CN115884787A - 用于递送car-t细胞的治疗水凝胶 - Google Patents
用于递送car-t细胞的治疗水凝胶 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
公开了一种治疗水凝胶材料,其用于与抗程序性死亡配体1(PDL1)阻断抗体(aPDL1)装饰的血小板组合而递送使其在肿瘤切除凹陷、腔或空隙中分布的CAR‑T细胞。递送的水凝胶材料充当CAR‑T细胞和血小板结合的aPDL1两者的储器。此外,在手术创伤愈合期间发生的炎症引发含有aPDL1的血小板源微颗粒的释放。通过工程化水凝胶递送的细胞显示出对局部和远端肿瘤复发的显著控制,而不造成毒性作用。在一些实施方式中,含有细胞因子的纳米颗粒也负载在治疗水凝胶材料中以维持CAR‑T细胞的活性和增殖能力。
Description
相关申请
本发明申请要求2020年7月23日提交的美国临时专利申请号63/055,738的优先权,该专利申请作为参考并入本文。按照35U.S.C.§119和任何其它适用法令要求优先权。
技术领域
本技术领域一般地涉及用于将嵌合抗原受体(CAR)工程化T细胞(CAR-T细胞)递送至患病组织的水凝胶材料。具体地,本技术领域涉及用作CAR-T细胞和抗程序性死亡配体1(PDL1)阻断抗体(aPDL1)装饰(修饰,装配,decorated)的血小板两者的储器(储罐,reservoir)的水凝胶材料。可以将水凝胶递送至肿瘤切除腔等。
有关联邦政府资助的研究和开发的声明
本发明是在National Institutes of Health提供的经费号CA234343的政府支持下进行的。政府对本发明具有一定的权利。
背景技术
尽管存在多种治疗方式,包括手术、放射疗法和化疗,但是在具有可切除实体瘤的患者中经常发生肿瘤复发。导致肿瘤复发的一个原因在于可以引起肿瘤生长和转移的术后炎症。使用免疫检查点阻断剂的免疫疗法通过阻断免疫检查点途径释放肿瘤反应性T细胞并且可以防止术后肿瘤复发。然而,检查点阻断剂的全身施用在小于20%的免疫原性肿瘤患者中促发持续临床反应。此外,检查点阻断剂在具有以下特征的肿瘤中无效:低负荷的产生新抗原和内源T细胞应答的体细胞突变。最终,包括继发于检查点阻断剂的自体免疫疾病的副作用仍是所关注的。
提供肿瘤特异性T细胞的替代方式依赖于工程化T细胞的继承性转移。已证实表达嵌合抗原受体(CAR)的T细胞的继承性转移在具有B细胞来源的恶性肿瘤的患者中特别有效。相反,CAR-T细胞在实体瘤中的应用仍是困难的,这至少部分由于实体瘤中的肿瘤微环境是高度免疫抑制的并且引起CAR-T细胞耗尽。
发明内容
公开了一种生物相容性治疗水凝胶材料,其起到包封靶向人硫酸软骨素蛋白聚糖4(CSPG4)的CAR-T细胞(CSPG4.CAR)并且可以植入或另外递送至黑素瘤肿瘤模型中肿瘤切除凹陷、腔或空隙的储器的作用(图1B)。当然,在其它实施方式中,CAR-T细胞可以靶向其它抗原或生物分子。将CSPG4选为靶标抗原,因为它在人黑素瘤中高度表达,而在正常细胞中限制表达。可植入或可递送凝胶起到一旦肿瘤手术切除,浓缩和逐渐释放CAR-T细胞的储器的作用。为了维持CAR-T细胞的活性和增殖能力,还将细胞因子白介素15(IL-15)包封于负载在水凝胶中的纳米颗粒中。还可以使用白介素7(IL-7)。细胞因子辅助CAR-T细胞增殖。此外,缀合了抗-PDL1阻断抗体(aPDL1)的人血小板也包含在水凝胶中以阻断PD-1/PDL1途径。术后发生的炎症引发血小板激活,从而导致形成血小板源微颗粒(platelet-derivedmicroparticles,PMP),释放结合至肿瘤细胞并阻断PDL1的aPDL1。总体来说,所开发的水凝胶产生了良好的环境,其中CAR-T细胞消除术后残留的肿瘤细胞并且防止肿瘤复发。
水凝胶材料能够以持续方式释放CAR-T细胞,从而最大程度降低通过弹丸递送(大丸递送,bolus delivery)的CAR-T细胞的快速消耗。此外,可以通过在肿瘤除去后在创伤位点产生的炎症状况激活血小板。血小板激活可以帮助以血小板源微颗粒形式释放aPDL1,从而促进免疫检查点途径的阻断。免疫检查点阻断和CAR-T的这种组合实现了协同治疗效果以防止肿瘤复发。
在一个实施方式中,公开了治疗水凝胶材料,其被应用于或另外递送至肿瘤切除位点的哺乳动物组织。在一个实施方式中,水凝胶是透明质酸(HA)基水凝胶(基于透明质酸的水凝胶,hyaluronic acid based hydrogel)。水凝胶负载有:CAR-T细胞,以及缀合有抗-PDL1阻断抗体的人血小板。在一些实施方式中,水凝胶进一步负载有包封于也负载在水凝胶中的纳米颗粒中的细胞因子(例如,IL-15)。在一个实施方式中,CAR-T细胞靶向人硫酸软骨素蛋白聚糖4(CSPG4)(CSPG4.CAR)。
在一个实施方式中,通过N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)形成HA-基水凝胶(MBA:HA,1:5,w:w),并且通过UV照射暴露使光引发剂IrgacureTM2959(0.1%,w:v)经受自由基聚合。然后,可以将水凝胶冻干。为了负载CAR-T细胞和血小板(具有aPDL1),可以将含有它们的各溶液与冻干的水凝胶(在冰上)合并。类似地,可以将细胞因子负载到水凝胶中。
为了使用治疗水凝胶,将固体或其它肿瘤从哺乳动物组织切除或除去。在一些情况下,肿瘤的切除或除去形成凹陷(recess)、腔或空隙。然后,将含有CAR-T细胞、缀合的血小板和任选的细胞因子的水凝胶材料递送和/或位于切除凹陷、腔或空隙中。在一个实施方式中,可以使用注射装置(例如,注射器、导管等)将水凝胶注入凹陷、腔或空隙中。在一些实施方式中,治疗水凝胶可以是在一段时间内生物可降解的。
附图说明
图1A显示了凹陷、腔或空隙中填充有治疗水凝胶材料的人皮肤组织。治疗水凝胶材料包括CAR-T细胞、缀合有抗-PDL1阻断抗体的人血小板和任选的负载有一种或多种细胞因子的纳米颗粒。
图1B是肿瘤切除模型和工程化HA水凝胶植入的示意图。术后创伤愈合过程期间激活的血小板以PMP-aPDL1形式释放aPDL1。PMP,血小板源微颗粒;MHC,主要组织相容性复合体;TCR,T细胞受体;NP,纳米颗粒;HA,透明质酸。
图1C显示了包封在水凝胶中的CAR-T细胞和血小板-aPDL1(CAR-T-P-aPDL1@凝胶)的共聚焦图像。分别用Celltracker Green和罗丹明B标记CAR-T细胞和血小板。将Hoechst33254用于染色核。细胞数目:2×106个CAR-T细胞和1×107个血小板。
图1D显示了CAR-T-P-aPDL1@凝胶的冷冻扫描电子显微镜(cyroSEM)图像。细胞数目:2×106个CAR-T细胞和1×107个血小板。比例尺:10μm。
图1E显示了从水凝胶释放的CAR-T细胞的活/死测定的共聚焦图像。分别用绿色荧光和红色荧光标记活细胞和死细胞。比例尺:100μm。
图1F显示了包封在水凝胶中的CAR-T细胞释放的人IFNγ的柱状图。将数据表示为平均值±s.d.(n=3)。
图1G显示了包封在水凝胶中的CAR-T细胞释放的人IL-2的柱状图。将数据表示为平均值±s.d.(n=3)。
图1H显示了在第0周和第8周用Cy5.5标记的HA水凝胶的体内降解(n=3),如通过经由体内成像系统(IVIS)的荧光信号所测量的。
图2A显示了CAR-T细胞和血小板从水凝胶(CAR-T-P-aPDL1@凝胶)的体外释放谱的图。细胞数目:1×107个CAR-T细胞和1×107个血小板。将数据表示为平均值±s.d.(n=3)。
图2B显示了如通过共聚焦显微镜成像所示,血小板和CAR-T细胞在水凝胶中的移动轨迹的图像。每种颜色代表一个细胞的移动轨迹。每30秒监测CAR-T细胞和血小板的移动,监测30min。细胞数目:2×106个CAR-T细胞和1×107个血小板。
图2C是显示30分钟后血小板和CAR-T细胞在水凝胶中的迁移距离的柱状图。将数据表示为平均值±s.d.(n=400)。
图2D-2F显示了流式细胞图(图2D)以及肿瘤细胞(图2E)和T细胞(图2F)在肿瘤细胞和T细胞72小时共培养中的定量。T@凝胶,水凝胶中的对照T细胞;T-血小板@凝胶,水凝胶中的对照T细胞和血小板;CAR-T@凝胶,水凝胶中的CAR-T细胞;CAR-T-P-aPDL1@凝胶,水凝胶中CAR-T细胞和aPDL1-负载的血小板。将数据表示为平均值±s.d.(n=3)。细胞数目:3.3×105个CAR-T细胞、1×107个血小板和1×106个WM115细胞。aPDL1的量为1μg。
图2G和2H显示了在图2D所示的共培养期间CAR-T细胞释放的人IFNγ(图2G)和IL-2(图2H)的柱状图。将数据表示为平均值±s.d.(n=3)*P<0.05,单因素方差分析,随后Tukey HSD事后检验。
图3A显示了不同条件下处理的小鼠的代表性肿瘤生物发光图像。盐水,盐溶液;aPDL1@凝胶,水凝胶中包封的aPDL1;CAR-T,直接接种到切除腔中的CAR-T细胞;CAR-T+P-aPDL1,直接接种到切除腔中的CAR-T细胞和aPDL1;CAR-T@凝胶,在水凝胶中包封的CAR-T细胞;CAR-T@凝胶+aPDL1,水凝胶中包封的CAR-T细胞和aPDL1;CAR-T-P-aPDL1@凝胶,水凝胶中包封的CAR-T细胞、血小板和aPDL1。在所有实验组中,包括IL-15-NP(IL-15:1μg)。细胞数目:2×106个CAR-T细胞和1×107个血小板。aPDL1和IL-15的量均为1μg。
图3B显示了来自图3A图像的肿瘤生物发光强度的所关注区域分析。
图3C是显示处理后3周肿瘤生物发光强度的比较的柱状图。将数据表示为平均值±s.d.(n=6只小鼠/组)**P<0.01,单因素方差分析,随后Tukey HSD事后检验。
图3D显示了处理后3周肿瘤体积总结的柱状图。将数据表示为平均值±s.d.(n=6只小鼠/组)*P<0.05,***P<0.001,单因素方差分析,随后Tukey HSD事后检验。
图3E显示了3周后代表性肿瘤的图像。1.盐水,2.P-aPDL1@凝胶,3.CAR-T,4.CAR-T+P-aPDL1,5.CAR-T@凝胶,6.CAR-T@凝胶+P-aPDL1和7.CAR-T-P-aPDL1。比例尺:1cm。
图4A显示了不同条件下处理的小鼠的代表性T细胞生物发光图像。CAR-T,直接接种到切除腔中的CAR-T细胞;CAR-T+aPDL1,直接接种到切除腔中的CAR-T细胞和aPDL1;CAR-T@凝胶,在水凝胶中包封的CAR-T细胞;CAR-T@凝胶+aPDL1,水凝胶中包封的CAR-T细胞和aPDL1;CAR-T-P-aPDL1@凝胶,水凝胶中包封的CAR-T细胞、血小板和aPDL1。在所有实验组中,包括IL-15-NP(IL-15:1μg)。细胞数目:2×106个CAR-T细胞和1×107个血小板。aPDL1和IL-15的量均为1μg。
图4B显示了图4A图像的T细胞生物发光的所关注区域分析。将数据表示为平均值±s.d.(n=6只小鼠/组)**P<0.01,单因素方差分析,随后Tukey HSD事后检验。
图4C显示了处理后72小时CAR-T-P-aPDL1@凝胶的共聚焦图像。分别用Celltracker Orange和罗丹明B标记CAR-T细胞和血小板。细胞数目:2×106个CAR-T细胞和1×107个血小板。aPDL1和IL-15的量均为1μg。左侧比例尺:100μm。右侧比例尺:20μm。
图4D和4E显示了处理后1周在肿瘤内体内检测的人IFNγ(图4D)和IL-2(图4E)的柱状图。将数据表示为平均值±s.d.(n=6)*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001,单因素方差分析,随后Tukey HSD事后检验。
图5A显示了不同条件下处理的小鼠的代表性肿瘤生物发光图像。盐水,盐溶液;CAR-T+aPDL1,直接接种到切除腔中的CAR-T细胞和aPDL1;CAR-T-P-aPDL1@凝胶,水凝胶中包封的CAR-T细胞、血小板和aPDL1。在所有实验组中,包括IL-15-NP(IL-15:1μg)。细胞数目:2×106个CAR-T细胞和1×107个血小板。aPDL1和IL-15的量均为1μg。
图5B是显示在原发肿瘤处理后在左侧测量的肿瘤生长的图。将数据表示为平均值±s.d.(n=6)**P<0.01,双向方差分析。
图5C是显示第18天时代表性肿瘤的图像。比例尺:1cm。
图6显示了缀合至血小板的aPDL1的荧光图像。用FITC染色aPDL1,并且用罗丹明B染色血小板。比例尺为50μm。
图7显示了一旦用FITC-标记的抗-IgG抗体染色,单独的血小板(左图)和缀合有aPDL1的血小板(P-aPDL1)(右图)的代表性流式细胞术柱状图。
图8显示了天然血小板和P-aPDL1的胶原蛋白结合能力的图像。用WGA-Alex Fluor594标记血小板进行成像。比例尺:50μm。
图9显示了天然状态中或激活后来自P-aPDL1的累积aPDL1的体外释放的图。用0.5U ml-1凝血酶激活血小板。将数据表示为平均值±s.d.(n=3)。
图10显示了在trans-well测定中PMP-aPDL1对WM115肿瘤细胞的结合。将血小板置于孔径1μm的上室中,并将WM115肿瘤细胞接种到下室。用WGA-Alex Fluor 594染色血小板,并用WGA-Alex Fluor 488和Hoechst标记WM115肿瘤细胞。比例尺:20μm。
图11显示了冻干和细胞负载的HA水凝胶的形态的图像。
图12显示了CAR和GFP在对用编码融合蛋白GFP-荧火虫荧光素酶的载体共转导的CSPG4抗原特异的CAR-T细胞中的表达的流式细胞分析。
图13A-13C显示了IL-15-NP的体外表征。(图13A)通过动态光散射(DLS)测量IL-15-NP的流体动力学尺寸。(图13B)通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)对IL-15-NP形态成像。(图13C)IL-15-NP的体外释放谱(n=3)。将数据表示为平均值±s.d.。
图14显示了CAR-T细胞和IL-15-NP在水凝胶中的负载效率。在48-孔板中,将CAR-T细胞和具有Cy5.5荧光团的IL-15-NP负载到水凝胶中。15min后,将含有CAR-T细胞和IL-15-NP的水凝胶转移到另一个孔中。测量原始孔中的荧光强度以定量从水凝胶泄漏的细胞/NP。将数据表示为平均值±s.d.(n=5)
图15显示了通过体内生物发光(IVIS),通过荧光信号体内测量的Cy5.5-标记的HA-水凝胶的降解。在肿瘤切除后,将水凝胶植入腔内,并使用Autoclip创伤闭合系统使创伤闭合。
图16显示了凝胶在肿瘤切除腔内植入后CAR-T细胞的体内释放谱。用CellTrackerTMDeep Red标记CAR-T细胞用于体内释放定量。在植入后每一天,除去水凝胶并定量在肿瘤内释放和积累的CAR-T细胞。将数据表示为平均值±s.d.(n=6只小鼠/组)。
图17显示了CFSE-标记的CAR-T细胞的增殖。通过流式细胞术测量CFSE稀释。用CSPG4+肿瘤细胞刺激CAR-T细胞。将非转导的T细胞和对CD19抗原特异的T细胞(CD19-CAR-T)用作阴性对照。
图18显示了用CAR-T细胞或CAR-T细胞+血小板体外处理的WM115肿瘤细胞中的PDL1表达。通过流式细胞术评价PDL1的表达。WM115表示PDL1在单独的WM115肿瘤细胞中的表达,而同种型对照表示用同种型对照抗体染色的WM115肿瘤细胞的柱状图。
图19A-19B显示了体内生长的WM115肿瘤细胞中CSPG4(图19A)和PDL1(图19B)的表达的共聚焦图像。肿瘤细胞接种后2周切除肿瘤并机械破坏以对于流式细胞术分析。比例尺:100μm。
图20显示了从对照小鼠和用CAR-T@凝胶处理的小鼠除去的肿瘤中PDL1的表达的流式细胞术柱状图。用CAR-T@凝胶处理后2周除去肿瘤。将不相关的抗体用作同种型对照。
图21A显示了用T-血小板@凝胶、CAR-T-P-同种型抗体@凝胶、CAR-T@凝胶+全身aPDL1和水凝胶中负载的CAR-T细胞和aPDL1处理的小鼠中的代表性肿瘤生物发光。对于aPDL1的全身施用,i.v.注射10μg连续3天。
图21B显示了处理后3周肿瘤生物发光强度的比较图。将数据表示为平均值±s.d.(n=6只小鼠/组)*P<0.05,**P<0.01,单因素方差分析,随后Tukey HSD事后检验。
图21C显示了处理后3周收集的肉眼可见的肿瘤的代表性图像。1.T-血小板@凝胶,2.CAR-T-P-同种型抗体@凝胶,3.CAR-T@凝胶+全身aPDL1,4.CAR-T-P-aPDL1@凝胶。比例尺:1cm。
图22显示了CAR-T细胞体内代表性生物发光。具有肿瘤的小鼠经历肿瘤切除术和使用CAR-T细胞或者CAR-T细胞+直接接种到切除腔中的aPDL1或包封的CAR-T细胞(CAR-T@凝胶、CAR-T@凝胶+aPDL1或者CAR-T-P-aPDL1@凝胶)的局部治疗。对于该实验,还用编码GFP-荧火虫荧光素酶的载体转导CAR-T细胞并且每周通过IVIS检测T细胞生物发光。
图23A显示了设计以证实远位效应的小鼠模型中CAR-T细胞和CAR-T@凝胶的代表性肿瘤生物发光图像。将WM115肿瘤细胞(5×106个细胞)接种到右侧腹和左侧腹两者中。当肿瘤达到100mm3时,除去左侧肿瘤并植入水凝胶,同时右侧肿瘤保持不动。通过体内生物发光IVIS监测肿瘤生长。
图23B显示了原发肿瘤处理后在右侧所测量的肿瘤生长的总结的图。将数据表示为平均值±s.d.(n=6)***P<0.001,双向方差分析。
图23C显示了在第18天从右侧除去的肿瘤图像。比例尺:1cm。
图24显示了肿瘤切除术前后趋化因子的变化倍数。将WM115肿瘤细胞植入小鼠。在肿瘤细胞接种后2周除去肿瘤。术后24小时,收获腔周围的组织。将组织机械破坏成细胞混悬液以测量趋化因子。将数据表示为平均值±s.d.(n=6只小鼠/组)。
图25A显示了在用盐水、CAR-T+P-aPDL1或CAR-T-P-aPDL1@凝胶处理后的具有WM115的小鼠的周围血液中所检测的CAR-T细胞的代表性流式细胞图。
图25B显示了周围血液中CAR-T细胞的定量分析。将数据表示为平均值±s.d.(n=5只小鼠/组)***P<0.001,单因素方差分析,随后Tukey HSD事后检验。
图25C显示了在用盐水、CAR-T+P-aPDL1或CAR-T-P-aPDL1@凝胶处理后的具有WM115的小鼠的远端肿瘤中所检测的CAR-T细胞的代表性流式细胞图。
图25D显示了远端肿瘤中所检测的CAR-T细胞的定量分析。将数据表示为平均值±s.d.(n=5只小鼠/组)***P<0.001,单因素方差分析,随后Tukey HSD事后检验。
图25E显示了在远端肿瘤中所检测的CD4和CD8 T细胞的代表性共聚焦图像。比例尺:100μm。
图26显示了正常组织和肿瘤中玻璃酸酶浓度测量的图。将数据表示为平均值±s.d.(n=6只小鼠/组)***P=0.0006,未配对双尾学生t检验。
图27显示了切除术后立即的肿瘤生物发光的所关注区域分析图。将数据表示为平均值±s.d.(n=6只小鼠/组)。
图28显示了在4周时间过程治疗中不同时间点的肿瘤内IL-15测量的图。短划线代表未处理肿瘤位点中IL-15的浓度。将数据表示为平均值±s.d.(n=6只小鼠/组)。
具体实施方式
在一个实施方式中并且参考图1A,公开了治疗水凝胶材料10,其被应用于肿瘤或癌性组织去除或切除位点处的哺乳动物组织100(参见图1A以及图1B中的小鼠模型)。在一个实施方式中,治疗水凝胶材料10是透明质酸(HA)基水凝胶,但是可以使用其它水凝胶材料。这些材料说明而非限制地包括:多糖基水凝胶(例如,壳聚糖);通过丙烯酸聚合物,如丙烯酸、丙烯酰胺、羟乙基丙烯酸酯形成水凝胶;和蛋白基水凝胶,如纤维蛋白原和白蛋白。所使用的治疗水凝胶材料10与哺乳动物组织100生物相容,并且在一些实施方式中,是生物可降解的(如本文所公开的HA-基水凝胶)。治疗水凝胶材料10负载有:CAR-T细胞12,以及缀合有抗-PDL1阻断抗体16的人血小板14。在一些实施方式中,治疗水凝胶材料10进一步负载有包封于也负载在治疗水凝胶材料10中的纳米颗粒18中的细胞因子(例如,IL-15或IL-7)。可以将CAR-T细胞12、血小板14和包含在纳米颗粒18内的细胞因子依次添加至治疗水凝胶材料10或组合在一起并负载至治疗水凝胶材料10中。在一个实施方式中,CAR-T细胞12靶向人硫酸软骨素蛋白聚糖4(CSPG4)(CSPG4.CAR)。还可以用其它靶标(例如,抗原或生物分子)修饰CAR-T细胞12。
在一个实施方式中,通过N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)(MBA:HA,1:5,w:w)制备HA-基治疗水凝胶材料10,并且通过UV照射暴露使光引发剂IrgacureTM2959(0.1%,w:v)经受自由基聚合。然后,可以将水凝胶材料冻干。为了负载CAR-T细胞12和血小板14(具有aPDL1),可以将含有它们的各溶液与冻干的水凝胶(在冰上)组合。包封在纳米颗粒18中的细胞因子可以类似地负载至水凝胶材料。在一些实施方式中,治疗水凝胶材料10含有CAR-T细胞12和缀合有aPDL1的血小板14。在其它实施方式中,治疗水凝胶材料10含有CAR-T细胞12、缀合有aPDL1的血小板14和包封在纳米颗粒18中的细胞因子。所述细胞因子提高CAR-T细胞12的存活力和活性。
为了使用治疗水凝胶材料10,首先从哺乳动物组织100切除或除去实体或其它肿瘤(或癌性组织)。这可以使用本领域技术人员已知的常规手术技术完成。这可以包括常规工具,如手术刀、钳、剪、牵引器等的使用。还可以使用激光器或其它高能工具进行肿瘤切除术以帮助肿瘤除去。肿瘤的切除形成凹陷、腔或空隙。然后,将含有CAR-T细胞12、缀合的血小板14和任选的纳米颗粒18中的细胞因子的治疗水凝胶材料10定位在切除凹陷、腔或空隙中(图1A)。在一个实施方式中,治疗水凝胶材料10可以成形以大致容纳所述凹陷、腔或空隙的尺寸。在一些实施方式中,治疗水凝胶材料10可以是在一段时间内生物可降解的。治疗水凝胶材料10可以在(例如)医疗机构(例如,医院、诊所等)或者应用位点作为冻干的“干燥”三维水凝胶提供,其可以负载CAR-T细胞12、血小板14和纳米颗粒18中的细胞因子。因此,可以现场制备最终产物并递送至患者。作为另外一种选择,治疗水凝胶材料10可以以最终状态(即,负载CAR-T细胞12、缀合的血小板14和任选的位于纳米颗粒18内部的细胞因子)提供,其然后可以用于哺乳动物组织100。
治疗水凝胶材料10可以制备成一定尺寸和形状。在这方面,外科医生或其它专业医学人员可以选择适合的水凝胶以放置于所述凹陷、腔或空隙中。治疗水凝胶材料10可以作为试剂盒的一部分提供,该试剂盒可以包括冻干的水凝胶材料、CAR-T细胞12、缀合的血小板14和任选的负载在纳米颗粒18中的细胞因子。作为另外一种选择,可以以即可使用(ready-to-use)形式提供治疗水凝胶材料10,这种情况下无需混合或进一步制备。可以将治疗水凝胶材料10手动或借助于递送装置,如注射器型分配器递送至所述凹陷、腔或空隙。可以使治疗水凝胶材料10起作用或操纵所述材料以适应(conform)或填充所述凹陷、腔或空隙。任选地,可以在治疗水凝胶材料10递送后,将绷带或包裹物放置在填充的凹陷、腔或空隙上。
实验
工程化用于细胞递送的水凝胶
将抗-PDL1阻断抗体(aPDL1)共价缀合至人血小板细胞表面上(表示为P-aPDL114)。通过荧光素标记的aPDL1抗体和罗丹明B-标记的血小板的共定位显像(图6)并通过流式细胞术确认(图7)了aPDL1与血小板的结合。aPDL1的缀合不影响血小板功能性,如通过aPDL1-缀合的血小板保留的胶原蛋白结合活性所证实的(图8)。一旦通过凝血酶对血小板激活且形成PMP,aPDL1便加速释放(图9)。使用允许PMP自由迁移,但是完整血小板不能自由迁移的trans-well测定(1μm微孔),研究了激活的血小板和黑素瘤细胞之间的相互作用。在与凝血酶培育后,上室中的麦胚凝集素(WGA)-Alexa Fluor 594-标记的血小板被激活并产生了迁移至其中接种了WGA-Alexa Fluor 488-标记的WM115黑素瘤细胞的下室的PMP。红色荧光和绿色荧光的共定位证实了PMP-aPDL1与黑素瘤细胞的结合以及aPDL1在黑素瘤细胞表面上的重新定位(图10)。相反,在对照血小板中观察到了aPDL1与肿瘤细胞的可忽略的结合。
使用可以用交联剂和光引发剂通过UV辐照交联的丙烯酸酯基修饰的透明质酸(HA)产生了水凝胶材料。将HA水凝胶冻干用于进一步存储和使用(图11)。将靶向CSPG4抗原的CAR-T细胞和P-aPDL1负载至水凝胶材料(图12)。为了支持CAR-T细胞12在水凝胶基质材料中的存活和增殖,还使用PLGA纳米颗粒18包封了细胞因子IL-15(IL15-NP),其是在水包油包水(w/o/w)乳液中制备的。IL-15-NP 18显示出约180nm的尺寸以及球状形态,如通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)成像所评价的(图13A,13B),并且其以持续方式在120小时释放了超过60%释放的IL-15(图13C)。未发现水凝胶负载的CAR-T细胞12或IL-15-NP 18明显泄露,如分别通过CAR-T细胞12和IL-15-NP 18的97.3%和94.6%负载效率所证实的(图14)。通过共聚焦显微镜检查和冷冻扫描电子显微镜(cyroSEM)证实了水凝胶中P-aPDL1 14和CAR-T细胞12的分布(图1C,1D)。水凝胶制剂不对CAR-T细胞12引起毒性作用(图1E)。另外,HA水凝胶不引起CAR-T细胞12的非特异性激活,如通过在不存在抗原刺激的情况下IFNγ和IL-2的可忽略的产生所证实的(图1F,1G)。总体来说,这些结果证实HA-水凝胶起到CAR-T细胞12和具有aPDL1的缀合的血小板14的储器的作用,并且可以整合通过纳米颗粒18递送的分子。使用体内成像系统(IVIS)进一步研究了HA-水凝胶的体内降解。如图1H和图15所示,在植入后HA-水凝胶基质被玻璃酸酶逐渐降解(图26),并且在8周后检测到最小信号,从而证实了HA-水凝胶的最优生物相容性和可降解性。
体外CAR-T细胞抗肿瘤作用
研究了包封在水凝胶内的CAR-T细胞12和缀合的血小板14两者的释放谱。如图2A所绘制的,CAR-T细胞12和血小板14两者以持续方式释放。然而,血小板14显示出更快速的释放,因为在96小时,与50%释放的CAR-T细胞12相比,几乎所有的血小板14释放。血小板14更快速的释放可能是由于它们在治疗水凝胶材料10内显著的运动性所造成的,如通过共聚焦显微镜检查所证实的(图2B)。血小板14的平均定量迁移距离是CAR-T细胞12的4倍长(图2C)。水凝胶10还支持CAR-T细胞12的体内逐渐释放,因为30%的CAR-T细胞12在一周内释放(图16)。
在共培养测定中研究了CAR-T细胞12的抗肿瘤活性。将负载了P-aPDL1 14和CAR-T细胞12的水凝胶置于上细胞滤网(40μm孔径)并将GFP-标记的WM115肿瘤细胞接种到下室。72小时后,在负载了对照T细胞或对照T细胞和血小板的水凝胶中WM115和T细胞的百分比未显著改变(图2D)。相反,当将CAR-T细胞12在水凝胶10中铺板时,WM115细胞的百分比降低(12.7±5.8%)并且T细胞的百分比提高(76.8±7.7%)(图2D-F)。当CAR-T细胞12与P-aPDL1合并时,WM115细胞百分比进一步降低(图2D-F)。水凝胶10中负载的CAR-T 12细胞释放IFNγ和IL-2并且在存在P-aPDL1 14的情况下细胞因子水平进一步提高(图2G,2H)。CAR-T细胞12还对肿瘤细胞响应增殖(图17)。如图18所示,与其它对照组相比,暴露于CAR-T细胞12或者CAR-T细胞12和P-aPDL114的WM115细胞显示出PDL1表达的显著升高。总体而言,这些数据证实CAR-T细胞12和P-aPDL1 14的组合显示出更高的T细胞激活和体外细胞因子释放。
CAR-T-P-aPDL1@凝胶的体内抗肿瘤活性
为了证实工程化水凝胶10的体内抗肿瘤作用,用荧光素酶标记的WM115肿瘤细胞皮下接种NOD-scid IL2Rγnull(NSG)小鼠。一旦植入,WM115肿瘤细胞保留靶标抗原CSPG4的表达并且显示PDL1表达,如通过共聚焦显微镜检查所检测的(图19A-19B)。还通过流式细胞术确认了PDL1的肿瘤细胞体内表达(图20)。当肿瘤尺寸达到约150mm3时,部分除去肿瘤物质并且基于生物发光强度,剩余的肿瘤尺寸未显示出显著性差异(图27)。肿瘤除去后,用盐水、共包封在水凝胶中的未转导的T细胞和血小板(T-血小板@凝胶)、P-aPDL1-负载的凝胶(P-aPDL1@凝胶)、水凝胶中包封的CAR-T细胞和同种型抗体-缀合的血小板(CAR-T-P-同种型抗体@凝胶)、游离CAR-T细胞、游离CAR-T细胞和P-aPDL1、CAR-T@凝胶、CAR-T-负载的凝胶和P-aPDL1(CAR-T@凝胶+P-aPDL1)、CAR-T-负载的凝胶和aPDL1的全身注射(CAR-T@凝胶+全身aPDL1)和CAR-T-P-aPDL1@凝胶处理小鼠。通过测量肿瘤生物发光信号监测肿瘤复发。如图3A、3B和图21A-21C所示,盐水和T-血小板@凝胶组显示无治疗效果。尽管在使用或不使用P-aPDL1的情况下用游离CAR-T细胞处理的小鼠仅实现了中等抗肿瘤效果,但是用CAR-T@凝胶+P-aPDL1(治疗水凝胶材料10)处理的小鼠显示出对肿瘤复发最显著的保护。即使与CAR-T@凝胶+全身aPDL1相比,CAR-T-P-aPDL1@凝胶显示出更高的抗肿瘤活性。在第3周,用CAR-T-P-aPDL1@凝胶处理的肿瘤的定量生物发光强度是CAR-T@凝胶+P-aPDL1组的6.4倍低并且是其它处理组的超过60倍低(图3C)。肿瘤体积的直接测量显示在第3周用CAR-T-P-aPDL1@凝胶处理的小鼠显示出比其它处理组显著更小的肿瘤(图3D,3E)。
体内CAR-T增殖和远位治疗效力
为了研究治疗水凝胶材料10(即CAR-T-P-aPDL1@凝胶)的优良抗肿瘤效力的潜在机制,用荧光素酶标记CAR-T细胞12以追踪它们的体内持久性(图12)。如图4A所示,游离CAR-T细胞的生物发光快速消失,同时水凝胶10负载的CAR-T细胞12的生物发光持续,如通过与其它处理相比时超过3倍升高所证实的(图4B)。通过体内成像进一步监测CAR-T细胞12的长期持久性。治疗水凝胶材料10(CAR-T-P-aPDL1@凝胶)显示出长达第4周的可检测信号,同时所有其它处理组显示出可忽略的信号(图22)。如图4C所示,T细胞生物发光与肿瘤浸润CAR-T细胞12更高的检测相关。另外,在肿瘤内检测到PMP,表明由于局部炎症所造成的正在经历的转移的血小板的激活(图4C)。还检验了肿瘤内的细胞因子水平以进一步证实一旦抗原相遇,则CAR-T细胞12局部释放IFNγ和IL-2(图4D,4E)。此外,在整个时间过程治疗期间IL-15在肿瘤内是可检测的并且比未处理的肿瘤显著更高(图28)。为了研究在肿瘤位点通过CAR-T-P-aPDL1@凝胶局部递送的CAR-T细胞12是否引起全身肿瘤保护,建立了双肿瘤模型,其中将肿瘤细胞植入NSG小鼠两侧腹。当肿瘤尺寸达到约100mm3的尺寸时,对位于右侧的肿瘤进行手术并植入水凝胶10。如图5A和图23A-23C所示,CAR-T-P-aPDL1@凝胶显示出远位效应,从而导致对侧位点中的肿瘤生长被抑制(图5B,5C和图23B,23C)。为了解释远位效应的潜在机制,首先在手术切除术前后分析了肿瘤内的趋化因子梯度。包括在所使用的趋化因子阵列中的大部分趋化因子在术后显示出显著更高的水平(图24)。此外,在切除腔中通过CAR-T-P-aPDL1@凝胶(治疗水凝胶材料10)递送的CAR-T细胞12达到血流,因为CAR-T细胞12在周围血液(图25A,25B)和在远端肿瘤位点(图25C-25E)也是可检测的。总体而言,通过手术切除所产生的肿瘤内的良好趋化因子环境和CAR-T细胞12的再循环的组合支持通过局部递送的CAR-T细胞12对远端位点的肿瘤生长的控制。
讨论
公开了生物相容性治疗水凝胶材料10,其可以递送瘤内CAR-T细胞12并与游离的注射CAR-T细胞相比提高了T细胞持久性。此外,如本文所证实的,抗-PDL1阻断抗体缀合的血小板14可以起到生物响应细胞的作用并且一旦激活便瘤内释放PDL1阻断剂。这进而维持CAR-T细胞抗肿瘤活性,从而保护它们不被耗尽。
肿瘤物质的切除常常仅是部分有效的,并且使用辅助化疗和放射疗法以尝试根除肿瘤。现场药物递送的开发可以揭示出更特异且有效的防止肿瘤复发的手段。本文所公开的现场药物递送平台可以适合于细胞疗法并且具体地适合于过继性T细胞疗法。临床前和临床研究已显示出目的在于在肿瘤位点浓缩(富集,聚集,concentrate)T细胞的CAR-T细胞的瘤内递送的可行性,其克服了T细胞在肿瘤内生物分布的困难以及当CAR-T细胞靶向正常组织共有的抗原时所遇到的潜在副作用。在本文中,发现透明质酸基水凝胶材料10保留了完全功能性的CAR-T细胞12并且还允许封装携带有针对CAR-T细胞的生长因子的纳米颗粒18,这代表了另一个有利的层以增强它们的抗肿瘤活性。
除了在肿瘤位点浓缩的高度功能性的效应T细胞外,治愈性免疫应答还应逆转免疫抑制肿瘤微环境。据发现透明质酸基水凝胶材料10是高度灵活的递送系统,其允许封装不止一种功能性细胞类型。具体地,开发了包括与CAR-T细胞12组合局部递送血小板14的策略。可以用抗体装饰血小板14,例如从而允许局部生物分布检查点阻断剂。此外,血小板14对继发于创伤愈合过程的炎症起反应并形成促进负载的检查点阻断剂对肿瘤细胞有效生物分布的微血小板。最终,激活的血小板是配体,如CD40L,和增强CAR-T免疫性并招募其它免疫细胞,从而进一步扩大抗肿瘤效果的趋化因子源。总体而言,这些发现证实了将血小板14和CAR-T细胞12作为抗肿瘤试剂组合的原理。
利用一旦手术切除,可以直接植入肿瘤床的优化的透明质酸水凝胶制剂,可以组合并递送CAR-T细胞12和血小板14。治疗水凝胶材料10通过引入递送IL15的纳米颗粒18支持T细胞存活,同时递送PDL1的血小板14对保护T细胞不被耗尽起到增效作用。因此,配制的治疗水凝胶材料10明显控制局部肿瘤复发并且引发抑制远端肿瘤生长的远位效应。尽管使用治疗水凝胶材料10治疗黑素瘤,但是应理解治疗水凝胶材料10可以用于治疗其它癌症,如胰腺癌和乳腺癌。
用于术后免疫疗法的治疗水凝胶材料10比多种单一试剂的全身施用经济合算。此外,可以容易地操纵所提议的水凝胶储器以引入其它治疗性生物颗粒以形成消除残余肿瘤细胞的局部“免疫细胞工厂(immune cell factory)”。
方法
细胞系和细胞
用融合蛋白eGFP-萤火虫-荧光素酶对人黑素瘤WM115细胞加标签。用CSPG4对人T细胞工程化。如先前Pellegatta,S.等人,Constitutive and TNFα-inducible expressionof chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4in glioblastoma and neurospheres:Implications for CAR-T cell therapy.Sci.Transl.Med.10,eaao2731(2018)中所述产生CAR,该文献作为参考并入本文。在本文中,实验使用了编码具有增强功能性的CD28胞内域的CSPG4-特异性CAR。将WM115细胞维持在补充有10%胎牛血清(Invitrogen)、100U/ml青霉素(Invitrogen)和100U/ml1链霉素(Invitrogen)的达尔伯克氏改良的伊格尔氏培养基(Gibco;Invitrogen)中。在含有45%RPMI 1640和具有10%FBS(HyClone)、2mmol/LGlutaMAX、人重组白介素-7(5ng/mL,Pepro Tech Inc)和人重组白介素-15(10ng/mL,PeproTech Inc)的45%Click培养基(Irvine Scientific)的完全培养基中培养CAR-T细胞12。在培育箱(Thermo Fisher Scientific)中,在5%CO2的气氛和90%的相对湿度下培养细胞。以1:3的分割比,以80%汇合,约每2-3d亚培养细胞。
IL-15纳米颗粒的制备和表征
将10mg PLGA溶于2ml CH2Cl2以制备油相并将含有50μg/ml IL-15的0.4ml 1%w/vPVA溶液制备成水相。通过超声处理,将CH2Cl2溶液缓慢加入至PVA溶液。此后,将10ml 2%w/v PVA溶液加入至上述乳液混合物并超声处理以获得双乳液溶液。将IL-15纳米颗粒18溶液应用于旋转蒸发器以用于二氯甲烷蒸发。然后,将乳液离心以收集IL-15-NP 18。通过Zetasizer(Nano ZS,Malvern)研究IL-15-NP 18的流体动力学尺寸。在用1%(w:v)磷钨酸染色后,通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)(JEM-2000FX,Hitachi)表征IL-15-NP 18的形态。水凝胶负载的IL-15的量为1μg。
为了研究IL-15从IL-15-NP 19的体外释放,将1ml IL-15-NP 19与pH7.4的PBS一起在振荡器(New Brunswick Scientific)中培育。在预定时间点,使用特异性ELISA试剂盒(Abcam,USA)确定释放出的IL-15。
负载aPDL1抗体的血小板的制备
人血小板浓缩剂购自Zen-Bio,Inc(North Carolina)。将人血小板浓缩剂以100g离心20分钟,然后以800g离心20分钟以收集血小板。收集血小板颗粒并在含有1μM PGE1的磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS)中再混悬以用于进一步使用。在显微镜下使用血球计对血小板计数。将血小板溶液以800g离心20分钟并用PBS清洗以除去PGE1以用于血小板激活研究。
如先前在Hu,Q.等人,Conjugation of hematopoietic stem cells andplatelets decorated with anti-PD-1antibodies augments anti-leukemiaefficacy.Nature Biomedical Engineering 2,831(2018)中所述,实施aPDL1在血小板表面上的缀合,该文献作为参考并入本文。简要地,将血小板与Traut试剂培育以产生硫醇基团。将aPDL1(例如,BioLegend(产品目录号114114,克隆:RMP1-14)为磺基-SMCC以1:1.2的摩尔比在4℃反应2h。通过在超滤管(截留分子量,3kDa)中离心弃去过量SMCC接头。将SMCC-aPDL1加入至血小板并在室温下搅拌2小时。通过用PBS反复清洗并以800g离心纯化aPDL1。为了确定血小板14表面上缀合的aPDL1的量,通过在0.1%Triton缓冲液中超声处理使aPDL1裂解并使用特异性ELISA试剂盒(Human IgG Total ELISA试剂盒,abcam)测量释放的aPDL1。通过添加凝血酶(0.5U ml-1)研究aPDL1的释放谱。简要地,将1×108P-aPDL1与凝血酶一起添加并在不搅拌的情况下维持在37℃。在预定时间点,在以800g离心20分钟后,通过ELISA试剂盒测量上清液中释放的aPDL1。
为了证实血小板14表面上aPDL1的存在,在与罗丹明B-染色的血小板反应前,用异硫氰酸荧光素-NHS(FITC)标记aPDL1。然后,通过共聚焦显微镜使荧光团标记的P-aPDL1成像。此外,在用FITC-标记的抗人IgG抗体染色后,还通过流式细胞术分析aPDL1与血小板14的结合。通过胶原蛋白结合实验检验P-aPDL1的功能性。简要地,将IV型人胶原蛋白(2mg/ml)加入至共聚焦皿中并在4℃维持过夜。然后,用PBS清洗共聚焦皿并通过2%牛血清白蛋白进一步封闭2h。将用胶原蛋白预处理的共聚焦皿设置为对照。将用麦胚凝集素AlexaFluor 594染色的1×106P-aPDL1或天然血小板加入至所述皿中。1分钟后,用PBS清洗皿并进行共聚焦显微镜成像。
负载细胞的HA水凝胶的制备
如先前在Jiang,T.,Mo,R.,Bellotti,A.,Zhou,J.&Gu,Z.Gel–Liposome-MediatedCo-Delivery of Anticancer Membrane-Associated Proteins and Small-MoleculeDrugs for Enhanced Therapeutic Efficacy.Adv.Funct.Mater.24,2295-2304(2014)中所述,用甲基丙烯酸酐(MA)修饰透明质酸以形成双键,该文献作为参考并入本文。为了形成HA水凝胶,将400μl HA溶液(4%w/v)与N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)(MBA:HA,1:5,w:w)和光引发剂IrgacureTM2959(0.1%,w:v)一起加入至48-孔板。在使用BlueWave 75UV固化点光源(DYMAX)通过UV照射25分钟的自由基聚合后,对所获得的水凝胶进行冷冻干燥48小时。为了将细胞12负载至水凝胶,将冻干的HA-水凝胶置于冰上并接种1×106个CAR-T细胞12和1×107个负载有aPDL1的血小板14。此后,将水凝胶10在冰中维持15-20分钟以确保充分包含细胞12。
水凝胶中负载的细胞的鉴定
为了使水凝胶中细胞分布显像,用WGA-Alexa Fluor 488和Hoechst33452标记CAR-T细胞12。用WGA-Alexa Fluor 594标记血小板。将CAR-T细胞12(1×106个细胞)和血小板14(1×107个细胞)接种到水凝胶10中,用OCT包埋并浸没在液氮中。通过共聚焦显微镜分析得自冷冻材料的载玻片。通过冷冻SEM(JEOL 7600F,Gatan Alto)表征形态。在HA-水凝胶10降解后,检验水凝胶10中CAR-T细胞12的功能和存活力。简要地,将含有1×107个CAR-T细胞12的水凝胶材料10置于孔径40μm的细胞滤网中并包埋在6-孔板中。48小时后,通过ELISA试剂盒(Abcam)测量培养基中释放的IL-2和IFNγ。对于CAR-T细胞存活力,用HA酶(1mg/ml)处理水凝胶10 1小时以消化HA基质。通过以500g离心5分钟收集所释放的CAR-T细胞12并对活/死细胞测定试剂盒(Thermo fisher)染色并通过荧光显微镜成像。
为了测量水凝胶负载效率,在48-孔板中,将CAR-T细胞12和具有Cy5.5荧光团的IL-15负载到水凝胶中。15min后,将具有CAR-T细胞12(2×106)和IL-15-NP 18的水凝胶转移至另一个孔。通过成像测量原始孔中的荧光强度以评价从水凝胶10泄露的细胞12/纳米颗粒18。为了研究HA-水凝胶材料10的体内降解,将Cy5.5标记的HA-水凝胶皮下植入NSG小鼠。通过IVIS光谱成像系统(Perkin Elmer)记录荧光成像。
水凝胶内细胞的释放和移动性
将含有1×107个CAR-T细胞12和1×107个血小板14的水凝胶材料10置于40μm孔径的细胞滤网中。在具有5ml培养基且无任何细胞因子的6-孔板中包埋滤网。在预定时间点,使用台盼蓝拒染对CAR-T细胞12和血小板14计数。为了评价CAR-T细胞12的体内释放,用Celltracker深红对CAR-T细胞12染色30min。将负载2×106个荧光团标记的CAR-T细胞12的水凝胶植入肿瘤切除腔中。然后,每天移除水凝胶材料12一周,并通过体内成像定量切除腔中释放的CAR-T细胞12。通过4.3.1版Living Image软件实施信号分析。
通过用CellTracker Orange CMRA标记CAR-T细胞12并用CellTracker GreenCMFDA(Thermo Fisher)标记血小板14来鉴定水凝胶内细胞的移动性。通过配备有加湿环境室(37℃,5%CO2)的共聚焦显微镜对细胞成像,并且每30秒记录图像30分钟。通过Imaris成像分析软件分析细胞轨迹。
CAR-T和肿瘤细胞共培养研究
对于CAR-T细胞12的杀死作用,将多种制剂中的T细胞,包括水凝胶负载的T细胞(T@凝胶,T细胞数3.3×105)、水凝胶负载的T细胞和血小板(T-血小板@凝胶,T细胞3.3×105,血小板1×107)、水凝胶负载的CAR-T细胞12(CAR-T@凝胶,CAR-T细胞数3.3×105)和水凝胶10负载的CAR-T细胞12和血小板14(CAR-T-P-aPDL1@凝胶,CAR-T细胞数3.3×105,血小板数1×107,aPDL1 1μg)置于40μm孔径的滤网中并包埋在1×106个GFP-标记的WM115细胞接种的6-孔板中。72小时后,将细胞胰蛋白酶化并收集用于流式细胞术分析。通过ELISA试剂盒测量培养基中释放的IL-2和IFNγ。
使用羧基荧光素琥珀酰亚胺基酯(CFSE)染色测定测量CAR-T细胞12的增殖。简要地,将T细胞根据生产商的说明用CFSE(5μM)染色,在水凝胶中接种并与WM115黑素瘤细胞共培养。96小时后,在胰蛋白酶消化后收集细胞,用抗-CD3抗体染色并通过流式细胞术分析。在与CAR-T细胞12共培养后,通过流式细胞术分析WM115的PDL1表达。在不添加IL-15-NP的情况下实施所有体外CAR-T细胞研究。
体内抗肿瘤效力
NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ(NSG)小鼠(雌性,6-8周龄)购自Jackson实验室。所有动物研究严格遵守北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校(University of North Carolinaat Chapel Hill)和北卡罗来纳州立大学(North Carolina State University)实验动物关怀及使用委员会(Institutional Animal Care)批准的动物规程。为了建立体内人WM115黑素瘤模型的话,对NSG小鼠皮下注射5×106个WM115细胞。2周后,部分除去肿瘤并包埋在OCT中以获得冷冻切片。用抗-PDL1和抗-CSPG4抗体和Hoechst 33342对肿瘤切片载玻片染色,然后进行共聚焦显微镜成像。通过胶原酶消化对照WM115肿瘤和CAR-T@凝胶-(CAR-T细胞数:2×106)处理的肿瘤,机械破坏成单细胞混悬液,用BV421-抗人PDL1(克隆:29E.2A3)抗体染色并通过流式细胞术分析。将不相关的抗体用作同种型对照。
对于体内抗肿瘤研究,用5×106个荧光素酶标记的WM115细胞皮下注射NSG小鼠。当肿瘤尺寸达到约150mm3时,部分除去肿瘤,从而留下约5%的肿瘤物质。用多种制剂填充切除腔,其包括盐水、T-血小板@凝胶、P-aPDL1@凝胶、CAR-T、CAR-T-P-同种型抗体@凝胶、CAR-T+P-aPDL1、CAR-T@凝胶、CAR-T@凝胶+P-aPDL1、CAR-T@凝胶+全身aPDL1、CAR-T-P-aPDL1@凝胶(2×106个CAR-T细胞、1×107个血小板,aPDL1,1μg)。aPDL1全身注射的剂量和频率为每天通过尾静脉注射10μg,持续3天。在所有实验组中,包括IL-15-NP 18(IL-15:1μg)。为了使荧光素酶信号显像,以150mg/kg的剂量在100μl PBS中用D-萤光素腹膜内注射小鼠。5分钟后,以1s的采集时间对小鼠成像。在水凝胶植入后,在1、2和3周对小鼠成像。通过4.3.1版Living Image软件(PerkinElmer)分析生物发光信号。3周后,除去肿瘤并成像。通过数字卡尺记录并根据公式:长×宽2×0.5计算肿瘤体积。
为了研究CAR-T-PaPDL1@凝胶(即治疗水凝胶材料10)的远位效应,通过在腹部位点皮下注射5×106个荧光素酶标记的WM115细胞建立具有双肿瘤的NSG小鼠模型。当肿瘤尺寸达到100mm3时,手术除去尺寸正确的肿瘤(留下约5%的残余肿瘤)并用不同制剂填充切除腔:盐水、CAR-T、CAR-T@凝胶、CAR-T+P-aPDL1和CAR-T-P-aPDL1@凝胶(CAR-T,2×106,血小板,1×107,aPDL1,1μg)。在所有实验组中,包括IL-15-NP 18(IL-15:1μg)。在第1和第2周,对小鼠成像以监测手术侧肿瘤复发,同时用数字卡尺监测左侧未动的肿瘤的生长。还对小鼠放血以评价CAR-T细胞12在周围血液中的重新分布。收集一百μl血液样品并将红细胞裂解。使用FITC-标记的抗人CD45和APC-标记的抗人CD3抗体检测周围血液中的CAR-T细胞12并通过流式细胞术分析。为了分析CAR-T细胞12在远端肿瘤中的存在,除去肿瘤,用胶原酶消化30min,机械破坏并通过孔径40μm的细胞滤网过滤。用APC-标记的抗人CD3抗体染色细胞混悬液并通过流式细胞术分析。用OCT包埋肿瘤并浸没在液氮中。在用Hoechst 33342、PE标记的抗人CD4和FITC-标记的抗人CD8抗体染色后,通过共聚焦显微镜分析得自冷冻材料的载玻片。
体内CAR-T细胞扩增
如先前所述,建立切除肿瘤模型。术后,用CAR-T、CAR-T+P-aPDL1、CAR-T@凝胶、CAR-T@凝胶+P-aPDL1、CAR-T-P-aPDL1@凝胶(CAR-T细胞数2×106,血小板数1×107,aPDL1,1μg)处理切除腔。在所有实验组中,包括IL-15-NP 18(IL-15:1μg)。用编码融合蛋白GFP-荧火虫荧光素酶的载体共转导CAR-T细胞12以用于体内成像。在植入后第1天记录生物发光信号,然后在第4、7、14、21和28天记录。通过4.3.1版Living Image软件进行信号分析。
为了研究CAR-T细胞12和血小板14的肿瘤分布,用CellTracker Orange对CAR-T细胞12染色,并用WGA-Alexa Fluor 488标记血小板14。在肿瘤移除后,植入CAR-T-P-aPDL1@凝胶(治疗水凝胶材料10)并在72小时后取出肿瘤组织用于冰冻切片。在用Hoechst 33254染色后,对载玻片进行共聚焦显微镜以进行观察。通过LEGENDplex人和小鼠细胞因子检测试剂盒测量肿瘤中的细胞因子水平。处理后7天收获肿瘤,称重并机械破坏。在冷PBS中匀浆后,通过细胞滤网过滤细胞混合物,并在离心后,使用生产商所提供的软件通过流式细胞术分析。
为了研究术后WM1115肿瘤中趋化因子水平,当肿瘤尺寸达到约150mm3时,部分除去肿瘤,从而留下约5%的肿瘤物质。2天后,收获并机械破坏手术肿瘤和完整肿瘤。在冷PBS中匀浆后,通过细胞滤网过滤细胞混合物,并在离心后,使用生产商所提供的软件通过流式细胞术分析。通过LEGENDplex人趋化因子检测试剂盒测量趋化因子。
统计
所有结果表示为平均值±s.d.。使用GraphPad Prism(7.0)评价统计分析。对于多组分析,实施单因素方差分析(ANOVA),然后Tukey事后检验,并且对于两组分析实施非配对学生t检验。在P<0.05;*P<0.05;**P<0.01;和***P<0.001,认为实验组和对照组之间的差异是统计学显著的。
尽管已显示和描述了本发明的实施方式,但是在不远离本发明的范围的情况下可以做出多种修改。应理解治疗水凝胶材料可以适用于治疗多种赘生物和/或癌症。因此,除了所附权利要求和其等价形式外,不应限制本发明。
Claims (21)
1.一种用于向哺乳动物组织递送嵌合抗原受体(CAR)工程化T细胞(CAR-T细胞)的治疗水凝胶材料,包括:
生物相容性水凝胶材料,其中包含靶向人硫酸软骨素蛋白聚糖4(CSPG4)的CAR-T细胞和缀合至抗-PDL1阻断抗体(aPDL1)的人血小板。
2.根据权利要求1所述的治疗水凝胶材料,其中所述水凝胶材料中还包含负载有一种或多种细胞因子的纳米颗粒。
3.根据权利要求2所述的治疗水凝胶材料,其中所述一种或多种细胞因子包含白介素15(IL-15)。
4.根据权利要求2所述的治疗水凝胶材料,其中所述一种或多种细胞因子包含白介素7(IL-7)。
5.根据权利要求1所述的治疗水凝胶材料,其中所述生物相容性水凝胶材料是生物可降解的。
6.根据权利要求1所述的治疗水凝胶材料,其中所述生物相容性水凝胶材料是透明质酸基水凝胶。
7.根据权利要求6所述的治疗水凝胶材料,其中用甲基丙烯酸酐(MA)修饰所述透明质酸基水凝胶。
8.根据权利要求1所述的治疗水凝胶材料,其中所述生物相容性水凝胶材料包含多糖、丙烯酸聚合物或者蛋白。
9.一种使用权利要求1-8中任一项所述的治疗水凝胶材料的方法,包括将治疗水凝胶递送至肿瘤凹陷、腔或空隙。
10.一种制备用于向哺乳动物组织递送嵌合抗原受体(CAR)工程化T细胞(CAR-T细胞)的治疗水凝胶材料的方法,包括:
形成交联的生物相容性水凝胶材料;
将所述交联的生物相容性水凝胶材料冻干;以及
将靶向人硫酸软骨素蛋白聚糖4(CSPG4)的CAR-T细胞和缀合至抗-PDL1阻断抗体(aPDL1)的人血小板的一种或多种溶液负载至所述生物相容性水凝胶材料。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法,还包括将其中含有一种或多种细胞因子的纳米颗粒负载至所述生物相容性水凝胶材料。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其中所述纳米颗粒含有白介素15(IL-15)。
13.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其中所述纳米颗粒含有白介素7(IL-7)。
14.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述生物相容性水凝胶材料是生物可降解的。
15.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述生物相容性水凝胶材料是透明质酸基水凝胶。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中用甲基丙烯酸酐(MA)修饰所述透明质酸基水凝胶。
17.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述生物相容性水凝胶材料包含多糖、丙烯酸聚合物或者蛋白。
18.一种治疗皮肤黑素瘤的方法,包括:
除去或切除部分的皮肤组织以产生凹陷、空隙或腔;以及
施用包含生物相容性水凝胶材料的治疗水凝胶材料,所述生物相容性水凝胶材料中含有:(1)靶向人硫酸软骨素蛋白聚糖4(CSPG4)的CAR-T细胞,和(2)缀合至抗-PDL1阻断抗体(aPDL1)的人血小板。
19.根据权利要求18所述的方法,其中所述治疗水凝胶材料还包含:(3)处于所述生物相容性水凝胶材料中的含有一种或多种细胞因子的纳米颗粒。
20.根据权利要求18-19中任一项所述的方法,其中纳米颗粒含有白介素15(IL-15)。
21.根据权利要求18-19中任一项所述的方法,其中纳米颗粒含有白介素7(IL-7)。
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