CN116388957A - A blockchain-based off-chain expansion technology - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a blockchain-based off-chain expansion technology, including a blockchain off-chain expansion scheme, a data integrity audit protocol based on a plasma smart contract, a batch audit scheme, and a security definition. The expansion plan includes 0-layer expansion, on-chain expansion and off-chain expansion. The 0-layer expansion improves the scalability of the blockchain by changing the underlying data transmission protocol of the blockchain; the on-chain expansion includes the data layer improvement plan , consensus layer improvement plan and network layer improvement plan; the off-chain expansion is to make changes in the application layer to improve scalability. The present invention adopts the above-mentioned block chain-based off-chain expansion technology to enhance privacy protection, reduce network delay, improve processing efficiency, and reduce storage and computing costs by transferring the transaction process on the chain to offline.

Description

A blockchain-based off-chain expansion technology

technical field

The invention relates to the technical field of block chains, in particular to a block chain-based off-chain expansion technology.

Background technique

Blockchain is a new application system based on distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies. It is essentially a decentralized database, which is a series of data blocks associated with cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of network transaction information, which is used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting ) and generate the next block. In a narrow sense, the blockchain is a chained data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be tamper-proof and unforgeable distributed ledgers. Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, uses cryptography to ensure the security of data transmission and access, and uses automated scripts to A new distributed infrastructure and computing method for programming and manipulating data through smart contracts composed of code.

So far, the scope of influence of the blockchain is not only aimed at the innovation of the financial system, but its reconstruction of the Internet and the reshaping of the entire industrial structure has become one of the most popular topics at present.

The consensus nodes in the current Changan chain network need to participate in the synchronization of communication messages and ledgers in the consensus process, so there is a certain delay in the consensus. At the same time, in the face of the data storage burden and encryption and decryption calculation burden brought by large-scale transactions, there is also a bottleneck in transaction processing efficiency. For the problem of limited data storage resources, many enterprises and individuals choose to store data on cloud servers. Although cloud computing is a distributed computing model based on a large pool of shared virtualized computing resources, it can help users use powerful computing and storage resources, and greatly reduce the user's data storage burden on hardware and software. However, its security, reliability and privacy have been a serious concern.

After users store data on cloud servers, server providers may damage or delete user data due to various factors, and verifying the integrity of outsourced data becomes a key issue in cloud storage. Remote data integrity auditing technology is very convenient and secure, and can help users check the integrity of outsourced stored data. Therefore, the essence of cloud data security is how cloud storage providers (CSPs) establish trust with users. Cloud device failures, illegal attacks, and the possibility of CSPs being bribed to view user data, all of which can lead to illegal violations of user data.

Blockchain is decentralized, tamper-resistant, consistent and traceable. Therefore, the information stored on the blockchain is open and transparent. Although using the blockchain as a trusted third-party audit can solve many problems, the rapid growth of blocks will lead to high costs for blockchain network maintenance and users to create new blocks.

Contents of the invention

The purpose of the present invention is to provide a block chain-based off-chain capacity expansion technology, enhance privacy protection, reduce network delay, improve processing efficiency, and reduce storage and computing costs by transferring the transaction process on the chain to offline.

In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention provides a blockchain-based off-chain expansion technology, including a blockchain off-chain expansion scheme, a data integrity audit protocol based on a plasma smart contract, a batch audit scheme, and a security definition. The blockchain off-chain expansion scheme includes 0-layer expansion, on-chain expansion and off-chain expansion. The 0-layer expansion improves the scalability of the blockchain by changing the underlying data transmission protocol of the blockchain; the on-chain expansion Including data layer improvement plan, consensus layer improvement plan and network layer improvement plan; the off-chain expansion is to make changes in the application layer to improve scalability.

Preferably, the data integrity audit protocol based on Plasma smart contracts is implemented with low computing and communication overhead by introducing Plasma sub-chains and deploying smart contracts on-chain and off-chain.

Preferably, the batch audit solution can batch process multiple audit tasks at the same time and introduce the concept of non-interactive audit.

Preferably, the security definition makes it impossible for any forged certificate to pass the verification with a non-negligible probability, thereby ensuring the security of data.

Preferably, the off-chain expansion consists of off-chain transactions, off-chain consensus and on-chain channel contracts.

Preferably, the off-chain expansion method includes the following steps:

(1) Create a channel on the chain, then perform data interaction in the channel, and finally close the channel and submit the latest status to the chain for liquidation, in which data interaction in the channel and off-chain status updates do not require blockchain consensus;

(2) Based on the hash time lock mechanism, asset certificates of all parties are formed when the channel is created to monitor the data of all parties to the transaction, and trusted nodes are elected based on the leader importance scoring mechanism to supervise the transaction behavior of all parties to the channel , to ensure the safety and controllability of information interaction behavior in the channel, build an efficient and reliable multi-person off-chain real-time interaction network, transfer high-frequency transactions from the chain to the off-chain channel for processing, and offload the transaction processing pressure on the chain;

(3) Organize massive off-chain transactions into Merkle trees, and map massive off-chain data and complex off-chain business processes in the form of Merkle tree root hashes through the new Merkle tree data structure To the chain, improve the consistency of the data summary on the chain and the data off the chain and the verification efficiency of the integrity of business execution;

(4) Use the contract on the chain to manage the credit value of the node. By setting the authority of the initial channel node, the channel administrator can review the nodes that apply to enter the channel, and combine the contract audit function on the chain to determine whether the node can enter;

(5) The node exit mechanism relies on the off-chain contract audit mechanism to audit the node's affairs through the off-chain contract, calculate whether there are unfinished things, and reserve a period of time for the off-chain nodes or supervisory nodes to raise objections. , the transaction under the chain is liquidated, the result is uploaded to the chain, and the node exits the channel.

The advantages and positive effects of a blockchain-based off-chain expansion technology described in the present invention are:

1. Enhance privacy protection, adopt off-chain channel isolation technology, and solve the privacy leakage problem existing in transactions on the Changan chain.

2. Reduce network delay, through the highly secure, highly available, high-performance on-chain and off-chain collaboration system and the dynamic addition and deletion mechanism of participating nodes, so that some nodes can use the off-chain network to process transactions quickly, efficiently and safely, reducing the overall The latency and large-scale node networking capabilities of the Changan chain network.

3. Improve processing efficiency, build an efficient and reliable real-time multi-person off-chain interactive network, transfer high-frequency transactions from on-chain to off-chain channels for processing, offload transaction processing pressure on the chain, and improve system transaction processing efficiency.

The technical solutions of the present invention will be described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 is an on-chain and off-chain interaction diagram in a blockchain-based off-chain expansion technology of the present invention;

Fig. 2 is a transaction flow chart in a blockchain-based off-chain expansion technology of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a diagram of the off-chain transaction process in a blockchain-based off-chain expansion technology of the present invention;

Fig. 4 is a block chain-based off-chain consensus process diagram in the off-chain expansion technology of the present invention;

Fig. 5 is a flow chart of contract judgment in a blockchain-based off-chain expansion technology of the present invention.

Detailed ways

The technical solutions of the present invention will be further described below through the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

Unless otherwise defined, the technical terms or scientific terms used in the present invention shall have the usual meanings understood by those skilled in the art to which the present invention belongs.

Example

A blockchain-based off-chain expansion technology, including a blockchain off-chain expansion scheme, a data integrity audit protocol based on a plasma smart contract, a batch audit scheme, and security definitions. The blockchain off-chain expansion scheme includes 0-layer expansion , On-chain expansion and off-chain expansion, 0-layer expansion improves the scalability of the blockchain by changing the underlying data transmission protocol of the blockchain.

On-chain expansion includes data layer improvement plan, consensus layer improvement plan and network layer improvement plan, increasing block size (directly or indirectly) or reducing block verification propagation time and consensus formation time. Off-chain scaling does not change the base protocol, but changes are made at the application layer to improve scalability. Off-chain expansion mainly includes four methods: state channels, side chains, cross-chains, and off-chain calculations. Some on-chain transactions are transferred to off-chain execution to reduce the processing pressure on the chain and improve overall efficiency. While improving the performance of the blockchain, the off-chain expansion technology considers decentralization and security, and has various excellent performances.

The data integrity audit protocol based on the Plasma smart contract is implemented with low computing and communication overhead by introducing the Plasma sub-chain and deploying smart contracts on-chain and off-chain.

The batch audit scheme can batch process multiple audit tasks at the same time and introduce the concept of non-interactive audit. In order to avoid affecting user experience due to communication with CSP during the audit process, the concept of non-interactive audit is introduced. In order to ensure the correctness of the audit, a reward pool mechanism is adopted, and the verification nodes can obtain reasonable rewards.

The security definition prevents any forged proof from passing the verification with a non-negligible probability, ensuring data security.

The method of off-chain expansion includes the following steps:

(1) Create a channel on the chain, then perform data interaction in the channel, and finally close the channel and submit the latest status to the chain for liquidation, in which data interaction in the channel and off-chain status updates do not require blockchain consensus;

(2) Based on the hash time lock mechanism, asset certificates of all parties are formed when the channel is created to monitor the data of all parties to the transaction, and trusted nodes are elected based on the leader importance scoring mechanism to supervise the transaction behavior of all parties to the channel , to ensure the safety and controllability of information interaction behavior in the channel, build an efficient and reliable multi-person off-chain real-time interaction network, transfer high-frequency transactions from the chain to the off-chain channel for processing, and offload the transaction processing pressure on the chain;

(3) Organize massive off-chain transactions into Merkle trees, and map massive off-chain data and complex off-chain business processes in the form of Merkle tree root hashes through the new Merkle tree data structure To the chain, improve the consistency of the data summary on the chain and the data off the chain and the verification efficiency of the integrity of business execution;

(4) Use the contract on the chain to manage the credit value of the node. By setting the authority of the initial channel node, the channel administrator can review the nodes that apply to enter the channel, and combine the contract audit function on the chain to determine whether the node can enter;

(5) The node exit mechanism relies on the off-chain contract audit mechanism to audit the node's affairs through the off-chain contract, calculate whether there are unfinished things, and reserve a period of time for the off-chain nodes or supervisory nodes to raise objections. , the transaction under the chain is liquidated, the result is uploaded to the chain, and the node exits the channel.

Off-chain expansion consists of off-chain transactions, off-chain consensus, and on-chain channel contracts. The leader node organizes the off-chain transaction and consensus process. When the leader’s update proposal is voted by all users, the off-chain checkpoint is submitted to the on-chain channel smart contract. The main process of the off-chain channel is shown in Figure 1.

1. Transaction initiating user 1 initiates a transfer request to user 3;

2. The transaction receiving user 2 agrees to the transaction with the signature of the transaction, and returns it to user 1;

3. User 1, the transaction initiator, submits a transaction signed by both parties to the leader;

4. The leader returns the transaction receipt after checking the legality of the transaction.

After one round (multiple transactions) of off-chain transactions, enter the off-chain consensus stage:

1. The leader issues a checkpoint update proposal;

2. After receiving the proposal, other users reply to the signature of the proposal to express their vote on the proposal;

3. After the leader obtains the votes of all users, he submits the checkpoint to the channel contract on the chain, or if it fails to collect after a timeout, the leader node calls the contract to check whether there is a challenger.

4. When there is a consensus dispute under the chain, the challenger node submits the Merkle tree constructed by all transactions involving itself in the current round, and the leader node submits the Merkle tree constructed by all transactions involving the challenger node in the current round. Disputes are resolved by on-chain contracts (as shown in Figure 2).

Off-chain transaction process:

The off-chain transaction module realizes the transaction function in the off-chain channel of Anchain. The off-chain transaction is decoupled from the on-chain transaction. The definition of off-chain transaction structure is different from the on-chain transaction structure. Transactions are stored on the blockchain. The specific process of off-chain transactions is shown in Figure 3.

1. The user requests the transaction recipient to construct a transaction. The off-chain transaction sender randomly generates a unique uuid to construct the transaction, sets the sender, receiver, payment amount and other status parameters of the transaction, signs the transaction, and finally sends the transaction to the receiver, requesting it to verify the transaction to sign.

2. The receiver responds to the construction transaction request. After receiving the sender's request to construct a transaction, the receiver verifies the sender's transaction signature. If the verification is passed, it uses its private key to sign the transaction and sends the transaction signed by both parties to the leader.

3. The leader responds to both parties to confirm the transaction. The current leader receives the transaction with the signatures of both parties, and verifies the signatures of both parties. If the verification is passed, the leader will use its private key to sign the transaction, and then respond to the confirmation information to both parties after signing.

Off-chain consensus process

1. The leader node of the current epoch drives the channel to enter the consensus stage at the end of the transaction cycle. First, the leader node calculates the final state of the current epoch, including the current epoch, the leaderId of the next cycle, the balance of all channel participants, and the node exit set. The leader broadcasts the final state in the channel and waits to receive the signature of the final state from the channel participants.

2. The channel participant receives the final state of the current epoch from the leader node, and the balance to be verified is correct. If the verification is passed, the channel participant signs the final state and sends the signature to the leader node, waiting for the status of the leader node Confirm the message.

3. The leader node receives and verifies the signatures of all channel participants. If the signature is verified, it broadcasts a confirmation message containing the final state and all channel participants’ signatures to the state to all participants to complete the current epoch. , the participants of the multi-person channel can enter the next epoch.

On-chain channel smart contract

The on-chain channel contract serves as a bridge connecting the chain and the off-chain channel. Its function is mainly to record the transactions and behaviors of the off-chain channel, and at the same time provide the integrity and correctness guarantee for the execution of key on-chain operations. The channel smart contract deployed on the chain can guarantee the correctness of the user's challenge (as shown in Figure 5).

1. First judge whether the Merkel tree roots submitted by both parties are the same, if they are the same, the leader is considered correct. Here we discuss different situations. In the first case, the challenger did not cheat and submitted all the transactions involved. Then the challenger’s transaction submitted by the leader node is the same as the challenger’s. All transactions are considered correct, and the challenger’s initiation is meaningless. In the challenge, the leader is correct. In the second case, the challenger cheats and conceals some transactions. The challenger’s transaction submitted by the leader node is different from the challenger’s. Since the challenger cheated, the leader node is correct.

2. If the Merkle tree roots are different, then judge whether the part with the same transaction quantity is the same, if not, start to verify the different parts of the transaction and all subsequent transaction signatures, if they are the same, judge whether the transaction quantity is the same, if they are the same, the leader is considered correct , otherwise it also starts to verify different parts of the transaction and all subsequent transaction signatures.

3. If there is a problem with the transaction signature submitted by the challenger, then the leader is correct; otherwise, it is judged that the leader submitted the transaction;

4. If the number of transactions submitted by the challenger is large, the challenger is correct, otherwise the leader is correct.

5. If the leader is correct, the leader submits the state of this stage to the channel contract on the chain. If the challenger is correct, the state of this stage is rolled back, and a new leader is selected to restart the transaction of this stage.

Therefore, the present invention adopts the above-mentioned block chain-based off-chain expansion technology to enhance privacy protection, reduce network delay, improve processing efficiency, and reduce storage and computing costs by transferring the transaction process on the chain to offline.

Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and not to limit them. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, those of ordinary skill in the art should understand that: it still Modifications or equivalent replacements can be made to the technical solutions of the present invention, and these modifications or equivalent replacements cannot make the modified technical solutions deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention.

Claims (6)

1. A blockchain-based capacity expansion technology, characterized in that it includes a blockchain capacity expansion scheme, a data integrity audit protocol based on a plasma smart contract, a batch audit scheme, and a security definition. The off-chain expansion scheme includes 0-layer expansion, on-chain expansion and off-chain expansion. The 0-layer expansion improves the scalability of the blockchain by changing the underlying data transmission protocol of the blockchain; the on-chain expansion includes the data layer Improvement plan, consensus layer improvement plan and network layer improvement plan; the off-chain expansion is to make changes at the application layer to improve scalability. 2. A block chain-based off-chain expansion technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: the data integrity audit protocol based on the plasma smart contract is implemented by introducing a plasma sub-chain and on-chain and off-chain Deploy smart contracts for execution with low computational and communication overhead. 3. A blockchain-based off-chain expansion technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: the batch audit scheme can batch process multiple audit tasks at the same time and introduce the concept of non-interactive audit. 4. A block chain-based off-chain expansion technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: the security definition prevents any forged proof from passing verification with a non-negligible probability, ensuring data security . 5. A blockchain-based off-chain expansion technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: the off-chain expansion consists of off-chain transactions, off-chain consensus and on-chain channel contracts. 6. A blockchain-based off-chain expansion technology according to claim 1, wherein the off-chain expansion comprises the following steps: (1) Create a channel on the chain, then perform data interaction in the channel, and finally close the channel and submit the latest status to the chain for liquidation, in which data interaction in the channel and off-chain status updates do not require blockchain consensus; (2) Based on the hash time lock mechanism, asset certificates of all parties are formed when the channel is created to monitor the data of all parties to the transaction, and trusted nodes are elected based on the leader importance scoring mechanism to supervise the transaction behavior of all parties to the channel , to ensure the safety and controllability of information interaction behavior in the channel, build an efficient and reliable multi-person off-chain real-time interaction network, transfer high-frequency transactions from the chain to the off-chain channel for processing, and offload the transaction processing pressure on the chain; (3) Organize massive off-chain transactions into Merkle trees, and map massive off-chain data and complex off-chain business processes in the form of Merkle tree root hashes through the new Merkle tree data structure To the chain, improve the consistency of the data summary on the chain and the data off the chain and the verification efficiency of the integrity of business execution; (4) Use the contract on the chain to manage the credit value of the node. By setting the authority of the initial channel node, the channel administrator can review the nodes that apply to enter the channel, and combine the contract audit function on the chain to determine whether the node can enter; (5) The node exit mechanism relies on the off-chain contract audit mechanism to audit the node's affairs through the off-chain contract, calculate whether there are unfinished things, and reserve a period of time for the off-chain nodes or supervisory nodes to raise objections. , the transaction under the chain is liquidated, the result is uploaded to the chain, and the node exits the channel.

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