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CN115096768A - Backlight imaging system and method capable of simultaneously measuring particle size and volume concentration of particles - Google Patents

Backlight imaging system and method capable of simultaneously measuring particle size and volume concentration of particles Download PDF

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CN115096768A
CN115096768A CN202211016706.8A CN202211016706A CN115096768A CN 115096768 A CN115096768 A CN 115096768A CN 202211016706 A CN202211016706 A CN 202211016706A CN 115096768 A CN115096768 A CN 115096768A
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particle
particles
particle size
light
target
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杨彧
韩东睿
李博通
马海波
张健
王丽婷
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Zhejiang Water Resources And Hydropower Survey And Design Institute Co ltd
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Zhejiang Water Resources And Hydropower Survey And Design Institute Co ltd
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/02—Investigating particle size or size distribution
    • G01N15/0205—Investigating particle size or size distribution by optical means
    • G01N15/0227—Investigating particle size or size distribution by optical means using imaging; using holography
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/06—Investigating concentration of particle suspensions
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T7/00—Image analysis
    • G06T7/0002—Inspection of images, e.g. flaw detection
    • G06T7/0004—Industrial image inspection
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    • G06T7/00—Image analysis
    • G06T7/80—Analysis of captured images to determine intrinsic or extrinsic camera parameters, i.e. camera calibration
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/06—Investigating concentration of particle suspensions
    • G01N15/075—Investigating concentration of particle suspensions by optical means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T2207/00—Indexing scheme for image analysis or image enhancement
    • G06T2207/30—Subject of image; Context of image processing
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    • G06T2207/30132—Masonry; Concrete
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T2207/00—Indexing scheme for image analysis or image enhancement
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    • G06T2207/30244—Camera pose

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Abstract

The invention discloses a backlight imaging system and a backlight imaging method capable of simultaneously measuring particle size and volume concentration of particles. The system comprises a support system, an illumination system, an imaging system and a calibration system; the support system provides support for the connection and fixation of the imaging system and the illumination system; the illumination system provides a light source and transmits the light to the imaging system uniformly; the imaging system is used for acquiring the data of the particle size and the volume concentration of the opaque particles in the water body environment; the calibration system ensures the accuracy of the data acquired by the imaging system. The method comprises the following steps: s1, checking and adjusting the support system; s2, turning on the lighting system; s3, preparing imaging conditions; s4, calibrating the system; s5, data processing for identifying particles; s6, selecting focusing particle data processing; and S7, establishing a focusing parameter model and verifying. The invention provides a non-deviation volume concentration estimation aiming at the self-adaptive sampling volume changing along with the particle size; for high concentration measurements, the poisson distribution of particles is used to correct for particle overlap effects.

Description

Backlight imaging system and method capable of simultaneously measuring particle size and volume concentration of particles
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of physical models and imaging systems of solid-liquid two-phase flow, in particular to a backlight imaging system and method capable of simultaneously measuring particle size and volume concentration of particles.
Background
Meanwhile, the technology for measuring the particle size and the volume concentration of various particles is of great importance to natural environment protection and industrial production safety, and is mainly applied to the fields of sediment transport and the like.
At present, various non-invasive measuring devices have been applied to the above scenes in succession and have been moderately popularized. For example, acoustic inversion measurements enable the conversion of backscatter intensity to concentration signals based on known particle sizes. Although the technology of multi-frequency particle size and concentration acquisition of an acoustic wave device has made great progress, the systematic error caused by the uncertainty of the inversion process and the need of an independent calibration flow are the non-negligible bottleneck of the acoustic inversion device. The other is measurement equipment and technology based on optical principles, including optical backscattering and transmission of infrared or visible light, laser phase doppler shift, laser diffraction and direct imaging methods. The optical device is mostly dependent on the back-scattered intensity as well as the refractive index and the transmission of the particle size. In contrast, devices based on laser means provide more reliable statistics on particle size, but are generally limited to spherical particles; direct imaging systems and methods are advantageous in measuring irregular size, shape, density, and spatial distribution of particles in stationary or steady flow systems. Direct imaging methods can be classified according to the direction of incident light (or scatter): front-lit (back-scattered), side-lit (side-scattered), and back-lit (forward-scattered). Front and side light methods need to solve the scattering problem of non-uniform light in order to estimate the particle size and shape characteristics. On the other hand, the back-light imaging method provides better contrast with black shadow images by particles under a white background. This technique is again innovative in order to obtain an accurate volume concentration, since the depth of field or the flake thickness affects the estimation of the particle concentration. In particular, using a fixed focus criterion for each particle size under the same optical conditions may result in a depth of field that increases with particle size, resulting in larger particle size errors and smaller volume concentration estimates.
To address the effect of depth of field on particle size and concentration estimation, many devices and techniques identify focused particles by using parameters such as threshold gray scale, halo width, maximum normalized contrast, diffraction fringes, empirical or critical gradient indicators, and ratio of maximum intensity gradient to average intensity gradient. However, it is not clear whether different optical conditions (e.g. light intensity, magnification), particle shape and overlap effects will affect the above-mentioned focusing parameters. In addition, the above devices and techniques are mostly suitable for two-phase liquid/gas scenarios, but have poor applicability to solid/liquid scenarios. The invention provides a system and a method capable of simultaneously measuring particle size and volume concentration based on a backlight imaging technology, which are expected to be widely applied to the related field.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the existing equipment and technology, the invention provides a backlight imaging system and method for simultaneously measuring the particle size and the volume concentration of opaque particles in a water body environment. In particular, a focus parameter model is employed to modify the original focus parameters in order to reliably identify particles. The modified focus parameters integrate the optical conditions, particle shape and degree of overlap, and depth of field effect as a function of particle size. Thus, the present invention provides an unbiased volume concentration estimation for an adaptive sampling volume that varies with particle size. Furthermore, for high concentration measurements, the poisson distribution of particles is used to correct for particle overlap effects.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
the backlight imaging system capable of simultaneously measuring the particle size and the volume concentration of particles comprises a support system, an illumination system, an imaging system and a calibration system; the support system provides support for connection and fixation of the imaging system and the illumination system; the illumination system provides a light source and transmits light uniformly to the imaging system; the imaging system is a core part of the whole system and is used for acquiring the data of the particle size and the volume concentration of the opaque particles in the water environment; the calibration system ensures the accuracy of the imaging system in acquiring data.
The lighting system comprises a flash lamp, an optical conduit and a control power supply A; the flash lamp is controlled by a control power supply A, the optical conduit transmits flash light to the imaging system in an air medium to realize relatively uniform white background light distribution, and the standard deviation of the space light value is used as a judgment standard;
the imaging system comprises a diffuser, an experimental water tank, a charge coupled camera, a control power supply B, an optical lens, a main control computer, a data acquisition board, an image acquisition computer and a frame acquisition board; the diffuser is connected with the optical conduit and receives the light emitted by the flash lamp; the experimental water tank is filled with impurity-free distilled water to provide an experimental liquid phase environment; the charge coupled camera has a digital progressive scanning function, and simultaneously selects pixels and frequency parameters of the charge coupled camera according to specific image acquisition requirements; the charge coupled camera is controlled by a control power supply B; the optical lens is arranged on the charge coupled camera; the main control computer is used for synchronizing the charge coupled camera and the flash lamp signal; the data acquisition board is used for providing a logic gate circuit level signal; the data acquisition board is connected with a main control computer; after receiving the trigger signal, the frame acquisition board acquires an image through a real-time digital recording system in the image acquisition computer, and transmits the acquired image to the hard disk for analysis;
the calibration system comprises a target A and a target B; the size of the target board A and the target board B meets the condition that the length and the width are equal, and the thickness value is less than one tenth of the length or the width value; the single surfaces of the target plate A and the target plate B are coated with chromium, the photoetching shapes are circular, triangular, square and oval, the length grades of the photoetching shapes are different and are different from micrometer to millimeter, and the precision of any photoetching shape is in a nanometer range;
the supporting system comprises a stainless steel frame, an optical guide rail, a precise translation stage A, a precise translation stage B, an operating handle A and an operating handle B; a stainless steel frame provides support for the imaging system and the illumination system; placing a flash, a diffuser, a charge coupled camera on the optical track, the charge coupled camera being capable ofzThe direction moves horizontally; the precise translation stage A is connected with the target board A and can be arranged onx - zMoving on a plane, wherein the moving range is in a micron order; the precise translation stage B is connected with the target board B and can be arranged onx - yThe operation handle A is fixed at the left end of the precision translation stage B and controls the edge of the precision translation stage ByMovement of the shaft; the operating handle B is fixed at the lower end of the precision translation stage B and controls the edge of the precision translation stage BxMovement of the shaft; specifying the direction of the light source emitted by the flash lamp asxPositive axis, then x-axis andythe axes are determined by the right hand rule.
Further, the standard deviation of the space brightness value should satisfy the range of [ -5%, 5% ].
Further, the flash lamp has a light source broadband that meets measurement requirements, and can provide high pulse energy and frequency through an internal/external trigger; the reticle A and reticle B are lithographically identical in shape, but are interchanged between rows and columns to check for particle overlap effects; the wavelength of the flash lamp is less than one twentieth of the minimum length of the shapes on the target plate A and the target plate B, and the wavelength of the flash lamp belongs to the micron level; the focal length of the charge coupled camera is more than ten times of the maximum length of the shapes on the target board A and the target board B, and the focal length of the charge coupled camera belongs to millimeter level; the bandwidth of the light emitted by the flash lamp is more than ten times of the maximum length of the shapes on the target plate A and the target plate B, and different photoetching shapes on the target plate A and the target plate B are used for simulating sticky particles and non-sticky particles; the different lithographic shapes on the reticle A and the reticle B are opaque.
The method for utilizing the backlight imaging system capable of simultaneously measuring the particle size and the volume concentration of the particles comprises the following steps:
s1, checking and adjusting the support system: keeping the stainless steel frame and the optical guide rail horizontal; according to the measurement requirement, the precision translation table A and the precision translation table B are placed at corresponding positions by utilizing the control handle A and the control handle B;
s2, turning on the lighting system: turning on a flash lamp by controlling a power supply A, conveying the flash light in an air medium to a diffuser in the imaging system through an optical conduit, and checking the relative uniformity of the light distribution of the white background by taking the standard deviation of the space light value as a judgment standard;
s3, preparing imaging conditions: filling an experiment water tank with impurity-free distilled water to provide a liquid phase environment for subsequent experiments; installing an optical lens on the charge coupled camera and starting the optical lens by controlling a power supply B; checking that the aperture diameter, the focal length and the magnification parameter of the optical lens meet the requirement of measurement precision; synchronizing signals of a charge coupled camera and a flash lamp by a main control computer; preliminarily feeding back a logic gate circuit level signal acquired by a data acquisition board to a main control computer; after receiving the trigger signal, the frame acquisition board acquires images through a real-time digital recording system in the image acquisition computer and transmits the acquired images to the hard disk; performing preliminary analysis on the acquired basic data to ensure the normal operation of the imaging system;
s4, calibrating the system: checking and determining that the wavelength of the flash lamp is less than one twentieth of the minimum length of the shapes on the target A and the target B, wherein the wavelength of the flash lamp belongs to the micron level; the focal length of the charge coupled camera is more than ten times of the maximum length of the shapes on the target board A and the target board B, and the focal length of the charge coupled camera belongs to millimeter level; the bandwidth of the emitted light of the flash lamp is more than ten times of the maximum length of the shapes on the target A and the target B; interchanging the lines and the rows of the photoetching patterns in the standard plate A and the standard plate B, checking the overlapping effect of particles, and finally obtaining an actual length scale under the experimental condition;
and S5, particle identification data processing: the identification process comprises edge detection, image segmentation and feature extraction; the particle edges are determined by the local maximum gray gradient; assigning the detected edge and interior pixels to particles and remaining pixels to the fluid, enabling segmentation of each image into particles and background regions;by making the particle region
Figure 45622DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
Fitting the particles into a circle, marking the identified particles, extracting the image diameter of the identified particles, and further calculating the measured diameter;
s6, data processing for selecting focused particles: defining focus parameters
Figure 926990DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
(ii) a If it is used
Figure 689409DEST_PATH_IMAGE004
If a predetermined threshold of particles in the size range is exceeded, counting the particles in the sample volume and determining the particle size; calculating the measured particle volume concentration
Figure 808675DEST_PATH_IMAGE005
；
S7, establishing a focusing parameter model and verifying: in order to evaluate the influence of particle size, refractive index, overlapping degree, magnification, light intensity and camera vision on focusing parameters, a focusing parameter model is established firstly; according to optical principles, for a single illuminated particle in an infinite fluid, the amount of light reaching the image plane from the particle is determined, assuming a thin lens is used
Figure 263927DEST_PATH_IMAGE006
(ii) a After considering the gaussian intensity distribution of the shadow flux, the individual, spherical, opaque, back-facing light-emitting particles, considered as point sources, were evaluated for their image light intensity distribution
Figure 104363DEST_PATH_IMAGE007
(ii) a The maximum shadow intensity is obtained by integrating the shadow intensity over the particle image and equating it to the energy loss due to blocking of the luminescent particlesI 0 (ii) a Searching the maximum value of the light intensity distribution gradient in the space; at a distance from the optical planezAt distance, the image diameter of the particle is estimated
Figure 670474DEST_PATH_IMAGE008
(ii) a Comprehensively considering the influence of particle size, refractive index, overlapping degree, magnification, light intensity and camera vision, namely providing non-deviation volume concentration estimation aiming at the self-adaptive sampling volume changing along with the particle size and determining the focus parameter model
Figure 378667DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
(ii) a Finally, focus parameter model verification is performed using the data processed in steps S5 and S6.
Further, in step S5, the image diameter is
Figure 473662DEST_PATH_IMAGE009
Then measure the diameter of
Figure 329622DEST_PATH_IMAGE010
Wherein
Figure 433844DEST_PATH_IMAGE011
Is the magnification of the optical lens.
Further, in step S6, the focusing parameters
Figure 590019DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
Is represented as follows:
Figure 324757DEST_PATH_IMAGE012
 （1）
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
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is a parameter that depends on optical and particle properties;
Figure 44768DEST_PATH_IMAGE014
average radial gradient of gray scale at the identified edges of the particles;
Figure 727554DEST_PATH_IMAGE015
and
Figure 164351DEST_PATH_IMAGE016
minimum gray scale (light intensity) for background and particle images, respectively;
said calculating a measured particle volume concentration
Figure 729325DEST_PATH_IMAGE017
Expressed as:
Figure 644191DEST_PATH_IMAGE018
 （2）
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
Figure 509379DEST_PATH_IMAGE019
in the particle size range
Figure 382657DEST_PATH_IMAGE020
The number of (c);
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is the particle size range in the sample volume
Figure 884975DEST_PATH_IMAGE022
Species of inner particle diameter
Figure 870248DEST_PATH_IMAGE023
The number of (2);
Figure 383269DEST_PATH_IMAGE024
is the first
Figure 453994DEST_PATH_IMAGE025
In the particle size range of
Figure 445083DEST_PATH_IMAGE026
The particle size of the particles;
Figure 284863DEST_PATH_IMAGE027
is the CCD camera view area;
Figure 703206DEST_PATH_IMAGE028
is as follows
Figure 995647DEST_PATH_IMAGE029
Depth of field for each particle size range.
Further, in step S7, the amount of light that the particles reach the image plane
Figure 790428DEST_PATH_IMAGE030
Comprises the following steps:
Figure 156819DEST_PATH_IMAGE031
 （3）
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
Figure 277221DEST_PATH_IMAGE032
the average amount of light blocked for the particles;
Figure 56958DEST_PATH_IMAGE033
average amount of light as background around the particles;
Figure 921009DEST_PATH_IMAGE034
、
Figure 204223DEST_PATH_IMAGE035
both of which depend on the background light received by the particle and its size, shape, opacity and surface characteristics;
Figure 292265DEST_PATH_IMAGE036
is the angle of lens bisection equal to
Figure 488192DEST_PATH_IMAGE037
；
Figure 359196DEST_PATH_IMAGE038
And
Figure 231337DEST_PATH_IMAGE039
the transmittance of the medium and the lens respectively;
Figure 490280DEST_PATH_IMAGE040
is the aperture diameter of the charge coupled camera;
Figure 385555DEST_PATH_IMAGE041
is as follows
Figure 122567DEST_PATH_IMAGE042
Depth of field for each particle size range;
the image light intensity distribution
Figure 114794DEST_PATH_IMAGE043
Expressed as:
Figure 13480DEST_PATH_IMAGE044
 （4）
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
Figure 255105DEST_PATH_IMAGE045
the image light intensity of the background area;
Figure 733491DEST_PATH_IMAGE046
maximum shadow intensity;
Figure 111383DEST_PATH_IMAGE047
is the radial coordinate of the center of the particle image;
Figure 649811DEST_PATH_IMAGE048
for grain image edges
Figure 113154DEST_PATH_IMAGE049
Provision for
Figure 129651DEST_PATH_IMAGE050
In order to satisfy the gaussian intensity distribution,
Figure 93541DEST_PATH_IMAGE051
；
the maximum shadow intensity
Figure 68450DEST_PATH_IMAGE052
Expressed as:
Figure 753509DEST_PATH_IMAGE053
 （5）
the estimation particleDiameter of the image
Figure 104856DEST_PATH_IMAGE054
Expressed as:
Figure 926181DEST_PATH_IMAGE055
 （6）
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
Figure 71992DEST_PATH_IMAGE056
is the wavelength of the light;
Figure 244347DEST_PATH_IMAGE057
being optical lenses
Figure 930544DEST_PATH_IMAGE059
A value;
Figure 75217DEST_PATH_IMAGE060
；
of said focus parameter model
Figure 188667DEST_PATH_IMAGE061
Expressed as:
Figure 51580DEST_PATH_IMAGE062
 （7）
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
Figure 275888DEST_PATH_IMAGE064
is a model coefficient having a value equal to
Figure 540648DEST_PATH_IMAGE065
，
Figure 824998DEST_PATH_IMAGE066
Is the average diameter of all measured particles.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the backlight imaging system has the advantages of ingenious structure, simple assembly and good integrity.
2. The present invention employs a focus parameter model to modify the original focus parameters to reliably identify particles, and the modified focus parameters integrate the effects of optical conditions, particle shape and degree of overlap, and depth of field as a function of particle size.
3. The invention adopts the Poisson distribution of particles to correct the particle overlapping effect for high-concentration solid-liquid two-phase measurement.
4. The present invention provides an unbiased estimation of particle size and volume concentration for an adaptive sampling volume that varies with particle size.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic front view of the system of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged partial view of the lithographic pattern on reticle A/B of the system of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a flow chart of the method of the present invention.
In the figure: 1. the system comprises a flash lamp, 2 an optical guide pipe, 3 a control power supply A, 4 a diffuser, 5 an experimental water tank, 6 a charge coupled camera, 7 a control power supply B, 8 an optical lens, 9 a main control computer, 10 a data acquisition board, 11 an image acquisition computer, 12 a frame acquisition board, 13 a target board A, 14 a target board B, 15 a stainless steel frame, 16 an optical guide rail, 17 a precision translation stage A, 18 a precision translation stage B, 19 a control handle A, 20 a control handle B, 21 a photoetching pattern.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As shown in fig. 1, the backlight imaging system of the device of the present invention is divided into four subsystems: a support system, an illumination system, an imaging system, and a calibration system. The support system provides a physical basis for the connection and fixation of the imaging system and the illumination system; an illumination system provides a high quality light source and delivers light uniformly to the imaging system; the imaging system is a core part of the whole system and mainly acquires basic effective data such as the particle size, the volume concentration and the like of the opaque particles in the water environment; the calibration system ensures the accuracy of the data acquired by the imaging system.
The lighting system comprises a flash 1, an optical conduit 2 and a control power supply a 3. The flashlight 1 is controlled by a control power supply A3; the flash lamp 1 needs to have a light source bandwidth of 100 to 1100 nm, and can provide 125 joules of energy through an internal/external trigger, with a specified frequency of no less than 160 Hz; the optical conduit 2 delivers the flash of light to the imaging system in an air medium, achieving a relatively uniform (spatial rate of change < ± 5%, i.e. standard deviation of the spatial light values) white background light distribution.
The imaging system comprises a diffuser 4, an experimental water tank 5, a charge coupled camera 6, a control power supply B7, an optical lens 8, a main control computer 9, a data acquisition board 10, an image acquisition computer 11 and a frame acquisition board 12. The diffuser 4 is connected with the optical conduit 2 and receives the light emitted by the flash lamp 1; the experiment water tank 5 is filled with impurity-free distilled water to provide an experiment liquid phase environment; the ccd camera 6 has a progressive scan function of 1024 × 1024 pixels (12 μm × 12 μm per pixel) and 12-bit digitization (4096 gray levels), which can capture 30 frames per second (fps) images; the charge coupled camera 6 has excellent resolution and gray scale characteristics and has high fill-in performance to ensure good quantifiable image quality; the charge coupled camera 6 is controlled by a control power supply B7; the optical lens 8 is arranged on the charge coupled camera 6; the diameter of the optical lens 8 is 3.75 cm, the focal length is 355 mm, and the magnification is 0.62; the main control computer 9 is used for synchronizing the charge coupled camera 6 and the flash lamp 1; the data acquisition board 10 is used to provide TTL (logic gate circuit) level signals; the data acquisition board 10 is connected with the main control computer 9; upon receiving the trigger signal, the frame acquisition board 12 acquires an image through a real-time digital recording system in the image acquisition computer 11, and transmits the acquired image to a hard disk for analysis.
The calibration system includes target A13 and target B14. Flash lamp 1 wavelength is much smaller than the smallest particle size (i.e., micron size) of the shapes on target a13 and target B14; the focal length of the charge coupled camera 6 is much larger than the maximum particle size (i.e. millimeter level) of the shapes on the target a13 and target B14; the bandwidth of the light of the flash lamp 1 is far larger than the maximum particle size (millimeter level) of the shapes on the target A13 and the target B14, and different photoetching shapes on the target A13 and the target B14 can be used for simulating various types of particles; the different lithographic shapes on target a13 and target B14 are opaque and the flash is transferred from air through the glass to water and from water through the glass to air, so the refraction effect is negligible; the flash lamp 1 is broadband and diffraction of light can be disregarded.
The support system comprises a stainless steel frame 15, an optical guide rail 16, a precision translation stage A17, a precision translation stage B18, a control handle A19 and a control handle B20. The stainless steel frame 15 provides a support foundation for the system; the flash lamp 1, the diffuser 4 and the charge coupled camera 6 are arranged on the optical guide rail 16, and the charge coupled camera 6 can be arranged on the optical guide rail 16zThe direction moves horizontally; the precision translation stage A17 is connected to a target A13, and the precision translation stage A17 is arranged on the targetx - zMoving on a plane with the moving range of 25 micrometers; the precise translation stage B18 is connected with a target B14 and is a precise translation stageB18 can be inx - yThe plane movement is controlled by a control handle A19 and a control handle B20, the control handle A19 is fixed at the left end of the precision translation stage B18, and the control of the precision translation stage B18 along the planeyMovement of the shaft; an operating handle B20 is fixed at the lower end of the precision translation stage B18 and controls the precision translation stage B18 to move alongxThe movement of the shaft. It should be noted that the direction of the light source emitted from the strobe light 1 is defined asxPositive axis, then x axis andythe axes are determined by the right hand rule.
As shown in fig. 2, the dimensions of the target a13 and the target B14 are 10 cm × 3 mm, the single surface is coated with chromium, the mask is photoetched to be round, triangular, square and elliptical, there are 52 different size grades, which are from 5 to 1000 micrometers, and the precision of any shape is within the range of ± 100 nanometers; reticle A13 and reticle B14 lithographically depict the same lithographic pattern 21, but are interchanged between rows and columns to check for particle overlay effects.
As shown in fig. 3, the backlight imaging method for simultaneously measuring particle size and volume concentration of particles of the present invention comprises the following steps:
s1, the checking and adjusting support system: keeping the stainless steel frame 15 and the optical guide rail 16 horizontal; according to the measurement requirements, the precision translation stage A17 and the precision translation stage B18 are placed at corresponding positions by using the control handle A19 and the control handle B20.
S2, turning on the lighting system: the flash 1 was turned on by controlling the power supply a3, and the flash was delivered in an air medium through the optical conduit 2 to the diffuser 4 in the imaging system, and the relative uniformity of the white background light distribution was checked against the standard deviation of the spatial light value as a criterion.
S3, preparing imaging conditions: filling the experiment water tank 5 with impurity-free distilled water to provide a liquid phase environment for subsequent experiments; the optical lens 8 is arranged on the charge coupled camera 6 and is turned on by controlling the power supply B7; the diameter of the inspection optical lens 8 is 3.75 cm, the focal length is 355 mm, and the magnification is 0.62; synchronizing signals of the charge coupled camera 6 and the flash lamp 1 by a main control computer 9; initially feeding back a TTL (logic gate circuit) level signal acquired by the data acquisition board 10 to the main control computer 9; after receiving the trigger signal, the frame acquisition board 12 acquires an image through a real-time digital recording system in the image acquisition computer 11, and transmits the acquired image to the hard disk; and carrying out preliminary analysis on the acquired basic data to ensure the normal operation of the imaging system.
S4, calibrating the system: the wavelength of the flash lamp 1 is determined to be far smaller than the minimum particle size (micron level) of the shapes on the target A13 and the target B14, the focal length of the charge coupled camera 6 is far larger than the maximum particle size (millimeter level) of the shapes on the target A13 and the target B14, and the bandwidth of the light of the flash lamp 1 is far larger than the maximum particle size (millimeter level) of the shapes on the target A13 and the target B14; and interchanging the rows and the columns of the photoetching patterns 21 in the target A13 and the target B14, and checking the overlapping effect of the particles to finally obtain the actual length scale under the experimental condition.
And S5, particle recognition data processing: the identification process comprises edge detection, image segmentation and feature extraction. The particle edges are determined by the local maximum gray gradient; assigning the detected edge and interior pixels to particles and the remaining pixels to fluid, enabling segmentation of each image into particle and background regions; by making the particle region
Figure 971946DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
Fitting to a circle, labeling the identified particles, and extracting the diameter of the image as
Figure 937628DEST_PATH_IMAGE067
Then measure the diameter of
Figure 119211DEST_PATH_IMAGE068
Wherein
Figure 515076DEST_PATH_IMAGE069
Is the magnification of the optical lens 8.
S6, data processing for selecting focused particles: defining focus parameters
Figure 352582DEST_PATH_IMAGE071
Is represented as follows:
Figure 387534DEST_PATH_IMAGE072
 （1）
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
Figure 892464DEST_PATH_IMAGE073
is a parameter that depends on optical and particle properties;
Figure 987459DEST_PATH_IMAGE074
average radial gradient of gray scale at the identified particle edge;
Figure 577841DEST_PATH_IMAGE075
and
Figure 416484DEST_PATH_IMAGE076
the minimum gray scale (light intensity) of the background and particle images, respectively.
If it is not
Figure 572658DEST_PATH_IMAGE077
If a predetermined threshold for particles in the size range is exceeded, the particles are counted in the sample volume and their size is determined. The measured particle volume concentration may be calculated as:
Figure 307396DEST_PATH_IMAGE078
 （2）
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
Figure 916232DEST_PATH_IMAGE079
in the particle size range
Figure 761828DEST_PATH_IMAGE080
The number of (2);
Figure 772510DEST_PATH_IMAGE081
is the particle size range in the sample volume
Figure 678149DEST_PATH_IMAGE080
Species of inner particle diameter
Figure 243122DEST_PATH_IMAGE082
The number of (2);
Figure 423568DEST_PATH_IMAGE083
is the first
Figure 288756DEST_PATH_IMAGE080
In the particle size range of
Figure 427613DEST_PATH_IMAGE085
The particle size;
Figure 680215DEST_PATH_IMAGE086
is the CCD camera 6 view area;
Figure 195510DEST_PATH_IMAGE087
is a first
Figure 118467DEST_PATH_IMAGE080
Depth of field for each particle size range.
S7, establishing a focusing parameter model and verifying: to evaluate the effect of particle size, refractive index, degree of overlap and other optical conditions (magnification, light intensity, camera field of view) on the focus parameters, a focus parameter model was first established. According to optical principles, for a single illuminated particle in an infinite fluid, the amount of light reaching the image plane from the particle is assumed to be using a thin lens
Figure 428226DEST_PATH_IMAGE088
Comprises the following steps:
Figure 905474DEST_PATH_IMAGE089
 （3）
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
Figure 427723DEST_PATH_IMAGE090
the average amount of light blocked for the particles;
Figure 736344DEST_PATH_IMAGE091
average amount of light as background around the particles;
Figure 685846DEST_PATH_IMAGE092
、
Figure 712708DEST_PATH_IMAGE091
both of which depend on the background light received by the particle and its size, shape, opacity and surface characteristics;
Figure 773067DEST_PATH_IMAGE093
is the angle of lens bisection equal to
Figure 201775DEST_PATH_IMAGE094
；
Figure 587757DEST_PATH_IMAGE095
And
Figure 367494DEST_PATH_IMAGE096
the transmittance of the medium and the transmittance of the lens respectively;
Figure 700386DEST_PATH_IMAGE097
is the aperture diameter of the charge coupled camera 6;
Figure 514759DEST_PATH_IMAGE098
is as follows
Figure 289553DEST_PATH_IMAGE099
Depth of field for a range of particle sizes.
Gaussian intensity distribution taking into account shadow flux
Figure 556586DEST_PATH_IMAGE100
Rear, single, spherical, opaque, back-to-back lightingImage light intensity distribution of particles (as point light sources)
Figure 755486DEST_PATH_IMAGE101
Comprises the following steps:
Figure 362048DEST_PATH_IMAGE102
 （4）
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
Figure 355412DEST_PATH_IMAGE103
the image light intensity of the background area;
Figure 47424DEST_PATH_IMAGE104
maximum shadow intensity;
Figure 987698DEST_PATH_IMAGE105
is the radial coordinate of the center of the particle image;
Figure 511084DEST_PATH_IMAGE106
for grain image edges
Figure 613032DEST_PATH_IMAGE107
Stipulate that
Figure 323499DEST_PATH_IMAGE108
，
Figure 333043DEST_PATH_IMAGE109
(Gaussian intensity distribution).
By integrating the intensity of the shadow on the particle image and equating it to the energy loss due to blocking of the luminescent particle
Figure 179776DEST_PATH_IMAGE110
The maximum shadow intensity is:
Figure 780522DEST_PATH_IMAGE111
 （5）
by setting up
Figure 181547DEST_PATH_IMAGE112
To look for
Figure 525941DEST_PATH_IMAGE113
Wherein the image diameter of the particles
Figure 758339DEST_PATH_IMAGE114
Can be expressed as
Figure 467669DEST_PATH_IMAGE115
. Thus, at a distance from the optical planezAt a distance from, canThe image diameter of the particles was estimated as:
Figure 353061DEST_PATH_IMAGE116
 （6）
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
Figure 235567DEST_PATH_IMAGE117
is the wavelength of the light;
Figure 588051DEST_PATH_IMAGE118
being optical lenses 8
Figure 202703DEST_PATH_IMAGE059
A value;
Figure 109479DEST_PATH_IMAGE119
。
simultaneous formulas (1) to (6) give:
Figure 264517DEST_PATH_IMAGE120
 （7）
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
Figure 471507DEST_PATH_IMAGE121
is a model coefficient whose value is equal to
Figure 584957DEST_PATH_IMAGE065
，
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE122
Is the average diameter of all measured particles.
Equation (7) gives a focus parameter model
Figure 385553DEST_PATH_IMAGE123
The influence of particle size, refractive index, degree of overlap and other optical conditions (magnification, light intensity, camera view) are comprehensively considered, i.e. a non-biased volume concentration estimation is provided for an adaptive sampling volume which varies with the particle size.
Finally, focus parameter model verification is performed using the data processed at S5 and S6.
In the description of the present invention, it is to be understood that the terms "inner", "side", "upper", "lower", "thickness", "width", "front", etc. indicate orientations or positional relationships based on those shown in the drawings, and are only for convenience of description and simplicity of description, but do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed in a particular orientation, and be operated, and thus, are not to be construed as limiting the present invention.
In the present invention, unless otherwise expressly stated or limited, the terms "disposed" and "connected" are to be construed broadly, e.g., as meaning fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrally formed; can be mechanically or electrically connected; they may be directly connected or indirectly connected through intervening media, or they may be connected internally or in any other suitable relationship, unless expressly stated otherwise. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood by those skilled in the art according to specific situations.
The invention is described above as a preferred embodiment, not limited to the scope of the invention, and all equivalent modifications made by the content of the present specification, or any other technical fields directly or indirectly using the attached related products, are included in the scope of the present invention.

Claims (8)

1. But backlight imaging system of simultaneous measurement particle diameter and volume concentration, its characterized in that: the system comprises a support system, an illumination system, an imaging system and a calibration system; the support system provides support for the connection and fixation of the imaging system and the illumination system; the illumination system provides a light source and transmits light uniformly to the imaging system; the imaging system is a core part of the whole system and is used for acquiring the data of the particle size and the volume concentration of the opaque particles in the water environment; the calibration system ensures the accuracy of the imaging system in acquiring data.
2. The backlight imaging system of claim 1, wherein the backlight imaging system is capable of simultaneously measuring particle size and volume concentration, and comprises: the lighting system comprises a flash lamp, an optical conduit and a control power supply A; the flash lamp is controlled by a control power supply A, the optical conduit transmits flash light to the imaging system in an air medium to realize relatively uniform white background light distribution, and the standard deviation of the space light value is relatively uniform and taken as a judgment standard;
the imaging system comprises a diffuser, an experimental water tank, a charge coupled camera, a control power supply B, an optical lens, a main control computer, a data acquisition board, an image acquisition computer and a frame acquisition board; the diffuser is connected with the optical conduit and receives the light emitted by the flash lamp; the experimental water tank is filled with impurity-free distilled water to provide an experimental liquid phase environment; the charge coupled camera has a digital progressive scanning function, and simultaneously selects pixels and frequency parameters of the charge coupled camera according to specific requirements of image acquisition; the charge coupled camera is controlled by a control power supply B; the optical lens is arranged on the charge coupled camera; the main control computer is used for synchronizing the charge coupled camera and the flash lamp signal; the data acquisition board is used for providing a logic gate circuit level signal; the data acquisition board is connected with a main control computer; after receiving the trigger signal, the frame acquisition board acquires an image through a real-time digital recording system in the image acquisition computer, and transmits the acquired image to the hard disk for analysis;
the calibration system comprises a target A and a target B; the size of the target board A and the target board B meets the condition that the length and the width are equal, and the thickness value is less than one tenth of the length or the width value of the target board A; the single surfaces of the target plate A and the target plate B are coated with chromium, the photoetching shapes are circular, triangular, square and oval, the length grades of the photoetching shapes are different and are different from micrometer to millimeter, and the precision of any photoetching shape is in a nanometer range;
the supporting system comprises a stainless steel frame, an optical guide rail, a precise translation stage A, a precise translation stage B, an operating handle A and an operating handle B; a stainless steel frame provides support for the imaging system and the illumination system; placing a flash, a diffuser, a charge coupled camera on the optical track, the charge coupled camera being capable of being onzThe direction moves horizontally; the precise translation stage A is connected with the target board A and can be arranged onx - zMoving on a plane, wherein the moving range is in a micron order; the precise translation stage B is connected with the target board B and can be arranged onx - yThe plane moves and is controlled by an operating handle A and an operating handle B, the operating handle A is fixed at the left end of the precision translation stage B, and the edge of the precision translation stage B is controlledyMovement of the shaft; the operating handle B is fixed at the lower end of the precise translation stage B and controls the edge of the precise translation stage BxMovement of the shaft; specifying the direction of the light source emitted by the flash lamp asxPositive axis, then x axis andythe axes are determined by the right hand rule.
3. The backlight imaging system of claim 2, wherein the backlight imaging system is capable of simultaneously measuring particle size and volume concentration, and comprises: the standard deviation of the space brightness value needs to satisfy the range of [ -5%, 5% ].
4. The backlight imaging system of claim 2, wherein the backlight imaging system is capable of simultaneously measuring particle size and volume concentration, and comprises: the flash lamp has a light source broadband meeting the measurement requirements, and can provide high pulse energy and frequency through an internal/external trigger; the reticle A and reticle B are lithographically identical in shape, but are interchanged between rows and columns to check for particle overlap effects; the wavelength of the flash lamp is less than one twentieth of the minimum length of the shapes on the target A and the target B, and the wavelength of the flash lamp belongs to the micron level; the focal length of the charge coupled camera is more than ten times of the maximum length of the shapes on the target board A and the target board B, and the focal length of the charge coupled camera belongs to millimeter level; the bandwidth of the light emitted by the flash lamp is more than ten times of the maximum length of the shapes on the target plate A and the target plate B, and different photoetching shapes on the target plate A and the target plate B are used for simulating sticky particles and non-sticky particles; the different lithographic shapes on the target A and the target B are opaque.
5. The method of using the back-light imaging system capable of simultaneously measuring particle size and volume concentration as claimed in any 1 of claims 1 to 4, wherein: it comprises the following steps:
s1, checking and adjusting the support system: keeping the stainless steel frame and the optical guide rail horizontal; according to the measurement requirement, the precision translation table A and the precision translation table B are placed at corresponding positions by utilizing the control handle A and the control handle B;
s2, turning on the lighting system: turning on a flash lamp by controlling a power supply A, conveying the flash light in an air medium to a diffuser in the imaging system through an optical conduit, and checking the relative uniformity of the light distribution of the white background by taking the standard deviation of the space light value as a judgment standard;
s3, preparing imaging conditions: filling an experiment water tank with impurity-free distilled water to provide a liquid phase environment for subsequent experiments; the optical lens is arranged on the charge coupled camera and is started by controlling a power supply B; checking that the aperture diameter, the focal length and the magnification parameter of the optical lens meet the requirement of measurement precision; synchronizing signals of a charge coupled camera and a flash lamp by a main control computer; preliminarily feeding back a logic gate circuit level signal acquired by a data acquisition board to a main control computer; after receiving the trigger signal, the frame acquisition board acquires an image through a real-time digital recording system in the image acquisition computer and transmits the acquired image to the hard disk; performing preliminary analysis on the acquired basic data to ensure the normal operation of the imaging system;
s4, calibrating the system: checking and determining that the wavelength of the flash lamp is less than one twentieth of the minimum length of the shapes on the target A and the target B, wherein the wavelength of the flash lamp belongs to the micron level; the focal length of the charge coupled camera is more than ten times of the maximum length of the shapes on the target board A and the target board B, and the focal length of the charge coupled camera belongs to millimeter level; the bandwidth of the emitted light of the flash lamp is more than ten times of the maximum length of the shapes on the target A and the target B; interchanging the lines and columns of the photoetching patterns in the target plate A and the target plate B, checking the overlapping effect of particles, and finally obtaining an actual length scale under the experimental condition;
and S5, particle identification data processing: the identification process comprises edge detection, image segmentation and feature extraction; the particle edges are determined by the local maximum gray gradient; assigning the detected edge and interior pixels to particles and the remaining pixels to fluid, enabling segmentation of each image into particle and background regions; by making the particle region
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
Fitting the particles into a circle, marking the identified particles, extracting the image diameter of the identified particles, and further calculating the measured diameter;
s6, data processing for selecting focused particles: defining focus parameters
Figure 686811DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
(ii) a If it is not
Figure 76204DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
If a predetermined threshold of particles in the size range is exceeded, counting the particles in the sample volume and determining the particle size; calculating the measured particle volume concentration
Figure 94976DEST_PATH_IMAGE004
；
S7, establishing a focusing parameter model and verifying: in order to evaluate the influence of particle size, refractive index, overlapping degree, magnification, light intensity and camera vision on focusing parameters, a focusing parameter model is established firstly; according to optical principles, for a single illuminated particle in an infinite fluid, the amount of light reaching the image plane from the particle is determined, assuming a thin lens is used
Figure 572749DEST_PATH_IMAGE005
(ii) a After considering the gaussian intensity distribution of the shadow flux, the individual, spherical, opaque, back-facing light-emitting particles, considered as point sources, were evaluated for their image light intensity distribution
Figure 928644DEST_PATH_IMAGE006
(ii) a The maximum shadow intensity is obtained by integrating the shadow intensity over the particle image and equating it to the energy loss due to the blocking of the luminescent particleI 0 (ii) a Searching the maximum value of the light intensity distribution gradient in the space; at a distance from the optical planezAt distance, the image diameter of the particle is estimated
Figure 641385DEST_PATH_IMAGE007
(ii) a Comprehensively considering the influence of particle size, refractive index, overlapping degree, magnification, light intensity and camera vision, namely providing non-deviation volume concentration estimation aiming at the self-adaptive sampling volume changing along with the particle size and determining the focus parameter model
Figure 362217DEST_PATH_IMAGE008
(ii) a Finally, focus parameter model verification is performed using the data processed in steps S5 and S6.
6. The backlight imaging method of claim 5, wherein the particle size and the volume concentration of the particles can be measured simultaneously, and the method comprises: in step S5, the image diameter is
Figure 793198DEST_PATH_IMAGE009
Then measure the diameter of
Figure 359309DEST_PATH_IMAGE010
In which
Figure 660977DEST_PATH_IMAGE011
Is the magnification of the optical lens.
7. The backlight imaging method of claim 5, wherein the particle size and the volume concentration of the particles can be measured simultaneously, and the method comprises the following steps: in step S6, the focusing parameters
Figure 349447DEST_PATH_IMAGE008
Is represented as follows:
Figure 470987DEST_PATH_IMAGE012
 （1）
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
Figure 637526DEST_PATH_IMAGE013
is a parameter that depends on optical and particle properties;
Figure 793701DEST_PATH_IMAGE014
average radial gradient of gray scale at the identified particle edge;
Figure 918652DEST_PATH_IMAGE015
and
Figure 527488DEST_PATH_IMAGE016
minimum gray scale (light intensity) for background and particle images, respectively;
said calculating the measured particle volume concentration
Figure 763297DEST_PATH_IMAGE017
Expressed as:
Figure 39558DEST_PATH_IMAGE018
 （2）
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
Figure 541602DEST_PATH_IMAGE019
in the particle size range
Figure 903313DEST_PATH_IMAGE020
The number of (2);
Figure 614917DEST_PATH_IMAGE021
is the particle size range in the sample volume
Figure 542422DEST_PATH_IMAGE020
Species of inner particle diameter
Figure 681279DEST_PATH_IMAGE022
The number of (2);
Figure 327024DEST_PATH_IMAGE023
is the first
Figure 842319DEST_PATH_IMAGE020
In the particle size range of
Figure 155489DEST_PATH_IMAGE024
The particle size;
Figure 730826DEST_PATH_IMAGE025
is the CCD camera view area;
Figure 332709DEST_PATH_IMAGE026
is a first
Figure 917274DEST_PATH_IMAGE020
Depth of field for each particle size range.
8. The simultaneous measurable particle size and particle size of claim 5The backlight imaging method of volume concentration is characterized in that: in step S7, the amount of light that the particles reach the image plane
Figure 553792DEST_PATH_IMAGE027
Comprises the following steps:
Figure 831190DEST_PATH_IMAGE028
 （3）
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
Figure 654789DEST_PATH_IMAGE029
the average amount of light blocked for the particles;
Figure 246307DEST_PATH_IMAGE030
average amount of light as background around the particles;
Figure 17559DEST_PATH_IMAGE029
、
Figure 934700DEST_PATH_IMAGE031
both of which depend on the background light received by the particle and its size, shape, opacity and surface characteristics;
Figure 776754DEST_PATH_IMAGE032
is the angle of lens bisection equal to
Figure 171963DEST_PATH_IMAGE033
；
Figure 986335DEST_PATH_IMAGE034
And
Figure 871115DEST_PATH_IMAGE035
the transmittance of the medium and the transmittance of the lens respectively;
Figure 138148DEST_PATH_IMAGE036
is the aperture diameter of the charge coupled camera;
Figure 399365DEST_PATH_IMAGE037
is as follows
Figure 68244DEST_PATH_IMAGE038
Depth of field for each particle size range;
the image light intensity distribution
Figure 123924DEST_PATH_IMAGE039
Expressed as:
Figure 940571DEST_PATH_IMAGE040
 （4）
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
Figure 474320DEST_PATH_IMAGE041
the image light intensity of the background area;
Figure 263285DEST_PATH_IMAGE042
maximum shadow intensity;
Figure 224287DEST_PATH_IMAGE043
is the radial coordinate of the center of the particle image;
Figure 997071DEST_PATH_IMAGE044
for grain image edges
Figure 803353DEST_PATH_IMAGE045
Provision for
Figure 980912DEST_PATH_IMAGE046
In order to satisfy the gaussian intensity distribution,
Figure 847237DEST_PATH_IMAGE047
；
the maximum shadow intensity
Figure 107317DEST_PATH_IMAGE048
Expressed as:
Figure 717290DEST_PATH_IMAGE049
 （5）
estimating an image diameter of a particle
Figure 746426DEST_PATH_IMAGE050
Expressed as:
Figure 49231DEST_PATH_IMAGE051
 （6）
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
Figure 531028DEST_PATH_IMAGE052
is the wavelength of the light;
Figure 944692DEST_PATH_IMAGE053
being optical lenses
Figure 562755DEST_PATH_IMAGE054
A value;
Figure 505304DEST_PATH_IMAGE055
；
of said focus parameter model
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE056
Expressed as:
Figure 5555DEST_PATH_IMAGE057
 （7）
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
Figure 488489DEST_PATH_IMAGE058
is a model coefficient having a value equal to
Figure 961059DEST_PATH_IMAGE059
，
Figure 136825DEST_PATH_IMAGE060
Is the average diameter of all measured particles.
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CN118777142B (en) * 2024-09-11 2024-12-06 北京名道恒通信息技术有限公司 A catalyst measurement method and measurement system in catalytic cracking process

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Application publication date: 20220923