CN115319108A - Method for manufacturing martensitic stainless steel based on electric arc additive manufacturing and martensitic stainless steel - Google Patents
Method for manufacturing martensitic stainless steel based on electric arc additive manufacturing and martensitic stainless steel Download PDFInfo
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- CN115319108A CN115319108A CN202210993342.2A CN202210993342A CN115319108A CN 115319108 A CN115319108 A CN 115319108A CN 202210993342 A CN202210993342 A CN 202210993342A CN 115319108 A CN115319108 A CN 115319108A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/22—Direct deposition of molten metal
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/30—Process control
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
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- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
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Abstract
The invention relates to the field of electric arc additive manufacturing, and provides a method for manufacturing martensitic stainless steel based on electric arc additive manufacturing and martensitic stainless steel, wherein the method comprises the following steps: depositing martensitic stainless steel layer by using an electric arc additive manufacturing technology; and step two, controlling the phase change process by controlling the interlayer temperature. According to the invention, the temperature between layers is controlled in the electric arc additive process, whether martensite transformation occurs after the deposition of each layer is finished is controlled, and then the subsequent phase transformation process is controlled, and the microstructure and the mechanical property of the additive body are regulated and controlled.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of electric arc additive manufacturing, in particular to a method for manufacturing martensitic stainless steel based on electric arc additive manufacturing and the martensitic stainless steel.
Background
The martensitic stainless steel is widely applied to the fields of turbine blades, drilling platforms, bearing structures, medical instruments and the like due to excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. To meet the urgent need of integrally forming large complex components, various research institutes and researchers have attempted to manufacture martensitic stainless steel components using arc additive technology. However, during arc additive manufacturing layer-by-layer deposition, each location of the additive body experiences the effects of multiple thermal cycles of repeated transient heating and cooling. The martensitic stainless steel sensitive to the thermal process has different temperature histories at different positions, so that the microstructure inside the additive body is obviously and unevenly distributed, the mechanical property difference is obvious, and the popularization and the application of the electric arc additive technology in the martensitic stainless steel are seriously hindered. Therefore, how to orderly regulate and control the microstructure and the mechanical property becomes a key problem for manufacturing the martensitic stainless steel by the electric arc additive manufacturing.
In order to regulate and control the microstructure and mechanical properties of the electric arc additive martensitic stainless steel, domestic and foreign scholars mostly adopt a traditional heat treatment mode after material addition, namely, the microstructure is homogenized in a complete austenitizing-quenching-tempering mode. However, this method is only suitable for small and medium sized simple parts, and thermal stress is liable to cause deformation, warpage, and even cracks. In addition, the conventional heat treatment method increases the production process and energy consumption. Therefore, in order to meet the requirement of integrally forming the large and complex martensitic stainless steel component, the microstructure and the mechanical property of the component are regulated and controlled in the electric arc additive manufacturing process.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for manufacturing martensitic stainless steel based on electric arc additive manufacturing and martensitic stainless steel, which can regulate and control the microstructure and mechanical property of the martensitic stainless steel in the electric arc additive manufacturing process according to requirements, so that the technical problem that the electric arc additive manufacturing needs post-treatment at present is solved, and the martensitic stainless steel with composite properties can be prepared.
In a first aspect, the invention provides a method for manufacturing martensitic stainless steel based on electric arc additive manufacturing, wherein the martensitic stainless steel is deposited layer by using electric arc additive manufacturing technology, and the phase transformation process is controlled by adjusting the interlayer temperature.
In an alternative embodiment, the temperature of the middle of the surface of the deposition layer is monitored by a thermocouple while adjusting the interlayer temperature.
In an alternative embodiment, the interlayer temperature is adjusted by adjusting the interlayer latency.
In an alternative embodiment, where tempered martensite is desired, the interlayer temperature is set below the martensite transition temperature;
preferably, the interlayer temperature is at least 50 ℃ lower than the martensitic transformation temperature.
In an alternative embodiment, where untempered martensite is desired, the interlayer temperature is set above the martensite transition temperature;
preferably, the interlayer temperature is at least 20 ℃ higher than the martensitic transformation temperature.
In an alternative embodiment, the martensitic stainless steel is 2Cr13 martensitic stainless steel.
In an alternative embodiment, the preparation parameters used in step one are specifically: the current is 180-190A, the voltage is 15-18V, the wire feeding speed is 5-7m/min, and the deposition speed is 0.4-0.5m/min.
In an alternative embodiment, the preparation parameters used in step one are specifically: current 186A, voltage 16V, wire feed speed 6.0m/min, deposition speed 0.42m/min.
In an alternative embodiment, the 2Cr13 martensitic stainless steel comprises the following components in weight percent: c:0.16-0.25%; mn: less than or equal to 1.00 percent; si: less than or equal to 1.00 percent; cr:12.00 to 14.00 percent; ni: less than or equal to 0.60 percent; p: less than or equal to 0.04 percent; s: less than or equal to 0.03 percent; the balance being Fe.
In a second aspect, the present invention provides a martensitic stainless steel obtained by the method for electric arc based additive manufacturing of a martensitic stainless steel according to any one of the preceding embodiments.
The beneficial effects of the present invention include, for example:
the phase change process in the additive manufacturing process is regulated and controlled by controlling the interlayer temperature, so that the microstructure and the mechanical property of the martensitic stainless steel manufactured by electric arc additive manufacturing are regulated and controlled on line.
The invention can regulate and control the microstructure and the mechanical property of the martensitic stainless steel additive body in the electric arc additive manufacturing process without additive post-heat treatment, can meet the requirement of integrated electric arc additive manufacturing of large-scale complex components, improves the manufacturing efficiency, and reduces the production cost and the energy consumption.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings required in the embodiments will be briefly described below, it should be understood that the following drawings only illustrate some embodiments of the present invention and therefore should not be considered as limiting the scope, and those skilled in the art can also obtain other related drawings based on the drawings without inventive efforts.
FIG. 1 is an SEM photograph of a sample obtained in example 1;
FIG. 2 is an SEM photograph of a sample obtained in example 2;
FIG. 3 is an engineering stress-strain curve of samples obtained in example 1 and example 2;
FIG. 4 is a fracture morphology of the sample obtained in example 1;
FIG. 5 is a fracture morphology of the sample obtained in example 2.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some, but not all, embodiments of the present invention. The components of embodiments of the present invention generally described and illustrated in the figures herein may be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations.
Thus, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention, as presented in the figures, is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, as claimed, but is merely representative of selected embodiments of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without inventive step based on the embodiments of the present invention, are within the scope of protection of the present invention.
It should be noted that: like reference numbers and letters refer to like items in the following figures, and thus, once an item is defined in one figure, it need not be further defined and explained in subsequent figures.
It should be noted that the features of the embodiments of the present invention may be combined with each other without conflict.
The embodiment provides a method for manufacturing martensitic stainless steel based on electric arc additive manufacturing, wherein martensitic stainless steel is deposited layer by using an electric arc additive manufacturing technology, and the phase transformation process is controlled by controlling the interlayer temperature.
Taking 2Cr13 as an example, the martensite transformation temperature is 280 ℃, when the interlayer temperature is lower than the martensite transformation temperature, austenite is transformed into martensite in the layer-by-layer cooling process, the martensite undergoes the tempering process under the heat influence of a post-deposition layer, carbon atoms which are supersaturated and solid-dissolved in the martensite are precipitated in the form of carbides, and the microstructure is mainly tempered martensite; when the interlayer temperature is higher than the martensite transformation temperature, the transformation from austenite to martensite does not occur in the layer-by-layer cooling process, when the heat source is far away from the deposition layer and the temperature is lower than the martensite transformation temperature, the martensite structure is subjected to smaller heat influence, and the microstructure mainly comprises untempered martensite.
According to the strengthening mechanism, the method for manufacturing the martensitic stainless steel based on the electric arc additive manufacturing is suitable for martensitic stainless steel, martensitic precipitation hardening stainless steel and maraging stainless steel, and is particularly suitable for 1Cr13,2Cr13,3Cr13, 4Cr13.
In this embodiment, when the interlayer temperature is adjusted, the middle of the surface of the deposition layer is monitored by a thermocouple.
In this embodiment, the interlayer temperature is adjusted under the air-cooling condition by adjusting the interlayer waiting time.
In this embodiment, when tempered martensite, i.e., a martensitic stainless steel with lower hardness, lower tensile strength, or higher elongation, is required, the interlayer temperature is set to be lower than the martensite transformation temperature;
in particular, the interlayer temperature is at least 50 ℃ lower than the martensitic transformation temperature.
In this embodiment, when untempered martensite, i.e., martensitic stainless steel of higher hardness, higher tensile strength, or lower elongation, is required, the interlayer temperature is set to be higher than the martensite transformation temperature;
in particular, the interlayer temperature is at least 20 ℃ higher than the martensitic transformation temperature.
In this example, the martensitic stainless steel is 2Cr13 martensitic stainless steel.
Specifically, the adopted preparation parameters are as follows: the current is 180-190A, the voltage is 15-18V, the wire feeding speed is 5-7m/min, and the deposition speed is 0.4-0.5m/min.
Specifically, the adopted preparation parameters are as follows: current 186A, voltage 16V, wire feed speed 6.0m/min, deposition speed 0.42m/min.
Specifically, the 2Cr13 martensitic stainless steel comprises the following components in percentage by weight: c:0.16-0.25%; mn: less than or equal to 1.00 percent; si: less than or equal to 1.00 percent; cr:12.00 to 14.00 percent; ni: less than or equal to 0.60 percent; p: less than or equal to 0.04 percent; s: less than or equal to 0.03 percent; the balance being Fe.
The invention provides martensitic stainless steel obtained by a method for manufacturing the martensitic stainless steel based on electric arc additive manufacturing.
Example of the implementation
Example 1
A method for manufacturing martensitic stainless steel based on electric arc additive manufacturing is characterized by depositing 2Cr13 martensitic stainless steel layer by using an electric arc additive manufacturing technology, controlling a phase change process by adjusting interlayer temperature, measuring the temperature of the middle part of the surface of a deposition layer by using a K-type thermocouple in the deposition process, and controlling the interlayer temperature to be 100 ℃ by adjusting interlayer waiting time;
the preparation parameters adopted are specifically as follows: the deposition material for the electric arc additive manufacturing is 2Cr13 martensitic stainless steel, the current is 186A, the voltage is 16V, the wire feeding speed is 6.0m/min, and the deposition speed is 0.42m/min; the 2Cr13 martensitic stainless steel comprises the following components in percentage by weight: c:0.16-0.25%, mn: less than or equal to 1.00 percent, si: less than or equal to 1.00 percent, cr:12.00-14.00%, ni: less than or equal to 0.60%, P: less than or equal to 0.04 percent, S: less than or equal to 0.03 percent, and the balance being Fe.
Example 2
A method for manufacturing martensitic stainless steel based on electric arc additive manufacturing is characterized in that 2Cr13 martensitic stainless steel is deposited layer by using an electric arc additive manufacturing technology, the phase change process is controlled by adjusting interlayer temperature, the middle part of the surface of a deposition layer is subjected to temperature measurement by using a K-type thermocouple in the deposition process, and the interlayer temperature is controlled to be 300 ℃ by adjusting interlayer waiting time;
the preparation parameters adopted are specifically as follows: the deposition material for electric arc additive manufacturing is 2Cr13 martensitic stainless steel, the current is 186A, the voltage is 16V, the wire feeding speed is 6.0m/min, and the deposition speed is 0.42m/min; the 2Cr13 martensitic stainless steel comprises the following components in percentage by weight: c:0.16-0.25%, mn: less than or equal to 1.00 percent, si: less than or equal to 1.00 percent, cr:12.00-14.00%, ni: less than or equal to 0.60 percent, P: less than or equal to 0.04 percent, S: less than or equal to 0.03 percent, and the balance being Fe.
The morphology and properties of the martensitic stainless steels obtained in example 1 and example 2 were investigated, and the results are as follows.
1. Scanning electron microscope result analysis:
as can be seen from the results of scanning electron microscopy shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, in the case of example 1 where the interlayer temperature is lower than the martensite transformation temperature, a large amount of white carbides are precipitated at the edges of the martensite laths and in the martensite matrix, indicating that the microstructure is tempered martensite; example 2 when the interlayer temperature is higher than the martensitic transformation temperature, no significant precipitation of carbides is observed in the microstructure in the figure, and the matrix is mainly of untempered martensite.
2. Mechanical property analysis:
table 1 shows the hardness, tensile strength and elongation of the martensitic stainless steels obtained in the embodiment 1 and the embodiment 2, and it can be seen from fig. 3 in combination with table 1 that the sample of the embodiment 1 shows lower hardness, tensile strength and higher elongation; the test pieces of example 2 showed higher hardness, tensile strength and lower elongation.
Table 1 examples 1 and 2 gave hardness, tensile strength and elongation of the samples.
| Example of the implementation | Hardness (HV 1) | Tensile strength (MPa) | Elongation (%) |
| 1 | 300-350 | 870-970 | 14-19 |
| 2 | 350-400 | 1086-1170 | 4-11 |
3. Fracture morphology analysis:
as can be seen from FIGS. 4 and 5, the sample obtained in example 1 contains a large number of dimples at the fracture, second phase particles are at the bottom of the dimple, and the fracture mode is mainly ductile fracture; the sample obtained in example 2 contained a large number of cleavage planes at the fracture site, and the fracture mode was mainly brittle fracture.
Examples 3 to 6
On the basis of the embodiment 1 and the embodiment 2, parameters such as interlayer temperature and the like are adjusted, multiple groups of parameters are set, and a part of the parameters is selected as the embodiment of the method, specifically shown in table 2, and the adjustable range of the parameters of the method for manufacturing the martensitic stainless steel based on the electric arc additive manufacturing is researched.
TABLE 2 parameters related to examples 3-6
In conclusion, the temperature between layers is controlled in the electric arc additive process, whether the martensite transformation happens after the deposition of each layer is controlled, the subsequent phase transformation process is further controlled, and the mechanical property of the additive body is regulated and controlled: when the interlayer temperature is higher than the martensite transformation temperature, the martensite transformation does not occur after the deposition of each layer is finished, the microstructure still stays in an austenite phase region, and the austenite is transformed into martensite when the heat source is far away from the deposition layer and the temperature is lower than the martensite transformation temperature, so the martensite stainless steel is not subjected to the tempering effect of a post-deposition layer, and the prepared 2Cr13 martensite stainless steel mainly takes the untempered martensite structure and shows higher hardness, tensile strength and lower elongation; when the interlayer temperature is lower than the martensite transformation temperature, the martensite transformation occurs after the deposition of each layer is finished, the martensite structure is subjected to tempering heat treatment under the heat influence of the heat of the post-deposition layer, and the 2Cr13 martensite stainless steel mainly comprising tempered martensite can be obtained, and has lower hardness, tensile strength and higher elongation. The invention can realize the regulation and control of the microstructure and the mechanical property of the 2Cr13 martensitic stainless steel in the electric arc additive manufacturing process.
The above description is only for the specific embodiments of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any changes or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present invention are also within the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.
Claims (10)
1. The method for manufacturing the martensitic stainless steel based on the electric arc additive manufacturing is characterized in that the martensitic stainless steel is deposited layer by using the electric arc additive manufacturing technology, and the phase transformation process is controlled by adjusting the interlayer temperature.
2. The arc-based additive manufacturing method of martensitic stainless steel as claimed in claim 1 wherein the temperature is monitored in the middle of the surface of the deposited layer by means of a thermocouple when adjusting the interlayer temperature.
3. The method for arc-based additive manufacturing of martensitic stainless steel according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the interlayer temperature is adjusted under air cooling conditions by adjusting the interlayer waiting time.
4. The method of arc-based additive manufacturing of martensitic stainless steel according to claim 1, wherein the interlayer temperature is set below the martensitic transformation temperature;
preferably, the interlayer temperature is at least 50 ℃ lower than the martensitic transformation temperature.
5. The method for electric arc based additive manufacturing of martensitic stainless steel according to claim 1, wherein the interlayer temperature is set above the martensitic transformation temperature;
preferably, the interlayer temperature is at least 20 ℃ higher than the martensitic transformation temperature.
6. The method of arc-based additive manufacturing of martensitic stainless steel as claimed in claim 1 wherein the martensitic stainless steel is 2Cr13 martensitic stainless steel.
7. The method for arc-based additive manufacturing of martensitic stainless steel according to claim 1, wherein the manufacturing parameters used in step one are in particular: the current is 180-190A, the voltage is 15-18V, the wire feeding speed is 5-7m/min, and the deposition speed is 0.4-0.5m/min.
8. The method for arc-based additive manufacturing of martensitic stainless steel according to claim 1, wherein the manufacturing parameters used in step one are in particular: current 186A, voltage 16V, wire feed speed 6.0m/min, deposition speed 0.42m/min.
9. The method of arc-based additive manufacturing of a martensitic stainless steel according to claim 6, wherein said 2Cr13 martensitic stainless steel comprises the following components in weight percent: c:0.16-0.25%; mn: less than or equal to 1.00 percent; si: less than or equal to 1.00 percent; cr:12.00 to 14.00 percent; ni: less than or equal to 0.60 percent; p: less than or equal to 0.040 percent; s: less than or equal to 0.030 percent; the balance being Fe.
10. A martensitic stainless steel obtained by the electric arc based additive manufacturing method of martensitic stainless steel according to any of the claims 1-9.
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| CN109622954A (en) * | 2017-08-30 | 2019-04-16 | 株式会社沙迪克 | Styling apparatus is laminated and the manufacturing method of moulder is laminated |
| CN109128165A (en) * | 2018-09-04 | 2019-01-04 | 华中科技大学 | A kind of mold fast processing method based on 3D printing mold core |
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