
the coding module is used for dispersing the sampled remote signaling quantity and performing Manchester coding;
the sending module is used for transmitting Manchester encoded data to the interrupt receiving module in a diffuse code data mode;
the interrupt receiving module is used for receiving Manchester encoded data in an interrupt mode and storing the Manchester encoded data;
the task decoding module is used for decoding the Manchester encoded data content, adding decoding processing packet time, storing the decoded data, and informing a remote signaling processing task to perform remote signaling displacement judgment and remote signaling time mark processing;
the remote signaling task processing is used for carrying out remote signaling displacement judgment and remote signaling time mark processing;
the first clock is used as the reference time of the data sampling system, and the second clock is used as the reference time of the data processing system;
the first processor is for processing data sampling system data and the second processor is for processing data processing system data.
2. The remote signaling processing system of claim 1, wherein the task decoding module includes two remote signaling value buffers, a first remote signaling value buffer and a second remote signaling value buffer, wherein the first remote signaling value buffer is used for recording the overall time for receiving the manchester encoded data, and the second remote signaling value buffer is used for recording the parsed manchester encoded data content.
3. The remote signaling processing system of a power distribution terminal according to claim 2, wherein the remote signaling processing task comprises two remote signaling processing buffers, namely a first remote signaling processing buffer and a second remote signaling processing buffer, the first remote signaling processing buffer is used for storing time marks of each collected remote signaling, and each time mark of each collected remote signaling is pushed forward by the total time of a data packet to be the last time of the packet; the second remote signaling processing buffer area is used for recording remote signaling values in the data packet.
4. A power distribution terminal remote signaling processing system as set forth in claim 3, wherein,
when the set anti-shake time length is elapsed, the occurrence of the deflection is determined, and the anti-shake deflection confirmation time= (current remote signaling sequence number-deflection remote signaling sequence number) ×the acquisition interval time length.
5. The power distribution terminal remote signaling processing system of claim 1, wherein the first processing is an FPGA and the second processor is a CPU.
6. A method for processing remote signaling of a power distribution terminal according to any one of claims 1 to 5, comprising the steps of:
step 1, collecting remote signaling quantity, wherein the remote signaling quantity comprises, but is not limited to, sampling frequency, remote signaling value and sampling number;
step 2, dispersing the collected remote signaling quantity and performing Manchester encoding;
step 3, transmitting Manchester encoded data to an interrupt by using high-speed diffuse code data;
step 4, after the data is received by interruption, storing the Manchester encoded data, and notifying task decoding;
step 5, decoding the Manchester encoded data content, adding decoding processing packet time, storing the decoded data, and notifying a remote signaling processing task to perform remote signaling displacement judgment and remote signaling time mark processing;
and step 6, performing remote signaling displacement judgment and remote signaling time scale processing in a remote signaling processing task.
7. The method for processing remote signaling of power distribution terminal according to claim 6, wherein the step 5 comprises the steps of:
after receiving the interrupt notification, the decoding task plays the received Manchester encoded data for the total time;
analyzing the content of the Manchester encoded data, and obtaining the remote signaling number, the acquisition interval duration and the uplink data sequence number in the Manchester encoded data;
and forming the data packet by the remote signaling number, the acquisition interval duration and the uploading data sequence number, and then notifying a remote signaling processing task to carry out remote signaling position change judgment and processing of a remote signaling time mark.
8. The method for processing remote signaling of power distribution terminal according to claim 7, wherein the step 6 comprises the steps of:
after receiving the notification of the decoding task, the remote signaling processing task divides the decoding task at equal intervals according to the number of remote signaling and the acquisition interval duration sent by the decoding task, and then sequentially stores the remote signaling processing task in a second remote signaling processing buffer area, wherein the angle mark serial number of the buffer area is used as the remote signaling serial number;
the total time of the data packet is used as the last time of the data packet, each remote signaling occurrence time is pushed forward, and each acquisition remote signaling is marked with a time mark;
when the set anti-shake time length is elapsed, the occurrence of the deflection is determined, and the anti-shake deflection confirmation time= (current remote signaling sequence number-deflection remote signaling sequence number) ×the acquisition interval time length.
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