CN115369234B - Methods to control the structure of metal materials using the non-thermal effects of electromagnetic composite fields - Google Patents
Methods to control the structure of metal materials using the non-thermal effects of electromagnetic composite fields Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种利用电磁复合场非热效应调控金属材料组织的方法，包括：S1、制备试样，初步选定脉冲电源的波形、频率、周期、脉冲峰值电流密度、占空比、电磁复合场处理时间，设置其输出参数；S2、设置脉冲电源的测量参数，包括测量点、电压和电流；S3、对试样进行不同电磁复合场参数的处理，记录瞬时脉冲电阻以及温度；S4、通过数据处理得到瞬时脉冲电阻的变化；对试样进行EBSD测试，获取显微组织；建立电磁复合场参数、瞬时脉冲电阻变化、显微组织间的对应关系；S5、根据瞬时脉冲电阻变化优化电磁复合场参数。本发明通过调控电磁复合场的参数实现非热效应，通过瞬时脉冲电阻的变化优化电磁复合场参数，达到精准调控金属结构材料的显微组织的目的。
The invention relates to a method for regulating the structure of metal materials by utilizing the non-thermal effects of electromagnetic composite fields, which includes: S1. Prepare a sample, and initially select the waveform, frequency, period, pulse peak current density, duty cycle, and electromagnetic composite field of the pulse power supply. Processing time, set its output parameters; S2, set the measurement parameters of the pulse power supply, including measurement points, voltage and current; S3, process the sample with different electromagnetic composite field parameters, record the instantaneous pulse resistance and temperature; S4, pass the data Process to obtain changes in instantaneous pulse resistance; perform EBSD testing on the sample to obtain the microstructure; establish the corresponding relationship between electromagnetic composite field parameters, instantaneous pulse resistance changes, and microstructure; S5. Optimize the electromagnetic composite field according to the changes in instantaneous pulse resistance parameter. The present invention realizes non-thermal effects by regulating the parameters of the electromagnetic composite field, optimizes the parameters of the electromagnetic composite field through changes in instantaneous pulse resistance, and achieves the purpose of accurately regulating the microstructure of metal structural materials.
Description
技术领域Technical field
本发明属于电磁复合场调控金属材料组织技术领域，具体涉及一种利用电磁复合场非热效应调控金属材料组织的方法。The invention belongs to the technical field of regulating the structure of metal materials by electromagnetic composite fields, and specifically relates to a method for regulating the structure of metal materials by utilizing the non-thermal effects of electromagnetic composite fields.
背景技术Background technique
强烈的外部刺激可以显著改变变形金属的行为。电磁复合场已被证明能够改变材料微观结构和力学性能，将电磁复合场应用于加工领域也形成了一种电-热-磁-机械加工的新方法，可用于开发新的微观结构和力学性能的材料。由于高能量密度电磁复合场处理过程总是不可避免的会产生焦耳热，总是很难区分电磁复合场处理过程中的热效应和非热效应，或者说不能很好的确定组织性能改变过程中非热效应究竟作了多大的贡献。Strong external stimulation can significantly change the behavior of deformed metals. Electromagnetic composite fields have been proven to be able to change the microstructure and mechanical properties of materials. The application of electromagnetic composite fields in the processing field has also formed a new method of electro-thermal-magnetic-mechanical processing, which can be used to develop new microstructures and mechanical properties. s material. Since the high-energy-density electromagnetic composite field treatment process always inevitably produces Joule heat, it is always difficult to distinguish between thermal effects and non-thermal effects during the electromagnetic composite field treatment process, or it is impossible to well determine the non-thermal effects during the change of tissue properties. What a contribution it made.
因此，现有通过电磁复合场处理金属材料的方法，大多通过电磁复合场的热效应和非热效应来调控金属材料的组织，而无法完全剥离热效应；而且缺乏对电磁复合场处理金属结构材料组织的精准调控方法。Therefore, the existing methods of treating metal materials through electromagnetic composite fields mostly regulate the structure of metal materials through the thermal and non-thermal effects of the electromagnetic composite field, but cannot completely strip away the thermal effects; and there is a lack of accuracy in treating the structure of metal structural materials with electromagnetic composite fields. control methods.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明要解决的技术问题在于针对上述现有技术存在的不足，提供一种利用电磁复合场非热效应调控金属材料组织的方法，首先通过调控电磁复合场的参数来实现非热效应；然后通过瞬时脉冲电阻的变化来优化电磁复合场参数，从而达到精准调控金属结构材料的显微组织的目的；而且通过改变电磁复合场参数，可以实现热处理的效果，从而替代热处理，实现不同性能的工程结构材料需求。The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a method for regulating the structure of metal materials by utilizing the non-thermal effects of electromagnetic composite fields in view of the deficiencies in the above-mentioned existing technologies. First, the non-thermal effects are achieved by regulating the parameters of the electromagnetic composite fields; and then through instantaneous pulses. The changes in electrical resistance can be used to optimize the electromagnetic composite field parameters to achieve the purpose of accurately regulating the microstructure of metal structural materials; and by changing the electromagnetic composite field parameters, the effect of heat treatment can be achieved, thus replacing heat treatment to meet the needs of engineering structural materials with different properties. .
本发明为解决上述提出的技术问题所采用的技术方案为：The technical solutions adopted by the present invention to solve the above-mentioned technical problems are:
一种利用电磁复合场非热效应调控金属材料组织的方法，包括以下步骤：A method for controlling the structure of metal materials using the non-thermal effect of electromagnetic composite fields, including the following steps:
S1、制备金属材料试样；初步选定脉冲电源的波形、频率、周期、脉冲峰值电流密度、占空比、电磁复合场处理时间，其中，占空比由脉宽、脉冲间隔计算，周期和频率由脉宽和脉冲间隔决定，电磁复合场处理时间由脉冲个数决定，并根据脉冲峰值电流密度和试样截面积计算所需的脉冲峰值电流；设置脉冲电源的输出参数，包括：脉冲峰值电流、脉宽、脉冲间隔、脉冲个数；S1. Prepare metal material samples; initially select the waveform, frequency, period, pulse peak current density, duty cycle, and electromagnetic composite field processing time of the pulse power supply, where the duty cycle is calculated by the pulse width and pulse interval, and the period and The frequency is determined by the pulse width and pulse interval. The electromagnetic composite field processing time is determined by the number of pulses. The required pulse peak current is calculated based on the pulse peak current density and the sample cross-sectional area. Set the output parameters of the pulse power supply, including: pulse peak value Current, pulse width, pulse interval, pulse number;
S2、设置脉冲电源的测量参数：在脉冲方波上设置测量点，测量点的个数根据脉冲方波的占空比以及周期确定，测量点覆盖整个周期并且脉冲方波的脉冲宽度上至少覆盖两个测量点以保证测量准确性；同步设置脉冲电源的电压和电流作为测量参数，以便计算电磁复合场处理过程的瞬时脉冲电阻；S2. Set the measurement parameters of the pulse power supply: Set measurement points on the pulse square wave. The number of measurement points is determined according to the duty cycle and period of the pulse square wave. The measurement points cover the entire cycle and cover at least the pulse width of the pulse square wave. Two measurement points to ensure measurement accuracy; synchronously set the voltage and current of the pulse power supply as measurement parameters to calculate the instantaneous pulse resistance during the electromagnetic composite field processing process;
S3、将待处理试样安装于电磁复合场处理装置中，建立脉冲电源设备和电脑间的通讯，设置热成像仪对试样的温升进行测量，并提前开启热成像仪进行温度测量；开启脉冲电源设备对待处理试样进行不同电磁复合场参数的电磁复合场处理，并同步记录瞬时脉冲电阻以及温度；为保证利用非热效应进行金属组织调控，若存在高于5°的温升就应该调小脉冲方波的脉宽，从而降低试样的温升，重复S2、S3步骤，直至温升低于5°后进入步骤S4；S3. Install the sample to be processed in the electromagnetic composite field processing device, establish communication between the pulse power supply equipment and the computer, set up the thermal imager to measure the temperature rise of the sample, and turn on the thermal imager in advance for temperature measurement; turn on The pulse power supply equipment performs electromagnetic composite field treatment on the sample to be processed with different electromagnetic composite field parameters, and simultaneously records the instantaneous pulse resistance and temperature; in order to ensure the use of non-thermal effects to control the metal structure, if there is a temperature rise higher than 5°, it should be adjusted The pulse width of the small pulse square wave is reduced to reduce the temperature rise of the sample. Repeat steps S2 and S3 until the temperature rise is lower than 5° and then enter step S4;
S4、通过数据处理得到瞬时脉冲电阻的变化；并对不同电磁复合场参数的电磁复合场处理后的试样进行EBSD测试，获取试样的显微组织；建立电磁复合场参数、瞬时脉冲电阻变化、显微组织三者之间的对应关系；S4. Obtain the changes in instantaneous pulse resistance through data processing; conduct EBSD tests on the samples treated with electromagnetic composite fields with different electromagnetic composite field parameters to obtain the microstructure of the samples; establish the electromagnetic composite field parameters and changes in instantaneous pulse resistance , the correspondence between the three microstructures;
S5、分析电磁复合场参数、瞬时脉冲电阻变化、显微组织三者之间的对应关系，根据瞬时脉冲电阻变化优化电磁复合场参数，进而调控显微组织。S5. Analyze the correspondence between the electromagnetic composite field parameters, instantaneous pulse resistance changes, and microstructure, optimize the electromagnetic composite field parameters based on the instantaneous pulse resistance changes, and then regulate the microstructure.
上述方案中，步骤S1中，脉冲电流的频率为0-500Hz，脉冲峰值电流密度为20-100A/mm2，为了控制脉冲电流的热效应，控制脉冲电流的占空比为1-5％。In the above scheme, in step S1, the frequency of the pulse current is 0-500Hz, and the pulse peak current density is 20-100A/mm 2 . In order to control the thermal effect of the pulse current, the duty cycle of the pulse current is controlled to be 1-5%.
上述方案中，步骤S4中，所述显微组织包括晶粒尺寸、碳化物百分数。In the above solution, in step S4, the microstructure includes grain size and carbide percentage.
上述方案中，步骤S4中，所述电磁复合场参数包括脉冲峰值电流密度和电磁复合场处理时间；建立电磁复合场参数、瞬时脉冲电阻变化、显微组织三者之间的对应关系，方法为：In the above scheme, in step S4, the electromagnetic composite field parameters include pulse peak current density and electromagnetic composite field processing time; the corresponding relationship between the electromagnetic composite field parameters, instantaneous pulse resistance changes, and microstructure is established by the method: :
保持电磁复合场处理时间不变，改变电磁复合场处理中脉冲峰值电流密度，建立脉冲峰值电流密度、瞬时脉冲电阻变化、显微组织三者之间的对应关系；Keep the electromagnetic composite field processing time unchanged, change the pulse peak current density in the electromagnetic composite field processing, and establish the corresponding relationship between the pulse peak current density, instantaneous pulse resistance change, and microstructure;
保持电磁复合场处理中脉冲峰值电流密度不变，改变电磁复合场处理时间，建立电磁复合场处理时间、瞬时脉冲电阻变化、显微组织三者之间的对应关系。Keep the pulse peak current density unchanged during the electromagnetic composite field treatment, change the electromagnetic composite field processing time, and establish the corresponding relationship between the electromagnetic composite field processing time, instantaneous pulse resistance change, and microstructure.
上述方案中，步骤S5具体包括：In the above scheme, step S5 specifically includes:
分析脉冲峰值电流密度、瞬时脉冲电阻变化、显微组织三者之间的对应关系，根据瞬时脉冲电阻变化优化脉冲峰值电流密度；Analyze the correspondence between pulse peak current density, instantaneous pulse resistance change, and microstructure, and optimize the pulse peak current density based on the instantaneous pulse resistance change;
分析电磁复合场处理时间、瞬时脉冲电阻变化、显微组织三者之间的对应关系，根据瞬时脉冲电阻变化优化电磁复合场处理时间。Analyze the correspondence between the electromagnetic composite field processing time, instantaneous pulse resistance change, and microstructure, and optimize the electromagnetic composite field processing time based on the instantaneous pulse resistance change.
上述方案中，根据瞬时脉冲电阻变化优化脉冲峰值电流密度，优化方法为：脉冲峰值电流密度存在一个最佳值，使材料发生静态再结晶后晶粒尺寸最小，对应于瞬时脉冲电阻值的下降值最大；在试验数据拐点对应的脉冲峰值电流密度附近设置更小的脉冲峰值电流密度间隔，根据瞬时脉冲电阻值的下降值来优化脉冲峰值电流密度。In the above scheme, the pulse peak current density is optimized based on the instantaneous pulse resistance change. The optimization method is: there is an optimal value for the pulse peak current density, which minimizes the grain size after static recrystallization of the material, corresponding to the decrease in the instantaneous pulse resistance value. Maximum; set a smaller pulse peak current density interval near the pulse peak current density corresponding to the inflection point of the test data, and optimize the pulse peak current density according to the drop in the instantaneous pulse resistance value.
上述方案中，根据瞬时脉冲电阻变化优化电磁复合场处理时间，优化方法为：根据瞬时脉冲电阻从最大值减小到缓慢变化起点阶段的时间，优化电磁复合场处理时间。In the above scheme, the electromagnetic composite field processing time is optimized according to the instantaneous pulse resistance change. The optimization method is: according to the time when the instantaneous pulse resistance decreases from the maximum value to the slow change starting point, the electromagnetic composite field processing time is optimized.
上述方案中，步骤S5还包括：根据电磁复合场参数、瞬时脉冲电阻变化和显微组织间的关系，与热处理晶粒尺寸形成对应关系，在不需要对材料显微组织测试的情况下，得到和热处理效果类似的电磁复合场参数。In the above scheme, step S5 also includes: forming a corresponding relationship with the heat treatment grain size based on the relationship between the electromagnetic composite field parameters, instantaneous pulse resistance changes and microstructure, without the need to test the material microstructure, obtain Electromagnetic composite field parameters similar to heat treatment effects.
上述方案中，所述电磁复合场处理装置包括脉冲电源输出及测量装置、电脑、热成像仪和绝缘台架，测试试样通过绝缘夹具安装于所述绝缘台架上，并与所述脉冲电源输出及测量装置连接；脉冲电源输出及测量装置和热成像仪分别与所述电脑连接。In the above scheme, the electromagnetic composite field processing device includes a pulse power supply output and measurement device, a computer, a thermal imager and an insulating bench. The test sample is installed on the insulating bench through an insulating clamp and connected with the pulse power supply. The output and measuring device are connected; the pulse power output and measuring device and the thermal imager are respectively connected to the computer.
上述方案中，所述金属材料试样为立方形长条状或者圆柱形，便于计算截面积。In the above solution, the metal material sample is in the shape of a cubic strip or a cylinder, which facilitates calculation of the cross-sectional area.
本发明的有益效果在于：The beneficial effects of the present invention are:
1、本发明首先通过调控电磁复合场的参数从而实现电磁复合场处理过程中的非热效应，而不产生明显的宏观的温升，更有利于揭示其规律。然后通过实时测量瞬时脉冲电阻的变化，并通过后续对该材料的显微组织的测试，可以建立电磁复合场的参数、瞬时脉冲电阻、与显微组织之间的关系，进一步根据瞬时脉冲电阻变化优化电磁复合场处理参数，从而达到调控金属结构材料的显微组织的目的，如调控金属材料的组织进一步细化晶粒，从而实现强塑性的调控。1. The present invention first realizes non-thermal effects in the electromagnetic composite field processing process by regulating the parameters of the electromagnetic composite field without producing obvious macroscopic temperature rise, which is more conducive to revealing its rules. Then, by measuring the changes in instantaneous pulse resistance in real time, and through subsequent testing of the microstructure of the material, the relationship between the parameters of the electromagnetic composite field, the instantaneous pulse resistance, and the microstructure can be established, and further based on the changes in instantaneous pulse resistance Optimize the electromagnetic composite field processing parameters to achieve the purpose of regulating the microstructure of metal structural materials, such as regulating the structure of metal materials to further refine the grains, thereby achieving strong plasticity control.
2、通过控制电磁复合场参数，可以实现热处理的效果，从而替代传统电炉热处理，实现不同性能的工程结构材料需求。相较于传统电炉热处理，电磁复合场处理更加节能，环保，省时。2. By controlling the parameters of the electromagnetic composite field, the effect of heat treatment can be achieved, thereby replacing the traditional electric furnace heat treatment and meeting the needs of engineering structural materials with different properties. Compared with traditional electric furnace heat treatment, electromagnetic composite field treatment is more energy-saving, environmentally friendly and time-saving.
3、本发明尤其适用于大塑性变形而得到的梯度纳米结构材料，通过电磁复合场降低梯度纳米结构材料的位错密度，在降低残余应力的同时进一步通过静态再结晶而细化晶粒，从而进一步调控梯度结构材料的强塑性。而且通过控制电磁复合场的参数，实现热处理的效果，得到不同晶粒尺寸的梯度结构材料，从而得到所需要的不同性能的梯度结构材料，而满足工程中不同性能的梯度结构材料需求。3. The present invention is particularly suitable for gradient nanostructure materials obtained by large plastic deformation. It reduces the dislocation density of gradient nanostructure materials through electromagnetic composite fields, reduces residual stress and further refines the grains through static recrystallization, thereby Further control the strong plasticity of gradient structural materials. Moreover, by controlling the parameters of the electromagnetic composite field, the effect of heat treatment is achieved, and gradient structure materials with different grain sizes are obtained, thereby obtaining gradient structure materials with different properties required to meet the needs of gradient structure materials with different properties in engineering.
附图说明Description of drawings
下面将结合附图及实施例对本发明作进一步说明，附图中：The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and examples. In the accompanying drawings:
图1是本发明方法中采用的电磁复合场处理装置的结构示意图；Figure 1 is a schematic structural diagram of the electromagnetic composite field processing device used in the method of the present invention;
图2是本发明实施例中电磁复合场处理参数60A/mm2-1s-1次过程的温度变化；Figure 2 is the temperature change of the electromagnetic composite field treatment parameter 60A/mm 2 -1s-1 times in the embodiment of the present invention;
图3是本发明实施例中梯度M50结构材料电磁复合场处理前晶界图；Figure 3 is a grain boundary diagram of the gradient M50 structural material before electromagnetic composite field treatment in the embodiment of the present invention;
图4是本发明实施例中梯度M50结构材料30A/mm2-1s-1次电磁复合场处理后晶界图；Figure 4 is a grain boundary diagram of the gradient M50 structural material after treatment with a 30A/mm 2 -1s-1 electromagnetic composite field in an embodiment of the present invention;
图5是本发明实施例中梯度M50结构材料30A/mm2-1s-1次电磁复合场处理瞬时脉冲电阻变化图；Figure 5 is a diagram of the instantaneous pulse resistance change of the gradient M50 structural material treated with 30A/mm 2 -1s-1 electromagnetic composite fields in the embodiment of the present invention;
图6是本发明实施例中梯度M50结构材料40A/mm2-1s-1次电磁复合场处理后晶界图；Figure 6 is a grain boundary diagram of the gradient M50 structural material after treatment with a 40A/mm 2 -1s-1 electromagnetic composite field in an embodiment of the present invention;
图7是本发明实施例中梯度M50结构材料40A/mm2-1s-1次电磁复合场处理瞬时脉冲电阻变化图；Figure 7 is an instantaneous pulse resistance change diagram of the gradient M50 structural material treated with a 40A/mm 2 -1s-1 electromagnetic composite field in an embodiment of the present invention;
图8是本发明实施例中梯度M50结构材料50A/mm2-1s-1次电磁复合场处理后晶界图；Figure 8 is a grain boundary diagram of the gradient M50 structural material after treatment with a 50A/mm 2 -1s-1 electromagnetic composite field in an embodiment of the present invention;
图9是本发明实施例中梯度M50结构材料50A/mm2-1s-1次电磁复合场处理瞬时脉冲电阻变化图；Figure 9 is a diagram of the instantaneous pulse resistance change of the gradient M50 structural material under 50A/mm 2 -1s-1 electromagnetic compound field treatment in the embodiment of the present invention;
图10是本发明实施例中梯度M50结构材料60A/mm2-1s-1次电磁复合场处理后晶界图；Figure 10 is a grain boundary diagram of the gradient M50 structural material after treatment with a 60A/mm 2 -1s-1 electromagnetic composite field in an embodiment of the present invention;
图11是本发明实施例中梯度M50结构材料60A/mm2-1s-1次电磁复合场处理瞬时脉冲电阻变化图；Figure 11 is a diagram of the instantaneous pulse resistance change of the gradient M50 structural material under 60A/mm 2 -1s-1 electromagnetic compound field treatment in the embodiment of the present invention;
图12是本发明实施例中梯度M50结构材料60A/mm2-1s-1次电磁复合场处理后晶界图；Figure 12 is a grain boundary diagram of the gradient M50 structural material after treatment with a 60A/mm 2 -1s-1 electromagnetic composite field in an embodiment of the present invention;
图13是本发明实施例中梯度M50结构材料60A/mm2-1s-2次电磁复合场处理后晶界图；Figure 13 is a grain boundary diagram of the gradient M50 structural material after treatment with 60A/mm 2 -1s-2 electromagnetic composite fields in the embodiment of the present invention;
图14是本发明实施例中梯度M50结构材料60A/mm2-1s-4次电磁复合场处理后晶界图；Figure 14 is a grain boundary diagram of the gradient M50 structural material after treatment with 60A/mm 2 -1s-4 electromagnetic composite fields in the embodiment of the present invention;
图15是本发明实施例中梯度M50结构材料60A/mm2-1s-1次电磁复合场处理过程的瞬时脉冲电阻变化图；Figure 15 is an instantaneous pulse resistance change diagram of the gradient M50 structural material during the electromagnetic composite field treatment process of 60A/mm 2 -1s-1 times in the embodiment of the present invention;
图16是本发明实施例中梯度M50结构材料60A/mm2-1s-2次电磁复合场处理过程的瞬时脉冲电阻变化图；Figure 16 is an instantaneous pulse resistance change diagram of the gradient M50 structural material during the 60A/mm 2 -1s-2 electromagnetic composite field treatment process in the embodiment of the present invention;
图17是本发明实施例中梯度M50结构材料60A/mm2-1s-4次电磁复合场处理过程的瞬时脉冲电阻变化图；Figure 17 is an instantaneous pulse resistance change diagram of the gradient M50 structural material during the 60A/mm 2 -1s-4 times electromagnetic composite field treatment process in the embodiment of the present invention;
图18是梯度M50结构材料550℃，30min热处理后晶界图。Figure 18 is a grain boundary diagram of gradient M50 structural material after heat treatment at 550°C for 30 minutes.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
为了对本发明的技术特征、目的和效果有更加清楚的理解，现对照附图详细说明本发明的具体实施方式。In order to have a clearer understanding of the technical features, purposes and effects of the present invention, the specific embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
如图1所示，本发明方法中采用的电磁复合场处理装置包括脉冲电源输出及测量装置1、电脑2、热成像仪3和绝缘台架5，测试试样4通过绝缘夹具安装于绝缘台架5上，并与脉冲电源输出及测量装置1连接；脉冲电源输出及测量装置1和热成像仪3分别与电脑2连接。As shown in Figure 1, the electromagnetic composite field processing device used in the method of the present invention includes a pulse power output and measurement device 1, a computer 2, a thermal imager 3 and an insulating bench 5. The test sample 4 is installed on the insulating bench through an insulating clamp. on the frame 5 and connected to the pulse power output and measurement device 1; the pulse power output and measurement device 1 and the thermal imager 3 are connected to the computer 2 respectively.
下面以梯度M50高强轴承钢材料作为测试试样对本发明方法进行具体说明。The method of the present invention will be described in detail below using gradient M50 high-strength bearing steel material as a test sample.
一种利用电磁复合场非热效应调控金属材料组织的方法，包括以下步骤：A method for controlling the structure of metal materials using the non-thermal effect of electromagnetic composite fields, including the following steps:
S1、制备立方形长条状金属材料试样；初步选定脉冲电源的波形、频率、周期、脉冲峰值电流密度、占空比、电磁复合场处理时间，其中，占空比由脉宽、脉冲间隔计算，周期和频率由脉宽和脉冲间隔决定，电磁复合场处理时间由脉冲个数决定，并根据脉冲峰值电流密度和试样截面积计算所需的脉冲峰值电流；设置脉冲电源的输出参数，包括：脉冲峰值电流、脉宽、脉冲间隔、脉冲个数。S1. Prepare a cubic long strip metal material sample; initially select the waveform, frequency, period, pulse peak current density, duty cycle, and electromagnetic composite field processing time of the pulse power supply, where the duty cycle is determined by the pulse width, pulse Interval calculation, the period and frequency are determined by the pulse width and pulse interval, the electromagnetic composite field processing time is determined by the number of pulses, and the required pulse peak current is calculated based on the pulse peak current density and sample cross-sectional area; set the output parameters of the pulse power supply , including: pulse peak current, pulse width, pulse interval, and pulse number.
本实施例中，立方形长条状试样尺寸为1mm*1mm*12mm，截面积为1mm2。初步选定脉冲电源的波形为脉冲方波，频率为500Hz，周期为2ms，脉冲峰值电流密度为60A/mm2，占空比为2.5％。根据初步选定的脉冲峰值电流密度以及立方形长条状试样截面积计算所需的脉冲峰值电流为60A。电磁复合场处理时间设置为1s，由于周期为2ms，占空比为2.5％，因此脉宽为50μs，脉冲间隔为0.00195s，脉冲个数为500个。In this example, the dimensions of the cubic strip sample are 1mm*1mm*12mm, and the cross-sectional area is 1mm 2 . The waveform of the pulse power supply is initially selected as a pulse square wave with a frequency of 500Hz, a period of 2ms, a pulse peak current density of 60A/mm 2 , and a duty cycle of 2.5%. Based on the initially selected pulse peak current density and the cross-sectional area of the cubic strip sample, the required pulse peak current is calculated to be 60A. The electromagnetic composite field processing time is set to 1s. Since the period is 2ms and the duty cycle is 2.5%, the pulse width is 50μs, the pulse interval is 0.00195s, and the number of pulses is 500.
S2、设置脉冲电源的测量参数：在脉冲方波上设置测量点，测量点的个数根据脉冲方波的占空比以及周期确定，测量点覆盖整个周期并且脉冲方波的脉冲宽度上至少覆盖两个测量点以保证测量准确性；同步设置脉冲电源的电压和电流作为测量参数，以便计算电磁复合场处理过程的瞬时脉冲电阻。S2. Set the measurement parameters of the pulse power supply: Set measurement points on the pulse square wave. The number of measurement points is determined according to the duty cycle and period of the pulse square wave. The measurement points cover the entire cycle and cover at least the pulse width of the pulse square wave. Two measurement points to ensure measurement accuracy; synchronously set the voltage and current of the pulse power supply as measurement parameters to calculate the instantaneous pulse resistance during the electromagnetic composite field treatment process.
本实施例中，在脉冲方波上设置测量点，设置相应的电流和电压测量间隔点为25μs，通过调节测量延迟时间0.0001s，使一个脉冲宽度上的测量点达到2个，因此总测量点设置为40000个。同步设置脉冲电源的电压和电流作为测量参数。In this embodiment, measurement points are set on the pulse square wave, and the corresponding current and voltage measurement interval points are set to 25 μs. By adjusting the measurement delay time to 0.0001s, the number of measurement points on one pulse width reaches 2, so the total measurement points are Set to 40,000. Synchronously set the voltage and current of the pulse power supply as measurement parameters.
S3、将待处理试样安装于电磁复合场处理装置中，建立脉冲电源设备和电脑间的通讯，设置热成像仪对试样的温升进行测量，并提前开启热成像仪进行温度测量。开启脉冲电源设备对待处理试样进行不同电磁复合场参数的电磁复合场处理，并同步记录瞬时脉冲电阻以及温度；为保证利用非热效应进行金属组织调控，若存在高于5°的温升就应该调小脉冲方波的脉宽，从而降低试样的温升，重复S2、S3步骤，直至温升低于5°后进入步骤S4。S3. Install the sample to be processed in the electromagnetic composite field processing device, establish communication between the pulse power supply equipment and the computer, set up a thermal imager to measure the temperature rise of the sample, and turn on the thermal imager in advance for temperature measurement. Turn on the pulse power supply equipment to perform electromagnetic composite field treatment on the sample to be processed with different electromagnetic composite field parameters, and simultaneously record the instantaneous pulse resistance and temperature; in order to ensure the use of non-thermal effects to control the metal structure, if there is a temperature rise higher than 5°, it should be Reduce the pulse width of the pulse square wave to reduce the temperature rise of the sample. Repeat steps S2 and S3 until the temperature rise is lower than 5° and then proceed to step S4.
本实施例中，开启脉冲电源设备对待处理试样进行1次、2次和4次的电磁复合场处理，并且同步记录瞬时脉冲电阻以及温度。电磁复合场处理参数60A/mm2-1s-1次过程的温度变化如图2所示。通过热成像仪数据得到温度升温时间为1s，温度总体升高1℃，降温时间为3.5s。因此温升可以忽略不计，只考虑电磁复合场的非热效应，因此2.5％的占空比合适。In this embodiment, the pulse power supply equipment is turned on to perform 1, 2 and 4 times of electromagnetic composite field treatment on the sample to be processed, and the instantaneous pulse resistance and temperature are simultaneously recorded. The temperature change during the process of electromagnetic composite field treatment parameter 60A/mm 2 -1s-1 is shown in Figure 2. According to the thermal imager data, the temperature rise time is 1 s, the overall temperature rise is 1°C, and the cooling time is 3.5 s. Therefore, the temperature rise can be ignored, and only the non-thermal effects of the electromagnetic composite field are considered, so a duty cycle of 2.5% is appropriate.
S4、通过数据处理得到瞬时脉冲电阻的变化；并对不同电磁复合场参数的电磁复合场处理后的试样进行EBSD测试，获取试样的显微组织(包括平均晶粒尺寸、碳化物百分数)；然后建立电磁复合场的参数、瞬时脉冲电阻变化、显微组织三者之间的对应关系。S4. Obtain the changes in instantaneous pulse resistance through data processing; conduct EBSD testing on the samples treated with electromagnetic composite fields with different electromagnetic composite field parameters to obtain the microstructure of the samples (including average grain size and carbide percentage) ; Then establish the corresponding relationship between the parameters of the electromagnetic composite field, the instantaneous pulse resistance change, and the microstructure.
S5、分析电磁复合场的参数、瞬时脉冲电阻变化与显微组织三者之间的对应关系，根据瞬时脉冲电阻变化优化电磁复合场处理参数。S5. Analyze the correspondence between the parameters of the electromagnetic composite field, the instantaneous pulse resistance change and the microstructure, and optimize the electromagnetic composite field processing parameters based on the instantaneous pulse resistance change.
合适的电磁复合场作用在变形金属材料上可以在较低温度和较短时间内完成静态再结晶，从而实现晶粒细化；而当电磁复合场的处理时间增加时会导致再结晶后的晶粒长大。这种对应的关系的建立有两个方面的作用：一方面可以建立电磁复合场参数和晶粒长大之间的关系，从而对电磁复合场参数进行优化，优化静态再结晶过程，获得更优的晶粒尺寸；另一方面可以和热处理结果进行对比，探索电磁复合场参数替代电炉热处理参数。A suitable electromagnetic composite field acting on the deformed metal material can complete static recrystallization at a lower temperature and a shorter time, thereby achieving grain refinement; however, when the processing time of the electromagnetic composite field increases, it will cause the grains after recrystallization to The grains grow. The establishment of this corresponding relationship has two aspects: on the one hand, it can establish the relationship between the electromagnetic composite field parameters and the grain growth, thereby optimizing the electromagnetic composite field parameters, optimizing the static recrystallization process, and obtaining better results. The grain size; on the other hand, it can be compared with the heat treatment results, and the electromagnetic composite field parameters can be explored to replace the electric furnace heat treatment parameters.
步骤S4-S5的具体方法如下：The specific methods of steps S4-S5 are as follows:
(1)保持电磁复合场处理时间不变，改变电磁复合场处理中脉冲峰值电流密度，探索脉冲峰值电流密度对显微组织状态的影响，以便进一步优化脉冲峰值电流密度。(1) Keep the electromagnetic composite field treatment time unchanged, change the pulse peak current density in the electromagnetic composite field treatment, and explore the impact of the pulse peak current density on the microstructure state in order to further optimize the pulse peak current density.
瞬时脉冲电阻的剧烈减小跟位错密度的减小有关，不同脉冲峰值电流密度处理时，瞬时脉冲电阻减小值不同，可根据对比瞬时脉冲电阻的减小值来判断位错密度减小的程度。而位错密度减小程度对应于位错湮灭程度；塑性变形材料的变形储存能对应于材料的位错密度，而变形材料的静态再结晶驱动力来源于变形储存能。因此可以通过瞬时脉冲电阻减小程度来判断静态再结晶程度，而静态再结晶程度可以通过晶粒尺寸的减小程度来判断。通过建立脉冲峰值电流密度、瞬时脉冲电阻和显微组织之间的关系后，在不需要对材料显微组织测试的情况下，可以根据瞬时脉冲电阻变化优化脉冲峰值电流密度。The dramatic decrease in instantaneous pulse resistance is related to the decrease in dislocation density. When processing different pulse peak current densities, the instantaneous pulse resistance decreases by different values. The reduction in dislocation density can be judged by comparing the decrease in instantaneous pulse resistance. degree. The degree of reduction in dislocation density corresponds to the degree of dislocation annihilation; the deformation storage energy of plastically deformed materials corresponds to the dislocation density of the material, and the static recrystallization driving force of deformed materials comes from the deformation storage energy. Therefore, the degree of static recrystallization can be judged by the degree of decrease in instantaneous pulse resistance, and the degree of static recrystallization can be judged by the degree of decrease in grain size. By establishing the relationship between pulse peak current density, instantaneous pulse resistance and microstructure, the pulse peak current density can be optimized based on changes in instantaneous pulse resistance without the need to test the microstructure of the material.
本实施例中，选择的脉冲峰值电流密度分别为：30A/mm2、40A/mm2、50A/mm2和60A/mm2。电磁复合场处理时间为1s。梯度M50结构材料在电磁复合场处理前距离表面200μm的平均晶粒尺寸为668nm，碳化物百分数为3.5％，参见图3。In this embodiment, the selected pulse peak current densities are: 30A/mm 2 , 40A/mm 2 , 50A/mm 2 and 60A/mm 2 respectively. The electromagnetic composite field processing time is 1s. The average grain size of the gradient M50 structural material 200 μm away from the surface before electromagnetic composite field treatment is 668 nm, and the carbide percentage is 3.5%, see Figure 3.
当脉冲峰值电流密度为30A/mm2时，瞬时脉冲电阻下降值为0.00097Ω，参见图4；对应距离表面200μm的平均晶粒为444nm，碳化物百分数为4.5％，参见图5。When the pulse peak current density is 30A/ mm2 , the instantaneous pulse resistance drop value is 0.00097Ω, see Figure 4; the average grain corresponding to a distance of 200μm from the surface is 444nm, and the carbide percentage is 4.5%, see Figure 5.
当脉冲峰值电流密度为40A/mm2时，瞬时脉冲电阻下降值为0.00251Ω，参见图6；对应距离表面200μm的平均晶粒为422nm。碳化物百分数为3.9％，参见图7。When the pulse peak current density is 40A/ mm2 , the instantaneous pulse resistance drop value is 0.00251Ω, see Figure 6; the corresponding average grain size 200μm away from the surface is 422nm. The carbide percentage is 3.9%, see Figure 7.
当脉冲峰值电流密度为50A/mm2时，瞬时脉冲电阻下降值为0.00342Ω，参见图8；对应距离表面200μm的平均晶粒为368nm。碳化物百分数为5.1％，参见图9。When the pulse peak current density is 50A/ mm2 , the instantaneous pulse resistance drop value is 0.00342Ω, see Figure 8; the average grain corresponding to a distance of 200μm from the surface is 368nm. The carbide percentage is 5.1%, see Figure 9.
当脉冲峰值电流密度为60A/mm2时，瞬时脉冲电阻下降值为0.00132Ω，参见图10；对应距离表面200μm的平均晶粒为537nm。碳化物百分数为4.1％，参见图11。When the pulse peak current density is 60A/ mm2 , the instantaneous pulse resistance drop value is 0.00132Ω, see Figure 10; the corresponding average grain size 200μm away from the surface is 537nm. The carbide percentage is 4.1%, see Figure 11.
可以看出随着脉冲峰值电流密度的增大，瞬时脉冲电阻的下降值呈现出先增大后减小的趋势，对应的再结晶晶粒尺寸呈现出先减小后增大的趋势。It can be seen that as the pulse peak current density increases, the decreasing value of the instantaneous pulse resistance shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, and the corresponding recrystallized grain size shows a trend of first decreasing and then increasing.
由于碳化物的百分含量基本不变(变化约为4％-5％)，对应于瞬时脉冲电阻在很短时间内减小后基本不变。由于脉冲峰值电流密度相对较小，不足以使碳化物发生显著变化。Since the percentage of carbide is basically unchanged (the change is about 4%-5%), the resistance corresponding to the instantaneous pulse decreases and basically remains unchanged after a short period of time. Since the pulse peak current density is relatively small, it is not enough to cause significant changes in carbides.
因此可以得出脉冲峰值电流密度存在一个最佳值，使材料发生静态再结晶后晶粒尺寸最小，对应于瞬时脉冲电阻值的下降值最大。Therefore, it can be concluded that there is an optimal value for the pulse peak current density, which minimizes the grain size after static recrystallization of the material and corresponds to the largest drop in instantaneous pulse resistance value.
因此可以通过在50A/mm2附近设置更小的脉冲峰值电流密度间隔，根据瞬时脉冲电阻值的下降值来优化峰值电流密度。Therefore, the peak current density can be optimized based on the drop in the instantaneous pulse resistance value by setting a smaller pulse peak current density interval around 50A/ mm2 .
(2)保持电磁复合场处理中脉冲峰值电流密度不变，改变电磁复合场处理时间，探索电磁复合场处理时间对显微组织状态的影响，以便进一步优化电磁复合场处理时间。(2) Keep the pulse peak current density unchanged during the electromagnetic composite field treatment, change the electromagnetic composite field processing time, and explore the impact of the electromagnetic composite field processing time on the microstructure state, so as to further optimize the electromagnetic composite field processing time.
本实施例中，梯度M50结构材料在电磁复合场处理前距离表面200μm的平均晶粒尺寸为668nm，碳化物百分数为3.5％，参见图3；而经过1次电磁复合场处理后距离表面200μm的平均晶粒尺寸为537nm，碳化物百分数为4.1％，参见图12；说明电磁复合场参数为60A/mm2-1s时发生了静态再结晶，而导致晶粒细化。经过2次电磁复合场处理的平均晶粒尺寸为667nm，碳化物百分数为11.6％，参见图13；经过4次电磁复合场处理的平均晶粒尺寸为843nm，碳化物百分数为11.8％，参见图14。In this embodiment, the average grain size of the gradient M50 structural material 200 μm from the surface before electromagnetic composite field treatment is 668 nm, and the carbide percentage is 3.5%, see Figure 3; and after one electromagnetic composite field treatment, the average grain size is 200 μm from the surface. The average grain size is 537nm, and the carbide percentage is 4.1%, see Figure 12; it shows that static recrystallization occurs when the electromagnetic composite field parameter is 60A/mm 2 -1s, resulting in grain refinement. The average grain size after 2 times of electromagnetic composite field treatment is 667nm, and the carbide percentage is 11.6%, see Figure 13; the average grain size after 4 times of electromagnetic compound field treatment is 843nm, and the carbide percentage is 11.8%, see figure 14.
从图15的1次电磁复合场处理的瞬时脉冲电阻变化图上可以看出，电磁复合场参数为60A/mm2-1s处理时，瞬时脉冲电阻在第一次电磁复合场处理的100ms内呈剧烈下降趋势，在100ms-1s时间内基本不变。而在图16中经过第2次电磁复合场处理时，瞬时脉冲电阻呈现略微增大趋势。通过瞬时脉冲电阻和微观组织之间对应，可以得到1次瞬时脉冲电阻的急剧减小跟试样位错密度的急剧减小相关，同时也说明电磁复合场处理时位错密度的减小在很短的时间内完成。第2次电磁复合场处理时，瞬时脉冲电阻整体减小，但在处理过程中呈现略微增大的趋势。脉冲电阻整体减小对应于晶粒尺寸的长大过程，而处理过程中的略微增大对应于碳化物百分数的增多。而在图17中经第3次和第4次电磁复合场处理时，瞬时脉冲电阻值呈现出略微增大的趋势，而整体电阻基本无变化，说明晶粒尺寸基本无变化，存在碳化物的析出。It can be seen from the instantaneous pulse resistance change diagram of the first electromagnetic compound field treatment in Figure 15 that when the electromagnetic compound field parameter is 60A/mm 2 -1s, the instantaneous pulse resistance changes within 100ms of the first electromagnetic compound field treatment. The sharp downward trend remains basically unchanged within 100ms-1s. In Figure 16, after the second electromagnetic composite field treatment, the instantaneous pulse resistance shows a slightly increasing trend. Through the correspondence between the instantaneous pulse resistance and the microstructure, it can be found that the sharp decrease in the instantaneous pulse resistance is related to the sharp decrease in the dislocation density of the sample. It also shows that the reduction in dislocation density during electromagnetic composite field treatment is very small. Completed in a short time. During the second electromagnetic composite field treatment, the instantaneous pulse resistance decreased overall, but showed a slightly increasing trend during the treatment process. The overall decrease in pulse resistance corresponds to the growth of grain size, while the slight increase during processing corresponds to the increase in carbide percentage. In Figure 17, after the third and fourth electromagnetic composite field treatment, the instantaneous pulse resistance value showed a slightly increasing trend, but the overall resistance basically did not change, indicating that the grain size basically did not change, and carbides existed. Precipitate.
因为瞬时脉冲电阻的急剧减小在很短的时间内完成，因此可以判断，静态再结晶在很短的时间内完成，因此可以根据瞬时脉冲电阻从最大值减小到缓慢变化起点阶段的时间，进一步优化电磁复合场处理时间。因此得到更优的非热效应的电磁复合场处理时间为100ms，从而获得更细的晶粒尺寸，以及对微观组织的非均匀调控从而获得更优的强塑性效果。Because the sharp reduction of the instantaneous pulse resistance is completed in a very short time, it can be judged that the static recrystallization is completed in a very short time, so it can be based on the time when the instantaneous pulse resistance decreases from the maximum value to the slow change starting point, Further optimize the electromagnetic composite field processing time. Therefore, the electromagnetic composite field treatment time for better non-thermal effects is 100ms, thereby obtaining finer grain size, and non-uniform control of the microstructure to obtain better strong plasticity effects.
进一步地，根据电磁复合场参数、瞬时脉冲电阻变化和显微组织间的关系，与热处理晶粒尺寸形成对应关系，在不需要对材料显微组织测试的情况下，得到和热处理效果类似的电磁复合场参数。如图18所示，经过550℃，30min退火的试样的距离表面200μm的平均晶粒尺寸为822nm；而经本发明电磁复合场处理参数为60A/mm2-1s-4次时，得到的距离表面200μm的平均晶粒尺寸为843nm。因此，通过电磁复合场处理(60A/mm2-1s-4次)可以得到热处理(550℃，30min)相类似的效果，和热处理相比更加节能环保。Furthermore, according to the relationship between the electromagnetic composite field parameters, instantaneous pulse resistance changes and microstructure, and the corresponding relationship with the heat treatment grain size, electromagnetic results similar to those of heat treatment can be obtained without testing the microstructure of the material. Composite field parameters. As shown in Figure 18, the average grain size of the sample 200 μm away from the surface after annealing at 550°C for 30 minutes is 822nm; and when the electromagnetic composite field treatment parameter of the present invention is 60A/mm 2 -1s-4 times, the obtained The average grain size at 200 μm from the surface is 843 nm. Therefore, similar effects to heat treatment (550°C, 30min) can be obtained through electromagnetic composite field treatment (60A/mm 2 -1s-4 times), which is more energy-saving and environmentally friendly than heat treatment.
上面结合附图对本发明的实施例进行了描述，但是本发明并不局限于上述的具体实施方式，上述的具体实施方式仅仅是示意性的，而不是限制性的，本领域的普通技术人员在本发明的启示下，在不脱离本发明宗旨和权利要求所保护的范围情况下，还可做出很多形式，这些均属于本发明的保护之内。The embodiments of the present invention have been described above in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. However, the present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned specific implementations. The above-mentioned specific implementations are only illustrative and not restrictive. Those of ordinary skill in the art will Under the inspiration of the present invention, many forms can be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention and the scope protected by the claims, and these all fall within the protection of the present invention.
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