CN1158343C - 在基材表面共价键合壳聚糖的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种在基材表面共价键合壳聚糖的方法,其方法是:将叠氮基团键合在壳聚糖上;用含叠氮基壳聚糖溶液浇铸在基材上,形成含叠氮基团的壳聚糖涂层;在紫外灯照射下,叠氮基团光解为碳烯;碳烯与基材发生插入反应,使壳聚糖链交联,结果使壳聚糖键合在基材表面。含叠氮基壳聚糖溶液的制法是将壳聚糖粉末、双环己基碳酰亚胺、4-叠氮苯甲酸加入到有机溶剂中,然后搅拌,过滤,用甲醇或二氯甲烷洗涤,过滤,干燥即得叠氮基壳聚糖,然后将其溶解在稀醋酸和乙二醇单甲醚的混合溶剂中及可。该方法的优点是改性的壳聚糖溶液,只要先预涂在基材表面,凉干后,紫外光照即可将壳聚糖键合在基材表面,操作性强,对基材是否具有活性基团没有要求。
Description
一、技术领域
本发明涉及一种基材表面改性方法,特别是一种在基材表面共价键合壳聚糖的方法。
二、背景技术
壳聚糖是甲壳素(广泛存在于虾蟹的外壳中)部分脱乙酰化衍生物,它是由β(1→4)相连的D-葡聚胺与含量不等的N-乙酰葡聚胺无规则排列起来的一种线性聚糖,是自然界唯一的碱性多糖,其分子内既有亲水基和疏水基,又有具有配位能力和衍生化反应的氨基和羟基。这些性质决定了其在不同领域内具有广泛的应用价值。
壳聚糖以其独有的生物活性、生物相容性、良好的粘合性、较强的成纤和成膜能力及特殊的吸附性能在水处理方面也有很重要的应用价值。它可用于染料废水的脱色、饮用水的净化、重金属离子的回收、硬水软化、糖蜜及果汁的澄清、工业废水处理、氨基酸蛋白质的分离和回收等。另外其在气相色谱分离金属离子方面的应用也很广泛。壳聚糖在电分析化学中可用来测定Au、Pb、Pt、Pd、Ag、Cu。
由于壳聚糖无毒,具有生物相容性等优良的生物学性能,制成膜后,无色透明,具有较好的物理机械性能,稳定的化学性能。丰富的氨基,可以与酶共价偶联,壳聚糖已被广泛地用于固定化酶及生物传感器。以壳聚糖固定化酶,可采用简单的吸附法、凝胶包埋法、戊二醛交联法等等。为使酶通过化学键与壳聚糖结合,戊二醛是最常用的交联剂。不过Krajewska等用戊二醛的方法将尿激酶固定于壳聚糖膜上,这种方法很容易使壳聚糖膜变黄、变硬、变脆,膜很容易破碎,不易制备敏感膜。
近年来壳聚糖在组织工程领域的应用研究越来越受到人们的关注。壳聚糖在水溶液中呈现阳离子性质和高电荷密度,这是其被广泛应用于生物材料领域的重要原因。因为带正电荷的壳聚糖表面与带负电荷的细胞易产生静电引力,这有利于细胞的粘附。而且,高电荷密度使壳聚糖与许多水溶性阴离子聚合物形成不溶的聚电解质配合物。例如,壳聚糖可与阴离子糖胺聚糖(GAGs)和藻酸钠以及合成聚阴离子如聚丙烯酸形成离子配合物(PEC)。由于壳聚糖电荷密度具有PH依赖性,当将这些PEC移至生理PH环境导致部分固定的聚阴离子解离。这一性质可用于原位负载生物活性聚阴离子如GAGs和DNA。例如,从壳聚糖-肝素PEC中释放出的肝素可以促进移植物附近炎症细胞释放生长因子,从PEC中释放出的DNA能保护核酸酶降解所生成的质粒,同时有利于与细胞膜有关的细胞迁移。壳聚糖具有许多生物活性已被众多实验所证实。例如,壳聚糖齐聚物具有对巨噬细胞刺激的效果,这与其含有N-乙酰葡聚胺组分密切相关。壳聚糖及甲壳素都具有体内外嗜中性粒细胞趋化效应。许多研究考察了壳聚糖及其衍生物支架对组织的反应,总的来说,这些材料引起的异体反应小,几乎观察不到纤维胶囊,形成的是正常的粒状组织,加快血管生成,呈现典型的治愈过程,短时期内(小于7天),嗜中性粒细胞明显在移植物附近堆积,但又迅速分散,慢性炎症反应不会扩展。上面提到的壳聚糖及壳聚糖中的组分对免疫细胞的刺激作用,会引发原位细胞迁移,最终使得支架材料与组织鳌合。有关壳聚糖与哺乳动物细胞相互作用已见报道,涉及的细胞包括成骨细胞、成纤细胞、巨噬细胞、角膜细胞以及肾上腺细胞等。从组织修复和再生的角度来说,大多数情况下壳聚糖在与细胞的相互作用时,材料引起的异体反应少。Popowicz等报道上皮细胞可在壳聚糖膜上生长,成纤维细胞可在胶原与壳聚糖复合膜上生长,引入壳聚糖可增加细胞粘附但会抑制细胞的生长。聚乙烯醇(PVA)与壳聚糖共混形成的高弹性水凝胶,当壳聚糖的组分超过15wt%时,L929细胞在水凝胶上的贴壁率随壳聚糖含量增加而增加,当组分达到40wt%时,细胞的粘附与生长超过胶原;PVA/壳聚糖的复合膜比PVA膜更合适于细胞培养,细胞质网更易于铺展,细胞更易于粘附与生长。更重要的是壳聚糖链的吡喃环上含有活性的羟基和氨基,它们能进行衍生化反应,结果不但能赋予壳聚糖特殊的生物活性,而且能够调节壳聚糖的力学性质。例如,通过壳聚糖分子中的伯胺,对其进行侧基离子改性,使壳聚糖晶体结构受到破坏,非晶态部分增加,溶解性得以提高,力学性能得以调节。当然,特定的性质依赖于侧基的性质,如碳原子大于5的N-烷基化衍生物溶解性会降低,在溶液中易于形成胶束。在壳聚糖表面所衍生的基团上固定生物活性分子,赋予其生物特性的报道较多,如多孔性的壳聚糖-羟基磷酸钙复合固定抗生素,缓慢释放的药物能预防骨髓炎;壳聚糖-GAG配合物固定菌落细胞分泌的生长因子,可抑制平滑肌细胞生长;壳聚糖海绵支架固定血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF-BB),缓慢释放出生长因子能够诱发或刺激骨形成。此外,壳聚糖硫酰化衍生物将壳聚糖的阳离子、止血、高PH值不溶解性质相应地逆转成阴离子、搞凝血性及水溶的特性。壳聚糖可以衍生的基团多不甚举。
壳聚糖易于发生衍生化反应为拓宽其在各个领域的应用提供了无限的潜力。以上列举的壳聚糖性质决定了其在组织工程材料领域独特的应用价值,而众所周知,材料表面化学对其组织的生物相容性至关重要。因此,生物相容性很好的壳聚糖广泛地被人们用以修饰基材表面。在基材表面固定壳聚糖目前通常采用的方法是表面预涂法及表面截留法。表面预涂法存在涂层的稳定性及长久性较差,而且壳聚糖预涂的效果明显依赖于基材表面的性质;而表面截留法同样存在涂层的稳定性差及截留量受限制的缺陷。这两种表面固定方法都缺乏化学键合,而用Methy14-azidobenzoimidate(MABI)hydrochloride来锚固壳聚糖与基材,因为合成原料难得,合成工艺复杂,制备周期长,所以难以进一步推广应用。
三、发明内容
1、发明目的:本发明的目的是提供一种采用普通易得的光敏杂-双官能交联剂——4-叠氮苯甲酸将壳聚糖通过化学键键合在基材表面的方法,从而提高基材表面固定壳聚糖的稳定性、持久性、广泛性、有效性以及适用性。
2、技术方案:为实现上述目的,本发明所述的在基材表面共价键合壳聚糖的方法,其特征在于该方法首先是将叠氮基团键合在壳糖上;然后用含叠氮基壳聚糖溶液浇铸在基材上,使之形成含叠氮基团的壳聚糖涂层;将上述涂层在紫外灯照射下,使叠氮基团光解为碳烯;碳烯与基材发生插入反应,同时使壳聚糖链交联,结果使壳聚糖键合在基材表面。所述的含叠氮基壳聚糖溶液的制备方法是将壳聚糖粉末、双环己基碳酰亚胺(DCC)以及4-叠氮苯甲酸加入到有机溶剂中,然后室温搅拌,过滤,用甲醇或二氯甲烷充分洗涤,过滤,干燥即得含叠氮基壳聚糖,然后将其溶解在稀醋酸和乙二醇单甲醚的混合溶剂中,以形成叠氮基壳聚糖溶液。本发明选用的光敏杂-双官能交联剂如4-叠氮苯甲酸,它的酸基与壳聚糖中的氨基通过相互作用,可形成含0.5%-0.6%摩尔含量的叠氮基团的壳聚糖。含叠氮基壳聚糖涂层在紫外灯照射下,叠氮基团光解为碳烯,活泼的碳烯可以与基材发生插入反应,同时也能使壳聚糖本体交联,结果通过光敏杂-双官能交联剂将壳聚糖键合在基材表面。
3、有益效果:4-叠氮苯甲酸在一定条件下(加脱水剂,室温,反应8小时)可以与壳聚糖中的氨基相互作用生成酰胺键,从而将紫外光敏叠氮基团引入到壳聚糖中。由于反应可在非均相中进行,所以产物易分离。而且4-叠氮苯甲酸很容易制备,价格低廉。改性的壳聚糖溶液,只要先预涂在基材表面,凉干以后,紫外光照即可将壳聚糖键合在基材表面。本发明可操作性特别强,对基材是否具有活性基团没有特殊要求,既可在玻碳电极上键合壳聚糖来固定酶及生物大分子制备成生物传感器,也可以制备球状树脂用于水处理剂;更特殊的应用是这种方法可以用来修饰生物材料,从而赋予生物材料特殊的生物活性,同时也可以进一步固定其它生物大分子。
四、附图说明
图1是0.1M的醋酸溶液中Az-CS的紫外光谱。
图2是Az-CS粉末的傅利叶红外谱图(FTIR)。
图3、图4是聚乳酸(PLA)和PLA/CS的全反射红外谱图(ATR-FTIR)。
图5、图6是空白PU片和PU/CS/Hp的扫描电镜照片(SEM)。
图7是修饰玻碳电极的循环-伏安图,其中:1-CS修饰,2-CS/DNA修饰。
五、具体实施方式
叠氮基壳聚糖(Az-CS)溶液的制备:将1g壳聚糖粉末、0.48gDCC以及0.05~0.5g4-叠氮苯甲酸加入到100mL溶剂中,然后在室温下搅拌8h,过滤,用甲醇充分洗涤,过滤,真空干燥即得Az-CS。然后将其溶解在1%稀醋酸和乙二醇单甲醚(80/20V/V)的混合溶剂中,以形成0.1%的Az-CS溶液。
1、在聚乳酸膜表面共价键合壳聚糖的方法:将壳聚糖固定在聚乳酸(PLA)膜表面,将0.1%的Az-CS溶液浇铸在PLA膜表面,在棕色干燥器中凉干,膜距离8W的紫外灯10cm,光照10min,然后将膜顺序用5%的醋酸、0.05NaOH溶液和水洗涤,最后真空干燥。
2、在聚氨酯表面共价键合壳聚糖的方法:将壳聚糖固定在聚氨酯(PU)表面(固定方法同1),然后将肝素(Hp)以离子配合物固定在壳聚糖修饰的PU片表面形成PU/CS/Hp表面,然后按照血小板粘附实验来检验PU表面改性前后的抗凝血性能。
3、在玻碳电极表面共价键合壳聚糖的方法:将壳聚糖按1的方法固定在玻碳电极表面,然后将DNA以离子配合物固定在壳聚糖修饰的玻碳电极表面。
4、表征:
图1中272.6nm的吸收是Az-CS分子中叠氮基团的特征吸收,与4-叠氮苯甲酸中叠氮基团的特征吸收(268.4nm)相比,吸收峰明显向高波长移动,这是由于叠氮基团的环境变化所造成的。
由图2可见,与壳聚糖的FTIR谱图相比,Az-CS的谱图中明显增加了2127cm-1,这是叠氮基团的特征红外吸收。图1、图2说明通过生成酰胺键叠氮基团已键合在CS分子上。
由图3、图4可见,与PLA谱图相比,在PLA/CS谱图上,明显增加了3363和1594cm-1处的特征吸收,这说明壳聚糖已固定在PLA膜的表面。
图5、图6表明,与全血充分接触后,未经改性的空白PU片,粘附较多的血小板,而经修饰过的表面,观察不到任何血小板的痕迹。这充分说明肝素已通过壳聚糖以离子配合物固定在PU表面,从而表现出优异的抗凝血涂层。
图7(扫描范围:-0.2~0.6V,扫描速率:100V/s,Co(phen)3 3+的浓度:4×10-4mol/L,pH:7.04,底液:Tris-KCl-NaCL)表明,与CS相比,CS/DNA修饰过的玻碳电极具有较大的峰电流,即表现出更好的电极可逆性,这说明DNA已通过CS键合层固定在玻碳电极表面。
以上列举了用本方法使CS化学键合在三种不同的基材(PLA,PU以及玻碳电极)上,附图表明,该方法的有效性。
Claims (2)
1、一种在基材表面共价键合壳聚糖的方法,其特征在于该方法是:
(1)将叠氮基团键合在壳聚糖上;
(2)用含叠氮基壳聚糖溶液浇铸在基材上,使之形成含叠氮基团的壳聚糖涂层;
(3)将上述涂层在紫外灯照射下,使叠氮基团光解为碳烯;
(4)碳烯与基材发生插入反应,同时使壳聚糖链交联,结果使壳聚糖键合在基材表面。
2、根据权利要求1所述的在基材表面共价键合壳聚糖的方法,其特征在于所述的含叠氮基壳聚糖溶液的制备方法是将壳聚糖粉末、双环已基碳酰亚胺以及4-叠氮苯甲酸加入到有机溶剂中,然后室温搅拌,过滤,用甲醇或二氯甲烷充分洗涤,过滤,干燥即得叠氮基壳聚糖,然后将其溶解在稀醋酸和乙二醇单甲醚的混合溶剂中,以形成叠氮基壳聚糖溶液。
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