CN116121599A - Alloy material for thermocouple protection sleeve and thermocouple protection sleeve - Google Patents
Alloy material for thermocouple protection sleeve and thermocouple protection sleeve Download PDFInfo
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- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 122
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000005495 investment casting Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001208 Crucible steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 abstract description 18
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 abstract description 18
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 13
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 11
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 abstract description 11
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 abstract description 11
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 10
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000009529 body temperature measurement Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 7
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 5
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 6
- 241001391944 Commicarpus scandens Species 0.000 description 4
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 4
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000005480 shot peening Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241001062472 Stokellia anisodon Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004939 coking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
- C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
- C22C19/051—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W
- C22C19/055—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W with the maximum Cr content being at least 20% but less than 30%
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
- B22C9/02—Sand moulds or like moulds for shaped castings
- B22C9/04—Use of lost patterns
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
- B22C9/22—Moulds for peculiarly-shaped castings
- B22C9/24—Moulds for peculiarly-shaped castings for hollow articles
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/02—Making non-ferrous alloys by melting
- C22C1/023—Alloys based on nickel
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/02—Making non-ferrous alloys by melting
- C22C1/03—Making non-ferrous alloys by melting using master alloys
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K1/00—Details of thermometers not specially adapted for particular types of thermometer
- G01K1/08—Protective devices, e.g. casings
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K1/00—Details of thermometers not specially adapted for particular types of thermometer
- G01K1/08—Protective devices, e.g. casings
- G01K1/10—Protective devices, e.g. casings for preventing chemical attack
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K7/00—Measuring temperature based on the use of electric or magnetic elements directly sensitive to heat ; Power supply therefor, e.g. using thermoelectric elements
- G01K7/02—Measuring temperature based on the use of electric or magnetic elements directly sensitive to heat ; Power supply therefor, e.g. using thermoelectric elements using thermoelectric elements, e.g. thermocouples
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种用于热电偶保护套管的合金材料和热电偶保护套管，属于热电偶领域。以所述合金材料的总重量为100％计，所述合金材料包括以下组分：碳0.10‑0.15％，铬23.0‑26.0％，钴6.5‑8.5％，铌1.2‑1.8％，钛2.3‑2.6％，铝0.6‑0.9％，钨5.0‑5.6％，铈0.07‑0.09％，余量为镍。所述合金材料具有优异的耐高温、耐腐蚀和耐磨损的综合性能，可以显著提高热电偶保护套管的抗冷热骤变能力强、耐冲刷和抗腐蚀能力，并大大延长其使用寿命，满足超高温气冷堆热气导管上测温和燃煤火电厂燃煤粉测温设计使用要求，确保设备能可靠运行。The invention provides an alloy material used for a thermocouple protection sleeve and the thermocouple protection sleeve, belonging to the field of thermocouples. Based on the total weight of the alloy material as 100%, the alloy material includes the following components: carbon 0.10-0.15%, chromium 23.0-26.0%, cobalt 6.5-8.5%, niobium 1.2-1.8%, titanium 2.3-2.6% %, aluminum 0.6‑0.9%, tungsten 5.0‑5.6%, cerium 0.07‑0.09%, and the balance nickel. The alloy material has excellent comprehensive properties of high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance and wear resistance, which can significantly improve the thermocouple protection sleeve's ability to resist sudden changes in cold and heat, erosion resistance and corrosion resistance, and greatly extend its service life , to meet the design and use requirements for temperature measurement on the hot gas duct of the ultra-high temperature gas-cooled reactor and coal-fired thermal power plant to ensure reliable operation of the equipment.
Description
技术领域Technical Field
本发明属于热电偶技术领域，具体涉及一种用于热电偶保护套管的合金材料及热电偶保护套管。The invention belongs to the technical field of thermocouples, and in particular relates to an alloy material for a thermocouple protection sleeve and a thermocouple protection sleeve.
背景技术Background Art
现如今火力发电厂为增加燃煤的利用率，使用磨煤机械将煤块或大颗粒燃煤磨成细小的煤粉颗粒，并采用喷吹方式将煤粉送入燃烧炉中，让煤粉充分燃烧，以提高其热利用效率。为防止煤粉结焦，需要使用带保护套管的热电偶对燃烧炉中的温度加以控制。In order to increase the utilization rate of coal, thermal power plants now use coal grinding machinery to grind coal blocks or large coal particles into fine coal powder particles, and inject the coal powder into the combustion furnace to allow the coal powder to burn fully to improve its thermal utilization efficiency. In order to prevent the coal powder from coking, a thermocouple with a protective sleeve is needed to control the temperature in the combustion furnace.
由于燃烧炉是在至少860℃的高温下工作，并且采用鼓风机将煤粉吹入炉内，煤粉对燃烧炉中的热电偶保护套管的冲刷速率很大，同时燃烧过程中会产生大量的腐蚀性气体，因此热电偶保护套管需要同时具备耐高温、耐腐蚀、耐磨损的性能。而传统煤粉烧结炉主要使用金属陶瓷作为热电偶保护套管的材料，由于金属陶瓷具有脆性，抗冷热骤变能力差，容易损坏，从而导致热电偶使用寿命较短，需要经常更换热电偶，这给火力发电设备运行造成了极大不便。Since the combustion furnace works at a high temperature of at least 860℃ and uses a blower to blow coal powder into the furnace, the coal powder has a high rate of erosion on the thermocouple protection sleeve in the combustion furnace. At the same time, a large amount of corrosive gas is generated during the combustion process. Therefore, the thermocouple protection sleeve needs to have high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, and wear resistance. Traditional coal powder sintering furnaces mainly use metal ceramics as the material of thermocouple protection sleeves. Because metal ceramics are brittle, have poor resistance to sudden changes in temperature, and are easily damaged, the service life of thermocouples is short and the thermocouples need to be replaced frequently, which causes great inconvenience to the operation of thermal power generation equipment.
核电属于先进的清洁能源，超高温气冷堆核电站固有安全性高、系统简单、发电效率较高、用途广泛、具有多用途应用等特点，是未来能源市场需要的具有第四代先进核反应堆特性的堆型之一。超高温气冷堆由于热气导管中热氦气出口温度高达900℃及以上，也需要采用带保护套管的热电偶对其温度加以监测和控制，以保证二回路设备安全可靠地运行，从而达到40年设计使用寿命。Nuclear power is an advanced clean energy source. The ultra-high temperature gas-cooled reactor nuclear power plant has the characteristics of high inherent safety, simple system, high power generation efficiency, wide application, and multi-purpose application. It is one of the reactor types with the characteristics of the fourth-generation advanced nuclear reactor required by the future energy market. Since the outlet temperature of the hot helium in the hot gas duct of the ultra-high temperature gas-cooled reactor is as high as 900℃ or above, it is also necessary to use a thermocouple with a protective sleeve to monitor and control its temperature to ensure the safe and reliable operation of the secondary circuit equipment, so as to achieve a designed service life of 40 years.
与火力发电厂一样，目前的超高温气冷堆也是主要使用金属陶瓷作为热电偶保护套管的材料，金属陶瓷具有脆性，抗冷热骤变能力差，容易损坏，从而导致热电偶使用寿命较短，需要经常更换热电偶，这给核电设备运行同样造成了极大不便。Like thermal power plants, current ultra-high temperature gas-cooled reactors also mainly use metal ceramics as the material for thermocouple protection sheaths. Metal ceramics are brittle, have poor resistance to sudden changes in temperature, and are easily damaged, resulting in a short service life of thermocouples. Thermocouples need to be replaced frequently, which also causes great inconvenience to the operation of nuclear power equipment.
因此，需要寻找一种用于热电偶保护套管的合金材料，具备更好的耐高温、耐腐蚀、耐磨损性能，从而能延长热电偶的使用寿命。Therefore, it is necessary to find an alloy material for thermocouple protection sleeves that has better high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, and wear resistance, so as to extend the service life of the thermocouple.
发明内容Summary of the invention
本发明是基于发明人对以下事实和问题的发现和认识做出的：目前的火力发电厂及超高温气冷堆都需要采用带保护套管的热电偶来监测温度，但传统的用作热电偶保护套管的金属陶瓷材料具有脆性，抗冷热骤变能力差，容易损坏，从而导致热电偶使用寿命较短，需要经常更换热电偶，这给火力发电或核电设备运行造成了极大不便，因此，需要寻找一种用于热电偶保护套管的合金材料，使得制造的热电偶保护套管具备更好的耐高温、耐腐蚀、耐磨损性能，从而能延长热电偶的使用寿命。The present invention is based on the inventor's discovery and understanding of the following facts and problems: current thermal power plants and ultra-high temperature gas-cooled reactors both need to use thermocouples with protective sleeves to monitor temperature, but traditional metal ceramic materials used as thermocouple protective sleeves are brittle, have poor resistance to sudden changes in temperature, and are easily damaged, resulting in a short service life of the thermocouples. The thermocouples need to be replaced frequently, which causes great inconvenience to the operation of thermal power generation or nuclear power equipment. Therefore, it is necessary to find an alloy material for thermocouple protective sleeves so that the manufactured thermocouple protective sleeves have better high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, and wear resistance, thereby extending the service life of the thermocouples.
本发明旨在至少在一定程度上解决相关技术中的技术问题之一。为此，本发明的实施例提出一种用于热电偶保护套管的合金材料及热电偶保护套，所述用于热电偶保护套管的合金材料是在Ni-Cr-Co基高温合金中添加C、W、Nb等元素，具有抗冷热骤变能力，不易破碎，可以显著地提高热电偶保护套管的耐冲刷和耐腐蚀能力，从而大大延长了热电偶的使用寿命，满足超高温气冷堆热气导管上测温设计使用要求和燃煤火电厂燃烧炉测温需求，使得设备能长期安全可靠地运行。The present invention aims to solve at least one of the technical problems in the related art to a certain extent. To this end, the embodiments of the present invention propose an alloy material and a thermocouple protective sleeve for a thermocouple protective sleeve, wherein the alloy material for the thermocouple protective sleeve is a Ni-Cr-Co-based high-temperature alloy with elements such as C, W, and Nb added thereto, which has the ability to resist sudden changes in temperature and is not easy to break, and can significantly improve the erosion and corrosion resistance of the thermocouple protective sleeve, thereby greatly extending the service life of the thermocouple, meeting the design and use requirements for temperature measurement on the hot gas duct of an ultra-high temperature gas-cooled reactor and the temperature measurement requirements for the combustion furnace of a coal-fired thermal power plant, so that the equipment can operate safely and reliably for a long time.
本发明实施例的用于热电偶保护套管的合金材料，以所述合金材料的总重量为100％计，所述合金材料包括以下组分：The alloy material for the thermocouple protection sleeve according to the embodiment of the present invention includes the following components, based on the total weight of the alloy material being 100%.
本发明实施例的用于热电偶保护套管的合金材料带来的优点和技术效果为：The advantages and technical effects brought by the alloy material for the thermocouple protection sleeve of the embodiment of the present invention are as follows:
(1)本发明实施例的合金材料在Ni-Cr-Co基高温合金中添加C、Nb、W元素，可以显著地提高所述热电偶保护套管的耐高温性能，同时耐冲刷和耐腐蚀能力也明显提高，使得所述热电偶保护套管不易损坏，从而大大延长了所述热电偶的使用寿命。(1) The alloy material of the embodiment of the present invention adds C, Nb, and W elements to the Ni-Cr-Co based high temperature alloy, which can significantly improve the high temperature resistance of the thermocouple protection sleeve, and at the same time, the erosion resistance and corrosion resistance are also significantly improved, making the thermocouple protection sleeve less prone to damage, thereby greatly extending the service life of the thermocouple.
(2)本发明实施例的合金材料通过添加Ti、Al强化元素和稀土金属Ce元素，大大改善了铸件组织的均匀性，达到燃煤粉测温热电偶保护套管、超高温气冷堆热气导管上用热电偶保护套管的高综合性能指标的要求。(2) The alloy material of the embodiment of the present invention greatly improves the uniformity of the casting structure by adding Ti, Al strengthening elements and rare earth metal Ce elements, and meets the high comprehensive performance index requirements of the thermocouple protection sleeve for coal powder temperature measurement and the thermocouple protection sleeve for the hot gas duct of the ultra-high temperature gas-cooled reactor.
在一些实施例中，以所述所述合金材料的总重量为100％计，所述合金材料包括以下组分：In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the alloy material being 100%, the alloy material comprises the following components:
在一些实施例中，以所述合金材料的总重量为100％计，所述合金材料包括以下组分：In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the alloy material being 100%, the alloy material comprises the following components:
本发明实施例还提供了一种热电偶保护套管，由本发明实施例的合金材料经真空熔模精密铸造成型方法制造而成。The embodiment of the present invention further provides a thermocouple protection sleeve, which is manufactured by the alloy material of the embodiment of the present invention through a vacuum investment casting method.
本发明实施例的热电偶保护套管带来的优点和技术效果为：The advantages and technical effects brought by the thermocouple protection sleeve of the embodiment of the present invention are as follows:
(1)所述热电偶保护套管采用本发明实施例的合金材料制备而成，同时具有优异的耐高温性能、耐冲刷和耐腐蚀能力，在燃煤粉测温过程中或超高温气冷堆测温过程中不易损坏，从而大大延长了所述热电偶的使用寿命；(1) The thermocouple protection sleeve is made of the alloy material of the embodiment of the present invention, and has excellent high temperature resistance, erosion resistance and corrosion resistance. It is not easy to be damaged during the temperature measurement of coal powder or the temperature measurement of ultra-high temperature gas-cooled reactor, thereby greatly extending the service life of the thermocouple;
(2)所述热电偶保护套管采用真空熔模精密铸造成型方法制造而成，产品质量高，制造周期短。(2) The thermocouple protection sleeve is manufactured by vacuum investment casting, which has high product quality and short manufacturing cycle.
本发明还提供了热电偶保护套管的制备方法，具体包括以下步骤：The present invention also provides a method for preparing a thermocouple protection sleeve, which specifically comprises the following steps:
(1)一次冶炼：将所述合金材料各组分的母合金冶炼成混合铸锭，冶炼过程中边搅拌边旋吹惰性气体；(1) primary smelting: smelting the master alloy of each component of the alloy material into a mixed ingot, stirring and blowing an inert gas during the smelting process;
(2)二次冶炼：将步骤(1)的所述混合铸锭二次冶炼得到钢液，冶炼过程中边搅拌边旋吹惰性气体；(2) secondary smelting: secondary smelting the mixed ingot of step (1) to obtain molten steel, during which inert gas is blown while stirring;
(3)浇注成型：将步骤(2)得到的钢液浇注到所需尺寸的熔蜡模具中，制成铸件钢棒或管材；(3) Casting: pouring the molten steel obtained in step (2) into a molten wax mold of a desired size to form a casting steel rod or pipe;
(4)精加工：将步骤(3)中的所述铸件钢棒或管材通过机加工及内壁喷丸处理工艺进行精加工，得到所述热电偶保护套管。(4) Finishing: The cast steel rod or pipe in step (3) is finished by machining and inner wall shot peening to obtain the thermocouple protection sleeve.
本发明实施例的热电偶保护套管的制备方法带来的优点和技术效果为：The advantages and technical effects brought by the method for preparing the thermocouple protection sleeve of the embodiment of the present invention are as follows:
(1)所述制备方法采用真空熔模精密铸造成型工艺，从而得到具有优异综合性能的保护套管产品，特别适合用作高温气冷堆热气导管热电偶保护套管及燃煤粉测温热电偶保护套管；(1) The preparation method adopts a vacuum investment casting process to obtain a protective sleeve product with excellent comprehensive performance, which is particularly suitable for use as a thermocouple protective sleeve for hot gas ducts of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors and a thermocouple protective sleeve for measuring the temperature of coal powder;
(2)所述制备方法在浇注成型后再通过机加工及内壁喷丸工艺进一步处理，使得所述热电偶保护套管具有较高的表面质量；(2) The preparation method further processes the thermocouple protection sleeve through machining and inner wall shot peening after casting, so that the thermocouple protection sleeve has a higher surface quality;
(3)所述制备方法采用真空熔模精密铸造成型工艺，制造周期短，经济效益好。(3) The preparation method adopts a vacuum investment casting process, which has a short manufacturing cycle and good economic benefits.
本发明实施例还提供了一种热电偶，所述热电偶上包覆有本发明实施例的热电偶保护套管。The embodiment of the present invention further provides a thermocouple, and the thermocouple is coated with the thermocouple protection sleeve of the embodiment of the present invention.
本发明实施例的热电偶带来的优点和技术效果为：本发明实施例的热电偶具有所述保护套管，由于所述保护套管具有优异的耐高温、耐腐蚀、耐冲刷性能，在高温气冷堆及燃煤锅炉环境下不易破碎，因此使得所述热电偶使用周期长，可以达到两个月以上，避免频繁更换影响设备运行。The advantages and technical effects brought by the thermocouple of the embodiment of the present invention are as follows: the thermocouple of the embodiment of the present invention has the protective sleeve, and since the protective sleeve has excellent high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, and erosion resistance, it is not easy to break in the environment of a high temperature gas-cooled reactor and a coal-fired boiler, so the thermocouple has a long service life of more than two months, avoiding frequent replacement that affects equipment operation.
具体实施方式DETAILED DESCRIPTION
下面详细描述本发明的实施例，所述实施例是示例性的，旨在用于解释本发明，而不能理解为对本发明的限制。Embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below. The embodiments are exemplary and intended to be used to explain the present invention, but should not be construed as limiting the present invention.
本发明实施例提供了一种用于热电偶保护套管的合金材料。以所述所述合金材料的总重量为100％计，所述合金材料包括以下组分：The embodiment of the present invention provides an alloy material for a thermocouple protection sleeve. Taking the total weight of the alloy material as 100%, the alloy material includes the following components:
工作原理：本发明实施例的合金材料在Ni-Cr-Co基高温合金中添加C、Nb、W元素，可以显著地提高所述热电偶保护套管的耐高温性能，同时耐冲刷和耐腐蚀能力也明显提高，使得所述热电偶保护套管不易损坏，从而大大延长了所述热电偶的使用寿命。同时，本发明实施例的合金材料还通过添加Ti、Al强化元素和稀土金属Ce元素，大大改善了铸件组织的均匀性，有助于达到燃煤粉测温热电偶保护套管、超高温气冷堆热气导管上用热电偶保护套管的高综合性能指标的要求。Working principle: The alloy material of the embodiment of the present invention adds C, Nb, and W elements to the Ni-Cr-Co based high temperature alloy, which can significantly improve the high temperature resistance of the thermocouple protection sleeve, and at the same time, the erosion resistance and corrosion resistance are also significantly improved, making the thermocouple protection sleeve less prone to damage, thereby greatly extending the service life of the thermocouple. At the same time, the alloy material of the embodiment of the present invention also greatly improves the uniformity of the casting structure by adding Ti, Al strengthening elements and rare earth metal Ce elements, which helps to meet the requirements of high comprehensive performance indicators of the thermocouple protection sleeve for coal powder temperature measurement and the thermocouple protection sleeve used on the hot gas duct of the ultra-high temperature gas-cooled reactor.
当铬的含量低于23％时，所述合金材料的耐高温性能较差；当铬的含量高于26％时，其他组分的含量可能降低，容易导致所述合金材料的耐腐蚀及磨损的能力变差。因此，本发明实施例的所述合金材料中铬的含量为23-26％。优选地，在一些实施例中，所述合金材料中铬的含量为24-25％。更优选的，在一些实施例中，所述合金材料中铬的含量为24.5％。When the chromium content is lower than 23%, the high temperature resistance of the alloy material is poor; when the chromium content is higher than 26%, the content of other components may decrease, which may easily lead to the poor corrosion resistance and wear resistance of the alloy material. Therefore, the chromium content in the alloy material of the embodiment of the present invention is 23-26%. Preferably, in some embodiments, the chromium content in the alloy material is 24-25%. More preferably, in some embodiments, the chromium content in the alloy material is 24.5%.
当钴的含量低于6.5％时，所述合金材料的耐高温性能也较差；当钴的含量高于8.5％时，其他组分的含量可能降低，容易导致所述合金材料的耐腐蚀及磨损的能力变差。因此，本发明实施例的所述合金材料中钴的含量为6.5-8.5％。优选地，在一些实施例中，所述合金材料中钴的含量为6.5-8.0％。更优选的，在一些实施例中，所述合金材料中钴的含量为7.0％。When the cobalt content is lower than 6.5%, the high temperature resistance of the alloy material is also poor; when the cobalt content is higher than 8.5%, the content of other components may decrease, which may easily lead to the poor corrosion resistance and wear resistance of the alloy material. Therefore, the cobalt content in the alloy material of the embodiment of the present invention is 6.5-8.5%. Preferably, in some embodiments, the cobalt content in the alloy material is 6.5-8.0%. More preferably, in some embodiments, the cobalt content in the alloy material is 7.0%.
本发明实施例在Ni-Cr-Co基的高温合金中添加C、Nb、W、Ti、Al、Ce等元素，C与Nb、W、Ti、Al等元素形成难熔硬度高的化合物，从而使得所述合金材料的综合性能进一步提高，采用所述合金材料制备的热电偶保护套管在900℃以上的高温环境下依然具有优异的抗冷热骤变能力，不易破碎，因此可以有效保护超高温气冷堆热气导管测温用热电偶和燃煤粉测温用热电偶。In the embodiment of the present invention, elements such as C, Nb, W, Ti, Al, and Ce are added to the Ni-Cr-Co based high temperature alloy, and C forms a refractory compound with high hardness with elements such as Nb, W, Ti, and Al, thereby further improving the comprehensive performance of the alloy material. The thermocouple protection sleeve prepared by using the alloy material still has excellent resistance to sudden changes in temperature under a high temperature environment of more than 900° C. and is not easy to break. Therefore, it can effectively protect the thermocouple for measuring the temperature of the hot gas duct of the ultra-high temperature gas-cooled reactor and the thermocouple for measuring the temperature of coal powder.
本发明实施例的合金材料中添加有碳元素，可以显著地提高所述热电偶保护套管的耐腐蚀能力，使得所述热电偶保护套管遭遇腐蚀性气体时不易损坏，从而大大延长了所述热电偶的使用寿命。The alloy material of the embodiment of the present invention contains carbon, which can significantly improve the corrosion resistance of the thermocouple protection sleeve, so that the thermocouple protection sleeve is not easily damaged when encountering corrosive gas, thereby greatly extending the service life of the thermocouple.
当碳的含量低于0.10％时，所述合金材料的耐高温性能较差；当碳的含量高于0.15％时，所述合金材料的耐腐蚀性能并不会进一步增强，且可能引起其他组分的含量降低，容易导致所述合金材料的耐高温及耐磨损的能力变差。因此，本发明实施例的所述合金材料中碳的含量为0.10-0.15％。优选地，在一些实施例中，所述合金材料中碳的含量为0.10-0.12％。更优选的，在一些实施例中，所述合金材料中碳的含量为0.11％。When the carbon content is lower than 0.10%, the high temperature resistance of the alloy material is poor; when the carbon content is higher than 0.15%, the corrosion resistance of the alloy material will not be further enhanced, and may cause the content of other components to decrease, which may easily lead to the poor high temperature resistance and wear resistance of the alloy material. Therefore, the carbon content in the alloy material of the embodiment of the present invention is 0.10-0.15%. Preferably, in some embodiments, the carbon content in the alloy material is 0.10-0.12%. More preferably, in some embodiments, the carbon content in the alloy material is 0.11%.
本发明实施例的合金材料中添加有铌元素，可以显著地提高所述热电偶保护套管的耐高温和耐冲刷能力，虽然煤粉对燃烧炉中的热电偶保护套管的冲刷速率很大，但本发明实施例的合金材料却可以有效抗击这种冲刷对热电偶的破坏，从而大大延长了所述热电偶的使用寿命。The alloy material of the embodiment of the present invention contains niobium, which can significantly improve the high temperature resistance and erosion resistance of the thermocouple protection sleeve. Although the erosion rate of the thermocouple protection sleeve in the combustion furnace by coal powder is very high, the alloy material of the embodiment of the present invention can effectively resist the damage to the thermocouple caused by such erosion, thereby greatly extending the service life of the thermocouple.
当铌的含量低于1.2％时，所述合金材料的耐高温性能较差；当铌的含量高于1.8％时，所述合金材料的耐腐蚀性能并不会进一步增强，且可能引起其他组分的含量降低，容易导致所述合金材料的耐高温及耐磨损的能力变差。因此，本发明实施例的所述合金材料中铌的含量为1.2-1.8％。优选地，在一些实施例中，所述合金材料中铌的含量为1.6％。When the niobium content is lower than 1.2%, the high temperature resistance of the alloy material is poor; when the niobium content is higher than 1.8%, the corrosion resistance of the alloy material will not be further enhanced, and may cause the content of other components to decrease, which may easily lead to the poor high temperature resistance and wear resistance of the alloy material. Therefore, the niobium content in the alloy material of the embodiment of the present invention is 1.2-1.8%. Preferably, in some embodiments, the niobium content in the alloy material is 1.6%.
本发明实施例的合金材料中添加有钨元素，钨的熔点高，可以显著地提高所述热电偶保护套管的耐高温性能，即使是在900℃以上的高温环境下，所述合金材料依然具有优异的抗冷热骤变能力，所述热电偶保护套管不易破碎，从而大大延长了所述热电偶的使用寿命。Tungsten is added to the alloy material of the embodiment of the present invention. Tungsten has a high melting point and can significantly improve the high temperature resistance of the thermocouple protection sleeve. Even in a high temperature environment above 900°C, the alloy material still has excellent resistance to sudden changes in temperature. The thermocouple protection sleeve is not easy to break, thereby greatly extending the service life of the thermocouple.
当钨的含量低于5.0％时，所述合金材料的耐高温性能较差；当钨的含量高于5.6％时，所述合金材料的耐腐蚀性能并不会进一步增强，且可能引起其他组分的含量降低，容易导致所述合金材料的耐高温及耐磨损的能力变差。因此，本发明实施例的所述合金材料中钨的含量为5.0-5.6％。优选地，在一些实施例中，所述合金材料中钨的含量为5.2-5.5％。更优选地，在一些实施例中，所述合金材料中钨的含量为5.3％。When the tungsten content is lower than 5.0%, the high temperature resistance of the alloy material is poor; when the tungsten content is higher than 5.6%, the corrosion resistance of the alloy material will not be further enhanced, and may cause the content of other components to decrease, which may easily lead to the poor high temperature resistance and wear resistance of the alloy material. Therefore, the tungsten content in the alloy material of the embodiment of the present invention is 5.0-5.6%. Preferably, in some embodiments, the tungsten content in the alloy material is 5.2-5.5%. More preferably, in some embodiments, the tungsten content in the alloy material is 5.3%.
另外，本发明实施例的合金材料中，同时通过添加Ti、Al强化元素和稀土金属Ce，大大提高了铸件组织的均匀性，进一步提高所述合金材料的综合性能。In addition, in the alloy material of the embodiment of the present invention, by adding Ti, Al strengthening elements and rare earth metal Ce at the same time, the uniformity of the casting structure is greatly improved, and the comprehensive performance of the alloy material is further improved.
当钛的含量低于2.3％时，所述合金材料的组织均匀性较差；当钛的含量高于2.6％时，所述合金材料的组织均匀性并不会进一步增强，且可能引起其他组分的含量降低，容易导致所述合金材料的综合性能变差。因此，本发明实施例的所述合金材料中钛的含量为2.3-2.6％。优选地，在一些实施例中，所述合金材料中钛的含量为2.3-2.5％。更优选地，在一些实施例中，所述合金材料中钛的含量为2.4％。When the titanium content is lower than 2.3%, the structural uniformity of the alloy material is poor; when the titanium content is higher than 2.6%, the structural uniformity of the alloy material will not be further enhanced, and may cause the content of other components to decrease, which may easily lead to the deterioration of the comprehensive performance of the alloy material. Therefore, the titanium content in the alloy material of the embodiment of the present invention is 2.3-2.6%. Preferably, in some embodiments, the titanium content in the alloy material is 2.3-2.5%. More preferably, in some embodiments, the titanium content in the alloy material is 2.4%.
当铝的含量低于0.6％时，所述合金材料的组织均匀性也较差；当铝的含量高于0.9％时，所述合金材料的组织均匀性并不会进一步增强，且可能引起其他组分的含量降低，容易导致所述合金材料的综合性能变差。因此，本发明实施例的所述合金材料中铝的含量为0.6-0.9％。优选地，在一些实施例中，所述合金材料中铝的含量为0.7％。When the aluminum content is lower than 0.6%, the structural uniformity of the alloy material is also poor; when the aluminum content is higher than 0.9%, the structural uniformity of the alloy material will not be further enhanced, and may cause the content of other components to decrease, which may easily lead to the deterioration of the comprehensive performance of the alloy material. Therefore, the aluminum content in the alloy material of the embodiment of the present invention is 0.6-0.9%. Preferably, in some embodiments, the aluminum content in the alloy material is 0.7%.
当稀土元素铈的含量低于0.07％时，所述合金材料的组织均匀性也较差；当铈的含量高于0.09％时，所述合金材料的组织均匀性并不会进一步增强，且可能引起其他组分的含量降低，容易导致所述合金材料的综合性能变差。因此，本发明实施例的所述合金材料中铈的含量为0.07-0.09％。优选地，在一些实施例中，所述合金材料中铈的含量为0.08％。When the content of rare earth element cerium is lower than 0.07%, the structural uniformity of the alloy material is also poor; when the content of cerium is higher than 0.09%, the structural uniformity of the alloy material will not be further enhanced, and may cause the content of other components to decrease, which may easily lead to the deterioration of the comprehensive performance of the alloy material. Therefore, the content of cerium in the alloy material of the embodiment of the present invention is 0.07-0.09%. Preferably, in some embodiments, the content of cerium in the alloy material is 0.08%.
本发明实施例还提供了一种热电偶保护套管，由根据本发明实施例的合金材料经真空熔模精密铸造成型方法制造而成。The embodiment of the present invention further provides a thermocouple protection sleeve, which is manufactured by a vacuum investment casting method using the alloy material according to the embodiment of the present invention.
本发明实施例还提供了一种热电偶保护套管的制备方法，具体包括以下步骤：The present invention also provides a method for preparing a thermocouple protection sleeve, which specifically comprises the following steps:
(1)一次冶炼：将所述合金材料各组分的母合金冶炼成混合铸锭，冶炼过程中边搅拌边旋吹惰性气体；(1) primary smelting: smelting the master alloy of each component of the alloy material into a mixed ingot, stirring and blowing an inert gas during the smelting process;
(2)二次冶炼：将步骤(1)的所述混合铸锭二次冶炼得到钢液，冶炼过程中边搅拌边旋吹惰性气体；(2) secondary smelting: secondary smelting the mixed ingot of step (1) to obtain molten steel, during which inert gas is blown while stirring;
(3)浇注成型：向步骤(2)得到的钢液浇注到所需尺寸的熔蜡模具中，制成铸件钢棒或管材；(3) casting: pouring the molten steel obtained in step (2) into a molten wax mold of a desired size to form a casting steel rod or pipe;
(4)精加工：将步骤(3)中的所述铸件钢棒或管材通过机加工及内壁喷丸处理工艺进行精加工，得到所述热电偶保护套管。(4) Finishing: The cast steel rod or pipe in step (3) is finished by machining and inner wall shot peening to obtain the thermocouple protection sleeve.
本发明实施例的热电偶保护套管的制备方法，先采用母合金冶炼成上述成分铸锭；再采用二次冶炼成钢液浇注到所需尺寸的熔蜡模具中制成铸件钢棒或管材；再通过机加工及内壁喷丸处理工艺，控制保护套管的较高表面质量，从而得到具有优异的综合性能的保护套管产品，特别适合于高温气冷堆热气导管上用及燃煤粉测温热电偶保护外套的制造要求。The preparation method of the thermocouple protection sleeve of the embodiment of the present invention is to first use the master alloy to smelt into the above-mentioned component ingot; then use the secondary smelting to form molten steel and pour it into a molten wax mold of the required size to form a casting steel rod or pipe; then through machining and inner wall shot peening process, the high surface quality of the protection sleeve is controlled, so as to obtain a protection sleeve product with excellent comprehensive performance, which is particularly suitable for the manufacturing requirements of the protective jacket of the thermocouple used on the hot gas duct of the high-temperature gas-cooled reactor and the temperature measurement of coal powder.
本发明实施例还提供了一种热电偶，所述热电偶上包覆有本发明实施例的热电偶保护套管。所述热电偶受到保护套管的保护，不易损坏，使用寿命大概有60天。The embodiment of the present invention further provides a thermocouple, which is covered with a thermocouple protection sleeve of the embodiment of the present invention. The thermocouple is protected by the protection sleeve and is not easily damaged, and has a service life of about 60 days.
下面结合实施例详细描述本发明。The present invention is described in detail below with reference to embodiments.
实施例1Example 1
一种用于热电偶保护套管的合金材料，以所述合金材料的总重量为100％计，所述合金材料包括以下组分：An alloy material for a thermocouple protection sleeve, wherein the total weight of the alloy material is 100%, the alloy material comprises the following components:
一种热电偶保护套管，由以上所述的合金材料经以下所述真空熔模精密铸造成型方法制造而成。A thermocouple protection sleeve is manufactured from the alloy material described above by the vacuum investment casting method described below.
一种热电偶保护套管的制备方法，具体包括以下步骤：A method for preparing a thermocouple protection sleeve specifically comprises the following steps:
(1)冶炼：合金先采用母合金冶炼成上述成分铸锭，再采用二次冶炼成钢液浇注到所需尺寸的熔蜡模具中采用熔模方法制成铸件棒材；(1) Smelting: The alloy is first smelted into the above-mentioned composition ingots using the master alloy, and then the steel liquid is poured into a wax mold of the required size using the secondary smelting method to form casting bars;
(2)机械加工成品棒料铸件进行钻孔机加工后，内壁进行金属碎屑清洗及内表面喷丸处理，所述的机加工刀具需特殊刀具，能实施长程钻孔加工并且不会在退刀过程中崩断。(2) After the finished bar casting is machined by drilling machine, the inner wall is cleaned of metal debris and the inner surface is shot peened. The machining tool requires a special tool that can perform long-range drilling and will not break during the tool withdrawal process.
利用本实施例的耐高温耐蚀磨损材料经真空熔模精密铸造成型工艺方法制成φ20×5×300mm的热电偶保护外套，再制造成热电偶，该热电偶用作超高温气冷堆热气导管中的热电偶，不会因为温度冷热骤变而损坏。该热电偶保护外套的磨损速率为0.733×10- 3mm/h，使用寿命为60天。The high temperature resistant and corrosion resistant material of this embodiment is used to form a φ20×5×300mm thermocouple protective jacket through a vacuum investment casting process, and then manufactured into a thermocouple. The thermocouple is used as a thermocouple in the hot gas duct of an ultra-high temperature gas-cooled reactor and will not be damaged by sudden changes in temperature. The wear rate of the thermocouple protective jacket is 0.733× 10-3 mm/h, and the service life is 60 days.
实施例2Example 2
一种用于热电偶保护套管的合金材料，以所述合金材料的总重量为100％计，所述合金材料包括以下组分：An alloy material for a thermocouple protection sleeve, wherein the total weight of the alloy material is 100%, the alloy material comprises the following components:
一种热电偶保护套管，由以上所述的合金材料经以下所述真空熔模精密铸造成型方法制造而成。A thermocouple protection sleeve is manufactured from the alloy material described above by the vacuum investment casting method described below.
一种热电偶保护套管的制备方法，同实施例1。A method for preparing a thermocouple protection sleeve is the same as that of Example 1.
利用本实施例的耐高温耐蚀磨损材料经真空熔模精密铸造成型工艺方法制成φ20×5×300mm的热电偶保护外套，再制造成热电偶，该热电偶用作超高温气冷堆热气导管中的热电偶，不会因为温度冷热骤变而损坏。该热电偶保护外套的磨损速率为0.715×10- 3mm/h，使用寿命为58天。The high temperature resistant and corrosion resistant material of this embodiment is used to form a φ20×5×300mm thermocouple protective jacket through a vacuum investment casting process, and then manufactured into a thermocouple. The thermocouple is used as a thermocouple in the hot gas duct of an ultra-high temperature gas-cooled reactor and will not be damaged by sudden changes in temperature. The wear rate of the thermocouple protective jacket is 0.715× 10-3 mm/h, and the service life is 58 days.
对比例1Comparative Example 1
一种用于热电偶保护套管的合金材料，以所述合金材料的总重量为100％计，所述合金材料包括以下组分：An alloy material for a thermocouple protection sleeve, wherein the total weight of the alloy material is 100%, the alloy material comprises the following components:
一种热电偶保护套管，由以上所述的合金材料经以下所述真空熔模精密铸造成型方法制造而成。A thermocouple protection sleeve is manufactured from the alloy material described above by the vacuum investment casting method described below.
一种热电偶保护套管的制备方法，同实施例1。A method for preparing a thermocouple protection sleeve is the same as that of Example 1.
利用该对比例的合金材料经真空熔模精密铸造成型工艺方法制成φ20×5×300mm的热电偶保护外套，再制造成热电偶，该热电偶用作超高温气冷堆热气导管中的热电偶。该热电偶保护外套的磨损速率为0.842×10-3mm/h，使用寿命为48天。The alloy material of the comparative example was used to make a φ20×5×300mm thermocouple protective jacket by vacuum investment casting, and then made into a thermocouple, which was used as a thermocouple in the hot gas duct of an ultra-high temperature gas-cooled reactor. The wear rate of the thermocouple protective jacket was 0.842×10 -3 mm/h, and the service life was 48 days.
对比例2Comparative Example 2
一种用于热电偶保护套管的合金材料，以所述合金材料的总重量为100％计，所述合金材料包括以下组分：An alloy material for a thermocouple protection sleeve, wherein the total weight of the alloy material is 100%, the alloy material comprises the following components:
一种热电偶保护套管，由以上所述的合金材料经以下所述真空熔模精密铸造成型方法制造而成。A thermocouple protection sleeve is manufactured from the alloy material described above by the vacuum investment casting method described below.
一种热电偶保护套管的制备方法，同实施例1。A method for preparing a thermocouple protection sleeve is the same as that of Example 1.
利用该对比例的合金材料经真空熔模精密铸造成型工艺方法制成φ20×5×300mm的热电偶保护外套，再制造成热电偶，该热电偶用作超高温气冷堆热气导管中的热电偶。该热电偶保护外套的磨损速率为0.911×10-3mm/h，使用寿命为40天，冷热骤变时脆裂。The alloy material of the comparative example was used to make a φ20×5×300mm thermocouple protective jacket by vacuum investment casting, and then made into a thermocouple, which was used as a thermocouple in the hot gas duct of an ultra-high temperature gas-cooled reactor. The wear rate of the thermocouple protective jacket was 0.911×10 -3 mm/h, the service life was 40 days, and it would crack when the temperature suddenly changed.
对比例3Comparative Example 3
一种用于热电偶保护套管的合金材料，以所述合金材料的总重量为100％计，所述合金材料包括以下组分：An alloy material for a thermocouple protection sleeve, wherein the total weight of the alloy material is 100%, the alloy material comprises the following components:
一种热电偶保护套管，由以上所述的合金材料经以下所述真空熔模精密铸造成型方法制造而成。A thermocouple protection sleeve is manufactured from the alloy material described above by the vacuum investment casting method described below.
一种热电偶保护套管的制备方法，同实施例1。A method for preparing a thermocouple protection sleeve is the same as that of Example 1.
利用该对比例的合金材料经真空熔模精密铸造成型工艺方法制成φ20×5×300mm的热电偶保护外套，再制造成热电偶，该热电偶用作超高温气冷堆热气导管中的热电偶。该热电偶保护外套的磨损速率为0.831×10-3mm/h，使用寿命为49天。The alloy material of the comparative example was used to make a φ20×5×300mm thermocouple protective jacket by vacuum investment casting, and then made into a thermocouple, which was used as a thermocouple in the hot gas duct of an ultra-high temperature gas-cooled reactor. The wear rate of the thermocouple protective jacket was 0.831×10 -3 mm/h, and the service life was 49 days.
在本发明中，术语“一个实施例”、“一些实施例”、“示例”、“具体示例”、或“一些示例”等意指结合该实施例或示例描述的具体特征、结构、材料或者特点包含于本发明的至少一个实施例或示例中。在本说明书中，对上述术语的示意性表述不必须针对的是相同的实施例或示例。而且，描述的具体特征、结构、材料或者特点可以在任一个或多个实施例或示例中以合适的方式结合。此外，在不相互矛盾的情况下，本领域的技术人员可以将本说明书中描述的不同实施例或示例以及不同实施例或示例的特征进行结合和组合。In the present invention, the terms "one embodiment", "some embodiments", "examples", "specific examples", or "some examples" etc. mean that the specific features, structures, materials or characteristics described in conjunction with the embodiment or example are included in at least one embodiment or example of the present invention. In this specification, the schematic representations of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Moreover, the described specific features, structures, materials or characteristics may be combined in any one or more embodiments or examples in a suitable manner. In addition, those skilled in the art may combine and combine the different embodiments or examples described in this specification and the features of the different embodiments or examples, without contradiction.
尽管上面已经示出和描述了本发明的实施例，可以理解的是，上述实施例是示例性的，不能理解为对本发明的限制，本领域的普通技术人员在本发明的范围内可以对上述实施例进行变化、修改、替换和变型。Although the embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it is to be understood that the above embodiments are exemplary and are not to be construed as limitations of the present invention. A person skilled in the art may change, modify, replace and vary the above embodiments within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
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