CN116144414B - A high temperature super-lubricating system and its application - Google Patents
A high temperature super-lubricating system and its application Download PDFInfo
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- 229920002545 silicone oil Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 96
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 125000000068 chlorophenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 27
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 229920000435 poly(dimethylsiloxane) Polymers 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000001207 fluorophenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004696 Poly ether ether ketone Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920002530 polyetherether ketone Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- CCDWGDHTPAJHOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzylsilicon Chemical compound [Si]CC1=CC=CC=C1 CCDWGDHTPAJHOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 235000011007 phosphoric acid Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 229920001921 poly-methyl-phenyl-siloxane Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 235000011149 sulphuric acid Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 16
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 15
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 15
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 12
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 5
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910021642 ultra pure water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012498 ultrapure water Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 description 1
- GTPDFCLBTFKHNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloro(phenyl)silicon Chemical compound Cl[Si]C1=CC=CC=C1 GTPDFCLBTFKHNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001059 synthetic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M161/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of a macromolecular compound and a non-macromolecular compound, each of these compounds being essential
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M125/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an inorganic material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M125/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an inorganic material
- C10M125/26—Compounds containing silicon or boron, e.g. silica, sand
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2201/06—Metal compounds
- C10M2201/061—Carbides; Hydrides; Nitrides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2201/06—Metal compounds
- C10M2201/062—Oxides; Hydroxides; Carbonates or bicarbonates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2201/08—Inorganic acids or salts thereof
- C10M2201/082—Inorganic acids or salts thereof containing nitrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2201/10—Compounds containing silicon
- C10M2201/105—Silica
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2209/10—Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M2209/103—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
- C10M2209/104—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups of alkylene oxides containing two carbon atoms only
- C10M2209/1045—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups of alkylene oxides containing two carbon atoms only used as base material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2209/10—Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M2209/103—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
- C10M2209/108—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups etherified
- C10M2209/1085—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups etherified used as base material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2229/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2205/00, C10M2209/00, C10M2213/00, C10M2217/00, C10M2221/00 or C10M2225/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2229/04—Siloxanes with specific structure
- C10M2229/041—Siloxanes with specific structure containing aliphatic substituents
- C10M2229/0415—Siloxanes with specific structure containing aliphatic substituents used as base material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2229/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2205/00, C10M2209/00, C10M2213/00, C10M2217/00, C10M2221/00 or C10M2225/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2229/04—Siloxanes with specific structure
- C10M2229/042—Siloxanes with specific structure containing aromatic substituents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2229/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2205/00, C10M2209/00, C10M2213/00, C10M2217/00, C10M2221/00 or C10M2225/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2229/04—Siloxanes with specific structure
- C10M2229/042—Siloxanes with specific structure containing aromatic substituents
- C10M2229/0425—Siloxanes with specific structure containing aromatic substituents used as base material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/06—Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/56—Boundary lubrication or thin film lubrication
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/02—Bearings
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了一种高温超滑体系及其应用，所述高温超滑体系是以硅油为润滑介质，摩擦副包括陶瓷、钢或聚合物中的至少一种，所述高温超滑是指温度大于200℃。本发明的高温超滑体系在磨合处理后，在高温条件下，平均摩擦系数低至10‑3量级，实现稳定的高温超滑现象，降低能源损耗，提高运行精确性和稳定性，延长机械零部件的使用寿命。
The present invention discloses a high-temperature super-lubricating system and its application. The high-temperature super-lubricating system uses silicone oil as a lubricating medium, and the friction pair includes at least one of ceramic, steel or polymer. The high-temperature super-lubricating refers to a temperature greater than 200°C. After the running-in treatment, the high-temperature super-lubricating system of the present invention has an average friction coefficient as low as 10 ‑3 under high temperature conditions, achieving a stable high-temperature super-lubricating phenomenon, reducing energy loss, improving operation accuracy and stability, and extending the service life of mechanical parts.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of lubricating materials, in particular to a high-temperature ultra-sliding system and application thereof.
Background
Friction and wear are widely present in various types of mechanical systems. With the rapid development of aviation, aerospace and tip equipment manufacturing industry in China, higher performance requirements are put forward on mechanical equipment and parts thereof, and service conditions of moving parts are more severe. The extreme working conditions such as high temperature, high speed and high load are easier to cause mechanical equipment interface lubrication failure, so that abnormal wear problems occur, and even equipment failure is caused.
In high-performance lubrication systems, ultra-slip is becoming a most effective way to increase production efficiency and reduce energy consumption, and is becoming a great concern, where the design of high-temperature ultra-slip systems is particularly attractive. By high temperature super slip is meant that a friction behavior with a friction coefficient of 10 -3 magnitude or less is achieved under high temperature conditions (T >200 ℃). The high-temperature ultra-slip of the aerospace equipment on a motion interface is very important for the safe service of parts and the improvement of the operation reliability and service life of an equipment system.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention has been made based on the findings and knowledge of the inventors regarding the following facts and problems: ceramic, steel and polymer materials are widely used in the field of aerospace machinery, but the whole motion system is difficult to reach a high-temperature ultralow friction state. Therefore, the search for high-temperature ultra-smooth systems of steel, ceramics and polymers and their application in the mechanical field is of great importance.
The present invention aims to solve at least one of the technical problems in the related art to some extent. Therefore, the embodiment of the invention provides a high-temperature ultra-sliding system and application thereof, silicone oil is used as a lubricating medium, a friction pair comprises ceramics, steel or polymers, after running-in treatment, the average friction coefficient is as low as 10 -3 orders of magnitude under the high-temperature condition (T >200 ℃), the stable high-temperature ultra-sliding phenomenon is realized, the energy loss is reduced, the operation accuracy and stability are improved, and the service life of mechanical parts is prolonged.
According to the high-temperature ultra-sliding system provided by the embodiment of the invention, the lubricating medium of the high-temperature ultra-sliding system comprises silicone oil, the friction pair comprises at least one of ceramics, steel or polymers, and the high-temperature ultra-sliding is that the temperature is higher than 200 ℃.
The high-temperature ultra-sliding system provided by the embodiment of the invention has the advantages and technical effects that the high-temperature ultra-sliding system takes the silicone oil provided by the invention as a lubricating medium, the friction pair comprises ceramics, steel or polymers, and the average friction coefficient is as low as 10 -3 orders of magnitude under the high-temperature condition (T >200 ℃), so that the stable high-temperature ultra-sliding phenomenon is realized, the energy loss is reduced, the operation accuracy and stability are improved, and the service life of mechanical parts is prolonged. In the embodiment of the invention, the mechanism of realizing super lubrication of the silicone oil on the surfaces of different materials is different, but the silicone oil can finally realize a lower friction coefficient, and the super low friction abrasion is realized on the surfaces of ceramics, steel or polymers under the high temperature condition.
In some embodiments, the silicone oil comprises at least one of a methyl silicone oil or a modified silicone oil.
In some embodiments, the modified silicone oil comprises at least one of benzyl silicone oil, chlorophenyl silicone oil, or fluorophenyl silicone oil.
In some embodiments, the ceramic comprises at least one of Si 3N4、ZrO2 or Al 2O3; the steel comprises at least one of GCr15, M50 or CSS-42L; the polymer includes at least one of Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) or Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
The application of the high-temperature ultra-smooth system provided by the embodiment of the invention is under the condition that the temperature is higher than 200 ℃. The high-temperature super-slip system provided by the embodiment of the invention has the advantages and technical effects brought by the application at the temperature of more than 200 ℃, and the average friction coefficient of the system is as low as 10 -3 orders of magnitude under the high-temperature condition (T is more than 200 ℃), so that the stable high-temperature super-slip phenomenon can be realized.
In some embodiments, the friction pair is run-in prior to application of the lubricating medium.
In some embodiments, the media employed in the break-in process comprises at least one of an acid solution or an aqueous polymer solution;
Preferably, the acid solution comprises at least one of HCl, HNO 3、H3PO4, or H 2SO4; the concentration of H + ions in the acid solution is 0.01-0.10 mol/l;
Preferably, the polymer in the aqueous polymer solution comprises at least one of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene glycol (PEG); the relative molecular mass of the polyvinyl alcohol is 100-400; the relative molecular mass of the polyethylene glycol is 200-1000; the mass percentage concentration of the polymer aqueous solution is 1-30wt%;
and/or the temperature of the running-in treatment is 20-50 ℃.
In some embodiments, the linear speed of the high temperature ultra-slip system is 62.8-1067.6 mm/s; and/or the applied load is 1 to 8N.
In some embodiments, the high temperature ultra-slip system is applied in an aircraft high temperature lubrication system; the lubricating medium of the high-temperature super-slip system is used as a lubricant of mechanical parts in the high-temperature lubrication system of the aviation, and the friction pair of the high-temperature super-slip system is used as a matching material of the mechanical parts in the high-temperature lubrication system of the aviation.
In some embodiments, the high temperature ultra-slip system is applied in an aero-bearing and/or sealing device; the lubricating medium of the high-temperature super-sliding system is used as a lubricant, and the friction pair of the high-temperature super-sliding system is manufactured into a radial sliding bearing and/or a sealing device.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is the lubricating properties of example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the change in friction coefficient with temperature in example 2 of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is the lubricating properties at 250℃in example 2 of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a graph of average coefficient of friction as a function of rotational speed and load for examples 3 and 4 of the present invention, wherein (a) rotational speed; (b) load.
Detailed Description
Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The embodiments described below by referring to the drawings are illustrative and intended to explain the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the invention.
According to the high-temperature ultra-sliding system provided by the embodiment of the invention, the lubricating medium of the high-temperature ultra-sliding system comprises silicone oil, the friction pair comprises at least one of ceramics, steel or polymers, and the high-temperature ultra-sliding is that the temperature is higher than 200 ℃. Specifically, for example, >200 ℃, >210 ℃, >220 ℃, >230 ℃, >240 ℃, >250 ℃, preferably, >250 ℃.
The high-temperature super-slip system takes the silicone oil as a lubricating medium, and the friction pair comprises ceramics, steel or polymers, and has an average friction coefficient as low as 10 -3 orders of magnitude under the high-temperature condition (T >200 ℃), so that the stable high-temperature super-slip phenomenon is realized, the energy loss is reduced, the operation accuracy and stability are improved, and the service life of mechanical parts is prolonged. In the embodiment of the invention, the mechanism of realizing super lubrication of the silicone oil on the surfaces of different materials is different, but the silicone oil can finally realize a lower friction coefficient, and the super low friction abrasion is realized on the surfaces of ceramics, steel or polymers under the high temperature condition.
In some embodiments, the silicone oil comprises at least one of a methyl silicone oil or a modified silicone oil;
The molecular formula of the methyl silicone oil is C 6+2nH18+6nO1+nSi2+n, the n refers to the polymerization degree of the methyl silicone oil, the viscosity changes along with the polymerization degree, and the viscosity of the methyl silicone oil is 1.0-100000 mPas, specifically, for example, 1.0 mPas, 10 mPas, 60 mPas, 100 mPas, 1000 mPas, 10000 mPas, 50000 mPas, 100000 mPas;
the molecular structural formula of the methyl silicone oil is as follows:
In the embodiment of the invention, the silicone oil is a large class of synthetic polymers and has the properties of extremely low volatility, nonflammability, high thermal stability, oxidation stability, low melting point, extremely low vapor pressure and the like. Through molecular structure modification of methyl silicone oil, various modified silicone oils are synthesized, such as: the benzyl silicone oil, the chlorophenyl silicone oil or the fluorophenyl silicone oil can improve the lubricating property of the silicone oil and keep the excellent temperature resistance and the low volatility of the silicone oil. Methyl silicone oil or modified silicone oil is selected as a lubricating medium, and the friction pair comprises ceramics, steel or polymers, so that the high-temperature ultra-sliding system can realize ultra-sliding.
In some embodiments, the modified silicone oil comprises at least one of benzyl silicone oil, chlorophenyl silicone oil, or fluorophenyl silicone oil; preferably, chlorophenyl silicone oil;
the molecular formula of the benzyl silicone oil is C 14+2nH16+6nO1+nSi1+n, and n refers to the polymerization degree of the benzyl silicone oil; the viscosity of the benzyl silicone oil is 1.0 to 100000 mPa-s, specifically, for example, 1.0 mPa-s, 10 mPa-s, 60 mPa-s, 100 mPa-s, 1000 mPa-s, 10000 mPa-s, 50000 mPa-s, 100000 mPa-s;
the molecular structural formula of the benzyl silicone oil is as follows:
The molecular structural formula of the chlorophenyl silicone oil is C 6+2m+9nH18+6m+9nO3+nSi2+m+2nCl5n, m and n respectively refer to the polymerization degree, and m and n are equal or unequal; the viscosity of the chlorophenyl silicone oil is 1.0 to 100000 mPas, specifically, for example, 1.0 mPas, 10 mPas, 60 mPas, 100 mPas, 1000 mPas, 10000 mPas, 50000 mPas, 100000 mPas;
The molecular structural formula of the chlorophenyl silicone oil is as follows:
The molecular structural formula of the fluorophenyl silicone oil is C 6+2m+9nH18+6m+9nO3+nSi2+m+2nF5n, m and n respectively refer to the polymerization degree, and m and n are equal or unequal; the viscosity of the fluorophenyl silicone oil is 1.0 to 100000 mPa-s, specifically, for example, 1.0 mPa-s, 10 mPa-s, 60 mPa-s, 100 mPa-s, 1000 mPa-s, 10000 mPa-s, 50000 mPa-s, 100000 mPa-s;
The molecular structural formula of the fluorophenyl silicone oil is as follows:
In the embodiment of the invention, through carrying out molecular structure modification on the methyl silicone oil, various modified silicone oils are synthesized, such as: the benzyl silicone oil, the chlorophenyl silicone oil or the fluorophenyl silicone oil can improve the lubricating property of the silicone oil, can maintain the excellent temperature resistance and the low volatility of the silicone oil, and is beneficial to improving the lubricating property of the traditional silicone oil. At least one of benzyl silicone oil, chlorophenyl silicone oil or fluorophenyl silicone oil is selected as a lubricating medium, and the friction pair comprises ceramics, steel or polymers, so that the high-temperature ultra-sliding system can realize ultra-sliding.
In some embodiments, the ceramic comprises at least one of Si 3N4、ZrO2 or Al 2O3, optionally with an Al 2O3 crystal plane of (0001); optionally, si 3N4 meets the GB/T31703-2015 standard; the steel comprises at least one of GCr15, M50 or CSS-42L; the polymer includes at least one of PEEK or PTFE. In the embodiment of the invention, except a high-temperature lubricating medium in the construction of a high-temperature lubricating system, the high-temperature resistance of the friction pair is considered. Taking materials for the inner ring and the outer ring of the bearing and the rolling body as examples, the development of the bearing is divided into three generations according to service temperature, and the first generation bearing steel GCr15 is mostly used in the normal temperature or middle-low high temperature range; the second generation bearing steel is required to be used at a high temperature of 300 ℃, and mainly represents M50; the service temperature of the third-generation bearing steel is higher than 300 ℃, and the third-generation bearing steel is mainly represented as CSS-42L high-temperature steel. Advanced ceramic materials (Si 3N4、ZrO2 or Al 2O3) have been largely used for rolling elements of high-temperature bearings due to their excellent mechanical reliability, good fracture toughness, excellent thermal shock resistance and wear resistance. A large amount of polymeric material is required in specific seal areas, of which PEEK and PTFE are typical representatives. The mechanism of the super lubrication of the silicone oil on the surfaces of different materials is different, but the low friction coefficient can be realized finally, and the ultra-low friction abrasion of the silicone oil on the surfaces of ceramics, steel or polymers under the high temperature condition is realized.
The application of the high-temperature ultra-smooth system provided by the embodiment of the invention is under the condition that the temperature is higher than 200 ℃. The high-temperature super-slip system provided by the embodiment of the invention is applied at the temperature of more than 200 ℃, the average friction coefficient of the system is as low as 10 -3 orders of magnitude, and the stable high-temperature super-slip phenomenon can be realized.
In some embodiments, the friction pair is run-in treated prior to application of the lubricating medium; the running-in treatment generates a friction film, preferably a friction reaction film and/or a friction adsorption film. In the embodiment of the invention, the friction reaction film/adsorption film is generated by running in, so that the roughness of a friction contact area can be effectively reduced, the stable adsorption of a lubricating medium on the surface of a friction pair is effectively promoted, and the direct contact between two friction interfaces is effectively blocked.
In some embodiments, the running-in treatment is at a temperature of 20 to 50 ℃, specifically, for example, 20 ℃,25 ℃,30 ℃,35 ℃,40 ℃,45 ℃,50 ℃. In the embodiment of the invention, the running-in treatment is favorably carried out at the temperature of 20-50 ℃.
In some embodiments, the media used in the break-in process comprises at least one of an acid solution or an aqueous polymer solution. In some embodiments, the acid solution comprises at least one of HCl, HNO 3、H3PO4, or H 2SO4; preferably, the H + ion concentration in the acid solution is 0.01 to 0.10mol/L, specifically, for example, 0.01mol/L,0.02mol/L,0.05mol/L,0.07mol/L,0.09mol/L,0.10mol/L. In some embodiments, the polymer in the aqueous polymer solution comprises at least one of polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol; the polyvinyl alcohol has a relative molecular mass of 100 to 400, specifically, for example, 100, 130, 200, 300, 400; preferably, the polyvinyl alcohol is PVA1788; the polyethylene glycol has a relative molecular mass of 200 to 1000, specifically, for example, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000. In some embodiments, the aqueous polymer solution has a mass percent concentration of 1 to 30wt%, specifically, for example, 1wt%,2wt%,3wt%,5wt%,10wt%,15wt%,20wt%,23 wt%, 25wt%,28 wt%, 30wt%; preferably, the mass percentage concentration of the polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution is 1-5 wt%, and more preferably 3wt%; preferably, the concentration of the polyethylene glycol aqueous solution is 20 to 30wt%, more preferably 25wt%. In the embodiment of the invention, the acid solution or the polymer aqueous solution is adopted as a medium for running-in, so that the friction coefficient of the silicone oil can be obviously reduced after running-in, and the boundary lubricating performance of the silicone oil can be improved. When the running-in medium is a polymer water solution, the polymer water solution generates a stable adsorption film on the surface of the ceramic so as to reach an ultra-lubrication state; the steel surface is mainly formed by running in polymer aqueous solution on the surfaces of first, second and third-generation aviation bearing steel to form larger contact area and lower surface roughness, so that an ultra-lubrication state is realized; the polymer surface is because the polymer has self-lubricating effect, and the super-lubricating state can be formed only by slightly grinding in PVA or PEG aqueous solution to reduce surface roughness peaks. The concentration of the acid solution or the polymer aqueous solution is optimized, so that the running-in effect is further improved, the friction coefficient of a lubricating medium is reduced, the lubricating performance is improved, and the formation of a super-lubricating state is promoted.
In some embodiments, the high temperature ultra-slip system has a linear velocity of 62.8 to 1067.6mm/s, specifically, for example, 62.8mm/s,125.6mm/s,175.84mm/s,314.0mm/s,502.4mm/s,628.0mm/s,942.0mm/s,1067.6mm/s; and/or, the applied load is 1 to 8N, specifically, for example, 1N,2N,3N,4N,5N,6N,7N,8N. In the embodiment of the invention, when the linear speed of the high-temperature super-lubrication system is too high or too low under certain load and other conditions, the high-temperature super-lubrication performance is likely to be invalid, and the high Wen Chaohua is facilitated to be further realized by optimizing the linear speed of the high-temperature super-lubrication system. In the embodiment of the invention, under the conditions of a certain linear speed and the like, the high-temperature ultra-sliding system can cause ultra-sliding failure when the load is overlarge, and when the load is further increased on the basis, the friction Coefficient (COF) is suddenly increased, so that the abrasion of the system is increased. The load of the high-temperature ultra-sliding system is optimized, so that the high-temperature ultra-sliding process is further realized.
In some embodiments, the high temperature ultra-slip system is applied in an aircraft high temperature lubrication system; the temperature of the aviation high temperature lubrication system is greater than 200 ℃, preferably greater than 250 ℃; the lubricating medium of the high-temperature super-slip system is used as a lubricant of mechanical parts in the high-temperature lubrication system of the aviation, and the friction pair of the high-temperature super-slip system is used as a matching material of the mechanical parts in the high-temperature lubrication system of the aviation. In the embodiment of the invention, the high-temperature ultra-sliding system is applied to an aviation high-temperature lubrication system with the system temperature higher than 200 ℃, so that stable high-temperature ultra-sliding phenomenon is realized, the energy loss of aviation equipment is reduced, the operation accuracy and stability are improved, and the service life of mechanical parts is prolonged
In some embodiments, the high temperature ultra-slip system is applied in an aero-bearing and/or sealing device; the lubricating medium of the high-temperature super-sliding system is used as a lubricant, and the friction pair of the high-temperature super-sliding system is manufactured into a radial sliding bearing and/or a sealing device. In the embodiment of the invention, the high-temperature ultra-sliding system is applied to aviation bearings and/or seals, is favorable for realizing stable high-temperature ultra-sliding phenomenon, reduces the energy loss of aviation equipment, improves the operation accuracy and stability, and prolongs the service life of mechanical parts
The invention will now be described with reference to specific examples, which are intended to be illustrative only and not limiting in any way.
In the following examples, a micro-friction test was carried out using a multifunctional friction tester (Bruce, germany; UMT-5). In the test, ceramic (3.969 mm in diameter) or steel ball (10.3 mm in diameter) is used as an upper sample, and the surface of the ceramic, steel or polymer disk material is controlled to have a roughness Ra of less than 10nm and is attached to a fixed disk as a lower sample in rotation. The ball and the disk are respectively ultrasonically cleaned by petroleum ether, acetone, absolute ethyl alcohol and ultrapure water for 15min, and then dried by compressed N 2 for standby. Before friction test, the surface of the upper sample ball is subjected to running-in treatment by acid solution (HCl, HNO 3、H3PO4 or H 2SO4), silicone oil (methyl silicone oil and benzyl silicone oil, chlorophenyl silicone oil or fluorophenyl silicone oil) or polymer aqueous solution (polyvinyl alcohol or polyethylene glycol) under certain conditions (the experimental temperature is 20-50 ℃, the rotation radius is 6mm, the load is 10N, the rotation speed is 280rpm and 10 min) so as to form a smaller contact platform. After the pre-running-in treatment, the surface of the friction pair is scrubbed by petroleum ether, absolute ethyl alcohol and ultrapure water respectively to remove surface solvent and abrasive dust generated by running-in. And then 100-300 mu L of silicone oil is dripped between the ball and the disc, a normal load of 6N, a rotation radius of 6mm, a rotating speed of 280rpm and a linear sliding speed of 175.84mm/s are applied, and a friction experiment is carried out. UMT-5 uses a medium-high temperature cavity with the temperature of 20-400 ℃, the heating rate is set to 10 ℃/min, the temperature is kept for 15min at the set temperature, and the temperature control precision is +/-2 ℃. Except room temperature experiment, the rest of the experiment temperature needs to be heated for 5-10 min. All friction experiments were performed at an ambient humidity of 25±5%, and each set of experiments was repeated more than 3 times to ensure accuracy of the data. In the test process, the friction coefficient is automatically recorded by a computer, and then the average friction coefficient is calculated by software.
Example 1
Lubrication medium: the viscosity of chlorophenyl silicone oil at room temperature (25 ℃) was about 60 mPas.
Friction pair: ceramic balls special for aviation of the ceramic material Si 3N4 (meeting GB/T31703-2015 standard) and a ceramic disc with Al 2O3 crystal face of (0001).
1. And (3) grinding: running-in treatments (experiment temperature 30 ℃ C., radius of rotation 6mm, load 10N, rotation speed 280rpm, 10 min) were carried out with UMT-5 respectively under different running-in media.
The running-in mediums are respectively (1) acid solution: HNO 3 solution with concentration of 0.10mol/L; (2) silicone oil: chlorophenyl silicone oil; (3) aqueous polymer solution: polyethylene glycol (PEG-400) aqueous solution, wherein the molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol is 400, and the mass percentage concentration of the polyethylene glycol aqueous solution is 25wt%.
2. Friction experiment: 100 mu L of chlorphenyl silicon oil is dripped between the ball and the disc, a normal load is applied at the same contact area position, the rotation radius is 6mm, the rotation speed is 280rpm, the linear sliding speed is 175.84mm/s, the temperature is room temperature (25 ℃), a friction experiment is carried out by point-surface contact, a period is 30min on the same friction pair, and the lubricating performance in a test period under the room temperature condition is shown in figure 1.
As can be seen from FIG. 1, after 0.10mol/L HNO 3 solution is ground, chlorphenyl silicone oil is adopted as a lubricating medium, and when a ceramic material Si 3N4 ball and an Al 2O3 disc are matched, the average friction coefficient COF in the whole test period is more than 0.01;
After running-in treatment of 25wt% polyethylene glycol aqueous solution, chlorphenyl silicone oil is adopted as a lubricating medium, and when ceramic materials Si 3N4 balls and Al 2O3 are matched with auxiliary discs, the average friction coefficient COF in the whole test period is more than 0.03;
After the chlorphenyl silicone oil is ground, when the chlorphenyl silicone oil is used as a lubricating medium and ceramic materials Si 3N4 balls and Al 2O3 are matched with auxiliary discs, the average friction coefficient COF in the whole test period is more than 0.11, and the friction coefficient of the system is larger and is not in an ultra-slip state.
The average friction coefficient of the chlorophenyl silicone oil can be obviously reduced after the acid solution and the polymer aqueous solution are ground in, and the boundary lubricating performance of the chlorophenyl silicone oil is improved.
Example 2
Lubrication medium: the viscosity of chlorophenyl silicone oil at room temperature was about 60 mPas.
Friction pair: ceramic balls special for aviation of the ceramic material Si 3N4 (meeting GB/T31703-2015 standard) and a ceramic disc with Al 2O3 crystal face of (0001).
1. And (3) grinding: running-in treatment was performed with UMT-5 in running-in medium (experimental temperature 30 ℃ C., radius of rotation 6mm, load 10N, rotational speed 280rpm, 10 min). The running-in medium is as follows: polyethylene glycol (PEG-400) aqueous solution, wherein the molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol is 400, and the mass percentage concentration of the polyethylene glycol aqueous solution is 25wt%.
2. Friction experiment: 100 mu L of chlorophenyl silicone oil is dripped between the ball and the disc, and the lubricating performance of the chlorophenyl silicone oil at different experimental temperatures when the ceramic materials Si 3N4 and Al 2O3 are matched. The radius of rotation was 6mm, the rotational speed was 280rmp under a load of 6N, and the friction test was carried out for 30min. The experimental temperatures were 50℃and 100℃and 150℃and 200℃and 250℃respectively. The resulting coefficient of friction versus temperature is shown in FIG. 2. The lubrication performance in the test period at the experimental temperature of 250 ℃ is shown in figure 3.
As can be seen from fig. 2, the average coefficient of friction decreases significantly throughout the test period as the experimental temperature increases from 50 ℃ to 100 and 150 ℃. When the experimental temperature increased to 100 and 150 ℃, the average friction coefficient in the whole test period was reduced to cof=0.016 and 0.012 respectively, and the system friction coefficient was not in the oil-based super-slip state although there was a trend of decrease with the increase of temperature.
When the experimental temperature is increased to 200 ℃, the average friction coefficient in the whole test period is cof=0.009, the average friction coefficient of the system is obviously reduced to 10 -3 orders of magnitude along with the temperature rise, and the oil-based super-slip state is effectively entered.
When the experimental temperature is increased to 250 ℃, the average friction coefficient in the whole test period is cof=0.006, the average friction coefficient of the system is further reduced along with the temperature rise to 10 -3 orders of magnitude, the high-temperature oil-based ultra-smooth state is realized, the friction coefficient is lower and can be kept stable for a long time, and the lubricating performance in the test period at the experimental temperature of 250 ℃ is shown in figure 3.
Example 3
Lubrication medium: the viscosity of chlorophenyl silicone oil at room temperature was about 60 mPas.
Friction pair: ceramic balls special for aviation of the ceramic material Si 3N4 (meeting GB/T31703-2015 standard) and a ceramic disc with Al 2O3 crystal face of (0001).
1. And (3) grinding: running-in treatment was performed with UMT-5 in running-in medium (experimental temperature 30 ℃ C., radius of rotation 6mm, load 10N, rotational speed 280rpm, 10 min). The running-in medium is as follows: polyethylene glycol (PEG-400) aqueous solution, wherein the molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol is 400, and the mass percentage concentration of the polyethylene glycol aqueous solution is 25wt%.
2. Friction experiment: 100. Mu.L of chlorophenyl silicone oil was dropped between the ball and the disk, and the lubricating properties of chlorophenyl silicone oil at different linear speeds were measured. The speed-changing friction experiment was carried out at 200 ℃ in the same contact area with a normal load of 6N, a radius of rotation of 6mm and a point-to-surface contact, and each speed was tested for 30s at each speed on the same friction pair, with the speed increasing stepwise from 10rpm to 1900rpm (linear speed v=6.28-1193.2 mm/s).
As can be seen from the graph of the change of the average friction coefficient with the rotating speed in the variable speed experiment at 200 ℃ in the graph (a) of fig. 4, the average friction coefficient of the chlorophenyl silicone oil shows the trend of decreasing first and then increasing second as the rotating speed is gradually increased from 10rpm to 1900rpm, and the high-temperature ultra-smooth linear speed interval is 62.8-1067.6 mm/s. When the linear velocity is too high (1193.2 mm/s) or too low (6.28 mm/s), failure of the high temperature oil-based super-lubricity may occur.
Example 4
Lubrication medium: the viscosity of chlorophenyl silicone oil at room temperature was about 60 mPas.
Friction pair: ceramic balls special for aviation of the ceramic material Si 3N4 (meeting GB/T31703-2015 standard) and a ceramic disc with Al 2O3 crystal face of (0001).
1. And (3) grinding: running-in treatment was performed with UMT-5 in running-in medium (experimental temperature 30 ℃ C., radius of rotation 6mm, load 10N, rotational speed 280rpm, 10 min). The running-in medium is as follows: polyethylene glycol (PEG-400) aqueous solution, wherein the molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol is 400, and the mass percentage concentration of the polyethylene glycol aqueous solution is 25wt%.
2. Friction experiment: 100. Mu.L of chlorophenyl silicone oil was dropped between the ball and the disk, and the lubricating properties of chlorophenyl silicone oil under different loads were measured. And carrying out a friction experiment at the same contact area position at the experiment temperature of 200 ℃ with the rotation radius of 6mm and the rotation speed of 280rpm in a point-surface contact mode, wherein the load in the friction experiment is gradually increased from 1N to 17N for 30 min.
As can be seen from the graph of the average friction coefficient along with the load change at 200 ℃ in the graph (b) of fig. 4, the high-temperature ultra-sliding process can be effectively realized in the load range of 1-8N, and the load range for realizing the high-temperature ultra-sliding is 1-8N. Super slip fails when the load is >9N, COF spikes when the load reaches 17N, and wear is exacerbated.
Example 5
The friction pair is ceramic SiO 2, the lubricating medium is methyl silicone oil, benzyl silicone oil, chlorophenyl silicone oil or fluorophenyl silicone oil, and the adsorption energy and stable adsorption configuration of different lubricating mediums on the surface of the ceramic SiO 2 are calculated through Vienna Ab-initio Simulation Package (VASP) software.
The intensity of the adsorption performance obviously influences the lubricating performance of the lubricating medium, and can effectively reflect the tribological performance of the lubricating medium. VASP calculation results show that the adsorption performance of the methyl silicone oil on the surface of the ceramic SiO 2 after the polymer aqueous solution is ground in is worst, and the adsorption energy is-0.12 eV. The adsorption energy of the benzyl silicone oil, the chlorophenyl silicone oil and the fluorophenyl silicone oil is-0.16 eV, -0.29eV and-0.35 eV respectively, the adsorption performance of the benzene ring modified and halogen element modified silicone oils is stronger, and the adsorption performance of the modified silicone oils is better than that of the methyl silicone oil. This is mainly due to the fact that the presence of a large pi bond in the benzene ring is more likely to form a stable adsorption film; the electronegativity of Cl and F atoms in the halogen modified silicone oil is stronger, so that partial charge transfer of the atoms occurs, and the more stable adsorption configuration and adsorption capacity of the halogen modified silicone oil on the friction pair surface are further realized. Therefore, the lubricating performance of the modified silicone oil is improved compared with that of the methyl silicone oil, the lubricating performance of the methyl silicone oil can be effectively improved, the high-temperature super-slip is realized at the temperature of T being more than 200 ℃, and the friction coefficient reaches 0.0070-0.0085.
For purposes of this disclosure, the terms "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "example," "a particular example," or "some examples," etc., mean that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, schematic representations of the above terms are not necessarily directed to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples. Furthermore, the different embodiments or examples described in this specification and the features of the different embodiments or examples may be combined and combined by those skilled in the art without contradiction.
While the above embodiments have been shown and described, it should be understood that the above embodiments are illustrative and not to be construed as limiting the invention, and that variations, modifications, alternatives, and variations of the above embodiments may be made by those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope of the invention.
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