CN115016030B - A method for assessing leakage risk of CO2 storage in formations based on DAS system - Google Patents
A method for assessing leakage risk of CO2 storage in formations based on DAS system Download PDFInfo
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- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
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- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000008855 peristalsis Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 7
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V11/00—Prospecting or detecting by methods combining techniques covered by two or more of main groups G01V1/00 - G01V9/00
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/002—Survey of boreholes or wells by visual inspection
- E21B47/0025—Survey of boreholes or wells by visual inspection generating an image of the borehole wall using down-hole measurements, e.g. acoustic or electric
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B49/00—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P90/00—Enabling technologies with a potential contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
- Y02P90/70—Combining sequestration of CO2 and exploitation of hydrocarbons by injecting CO2 or carbonated water in oil wells
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for evaluating the risk of CO 2 sealing and leakage in a stratum based on a DAS system, which adopts the DAS system to complete the real-time dynamic monitoring of the conditions of well bore structure health, cap layer peristalsis, activation, fracture and the like by adopting an underground optical cable, meanwhile, by acquiring disturbance information of all positions along the optical fiber, space intensive sampling is realized by low-frequency deformation generated by broadband vibration of a shaft and stratum movement. The invention selects the DAS system as a remote monitoring means, the demodulation host can be placed indoors, three-dimensional space positioning can be realized only by placing a relatively low-cost optical cable in a shaft, the repeated use rate is high, the comprehensive cost is low, the service life is long, the sensing optical cable can be permanently reserved, full life cycle monitoring can be carried out on oil gas exploitation and carbon storage, and the large-scale leakage risk of CO 2 is effectively reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for evaluating the risk of CO 2 sealing leakage in a stratum, in particular to a method for evaluating the risk of CO 2 sealing leakage in a stratum based on a DAS system.
Background
Carbon capture, utilization and sequestration (CCUS) is one of the most effective means for alleviating global climate change and achieving carbon peak and carbon neutralization goals as a large-scale carbon reduction technology. Carbon dioxide (CO 2) geological sequestration is a means of reducing the emission of CO 2 by injecting CO 2 into and permanently sequestering it in geologic volumes such as underground aquifers or abandoned hydrocarbon reservoirs. The waste oil and gas reservoir is an ideal geological sealing place, and the most popular enhanced oil Exploitation (EOR) technology at present mainly drives residual oil and gas in an oil and gas field by pressurizing and sealing CO 2 in the oil and gas reservoir, then forms a CO 2 sealing layer similar to the original oil and gas reservoir, and is convenient for sealing CO 2 while improving the oil and gas recovery ratio. In the long-term CO 2 sealing process, a shaft system and a reservoir layer-cover layer system in the oil and gas reservoir are affected by fluid flow, temperature and pressure change, external force damage, geological faults, chemical corrosion and the like, and the sealing safety is gradually reduced, so that the CO 2 sealing risk exists. Thus, during the injection and sealing process, monitoring is continually needed to identify and prevent possible leaks.
Currently, the existing monitoring means mainly focus on the monitoring of the influence of CO 2 on the ecological environment under the condition of leakage, such as the monitoring of the content of CO 2 in the atmosphere, soil and groundwater. The monitoring means mainly comprise point type, the monitoring range is limited, and real-time continuous monitoring cannot be carried out. Underground migration monitoring technology (four-dimensional seismic monitoring, time-shift VSP and the like) is affected by monitoring cost and stratum environment, and is not suitable for large-scale monitoring scenes. The optical fiber has the characteristics of small diameter, light weight, non-conduction, simple structure, good stability, suitability for long-distance signal transmission and the like. Compared with the traditional monitoring means, a distributed optical fiber sensing (DAS) system which relies on optical fibers to realize the sensing function is basically not limited by space, and can resist severe environments such as high temperature, high humidity, strong electromagnetic interference and the like. The phase sensitive optical time domain reflectometer (Phi-OTDR) system is the most sensitive sensing technology for strain and vibration monitoring in the DAS system, and can realize long-distance and large-range strain monitoring requirements under a large time span.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for effectively evaluating the risk of CO 2 sealing leakage in a stratum based on a DAS system, which can dynamically monitor the conditions of well shaft structure health, stratum peristalsis, activation, fracture and the like in real time through an underground optical cable.
The technical scheme is that the method for sealing the leakage risk by the CO 2 is used for dynamically monitoring the well shaft structure health and the stratum peristalsis, activation and fracture in real time through an underground optical cable, and mainly comprises the following steps of:
S1, after finding out that the CO 2 block is suitable to be stored through exploration, determining a monitoring scheme and designing a monitoring layout network;
S2, drilling a cylindrical hole with a certain diameter at the cover layer from the earth surface to the cover layer according to a geological structure and an expected monitoring scheme at a preselected earth surface position, and drilling the cylindrical hole to an underground reservoir;
s3, putting the sleeve into the well, and reinforcing the optical cable outside the sleeve at the outermost layer to ensure that the optical cable is continuously put into the well along with the sleeve;
s4, sealing the annular space between the sleeve and the well wall, so that the sleeve becomes the only passage for oil gas to pass into the well, and simultaneously, an optical cable outside the sleeve is directly coupled with the stratum;
s5, installing a casing head shell at the top end of the surface casing, and leading out an optical cable;
s6, accessing the head end of the optical cable into a DAS system, acquiring a back Rayleigh scattering signal along the optical cable, performing three-dimensional space modeling on an oil gas well and a gas injection well, sensing surrounding environment signals, and performing early stratum and shaft background noise monitoring;
And S7, after the CO 2 reservoir is put into use, performing barrel well CO 2 leakage monitoring and stratum structure health monitoring through a DAS system.
Further, in step S7, the DAS system determines, by separating a low-frequency deformation component of the formation movement, a transient strong vibration component of the formation earthquake, and a continuous broadband vibration component generated by the well leakage, and combining with an optical fiber space deployment form, through multi-point positioning, corresponding space and frequency information when the formation movement and the well leakage occur, thereby determining whether the CO 2 has a leakage risk and a dangerous position distribution condition.
Further, analysis is carried out according to the obtained low-frequency deformation component of the stratum movement, the stratum earthquake transient strong vibration component and the continuous broadband vibration component generated by the barrel well leakage, and when the obvious abnormality of the signal is found, the situation that the CO 2 leakage is likely to occur is indicated, and the analysis is taken as an important observation area.
Further, the DAS system estimates the pressure intensity and the vibration frequency sensed by the optical cable and calculates the blowout rate and the corresponding grade according to the estimated blowout rate;
meanwhile, the accident risk level is judged according to the monitoring signals obtained in the step S6, and early warning signals are set up.
Further, monitoring the cap layer leakage condition by analyzing the low frequency deformation and the intensity of the seismic fluctuation generated when the cap layer is broken;
Monitoring the energy intensity, density, occurrence time and response time of event points of a tiny vibration event caused by the change of formation pressure or formation cracks, and classifying the monitoring grades of the peristalsis, activation and fault.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following remarkable effects:
1. By adopting the DAS system, the method can perform natural imaging on the low-frequency deformation of the stratum and the transient strong vibration generated during stratum earthquake, monitor the broadband vibration generated during shaft leakage, and perform multi-point spatial positioning by combining the low-frequency component monitoring in the underground reservoir and the activity of the cover layer and the underground optical cable layout form, thereby realizing the real-time dynamic monitoring of the CO 2 sealing layer.
2. The DAS system can effectively acquire disturbance of all positions along the optical fiber, so that continuous distributed space intensive sampling is realized by low-frequency deformation generated by broadband vibration of a shaft and stratum movement, and the stratum imaging resolution is high;
3. As a remote monitoring means, the demodulation host can be placed indoors, three-dimensional space positioning can be realized by only placing a relatively low-cost optical cable in a shaft, the repeated use rate is high, the comprehensive cost is low, and the service life is long;
4. The sensing optical cable is used as a sensing head, has the advantages of low cost, passive underground part, no networking requirement and strong survivability, and can permanently pour underground, and perform full life cycle monitoring on oil gas exploitation and CO 2 storage.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the cable routing of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the monitoring of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the spatial correlation of the fiber optic cable and the steel casing of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a tubular well monitored in accordance with the present invention;
fig. 5 is a monitoring flow chart of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the drawings and the detailed description.
The optical cable cloth flow chart of the invention is shown in fig. 1, and the specific process is as follows:
Step 1, after finding suitable storage CO 2 block (reservoir) through exploration, carrying out investigation and research according to monitoring projects, collecting necessary basic data, determining a monitoring scheme, and designing a monitoring layout network, wherein a monitoring schematic diagram is shown in figure 2. CO 2 is injected into the reservoir via gas injection well 1-3 after pressurization. Monitoring optical cables are uniformly arranged in the construction process of underground cylinder wells such as oil gas wells, gas injection wells and the like. The optical cable network is required to be reasonably arranged, so that the rapid three-dimensional space positioning can be performed on the stratum movement and the shaft leakage.
Step 2, drilling a well, namely drilling a cylindrical hole with a certain diameter from the earth surface to a cover layer (impermeable layer) at a preselected earth surface position according to geological structures and expected monitoring schemes by using special equipment and technology, and drilling an underground reservoir (geological bodies such as an underground aquifer or a abandoned oil and gas reservoir) from the cover layer to one side;
And 3, casing, namely, one-time casing running into the steel casing, reinforcing the optical cable outside the outermost steel casing, and continuing to run into the well along with the casing. The optical cable is coiled on the outermost layer of the steel sleeve, the fixing position is shown in figure 3, the optical cable must be protected in the laying process, the optical cable is strictly forbidden to bend, twist and stretch, and the optical cable is required to be selected from double-loop optical cables, so that the influence of fading noise is suppressed and the signal to noise ratio is improved.
Step 4, cementing, namely sealing and fixing the annular space of the sleeve and the well wall to seal and isolate oil, gas and water layers, so that the sleeve becomes the only passage for the oil gas to pass into the well, and simultaneously, an optical cable outside the sleeve is directly coupled with the stratum and is fixed and protected;
step 5, installing the wellhead, installing a casing head shell at the top end of the surface casing, leading out sensing optical cables, and carrying out serial communication on the optical cables between different wellheads to finally complete the optical cable layout of the barrel well, wherein the cross section schematic diagram of the barrel well structure is shown in fig. 4;
And 6, connecting the head end of the optical cable into a DAS system, wherein the sampling rate of the DAS system is set to 1000Hz, the pulse width is 100ns, and the spatial resolution is 10m. The DAS system adopted has the capability of monitoring low-frequency deformation and broadband vibration information simultaneously, and the monitoring object is not limited to monitoring the oil gas well and the CO 2 injection well, but can also be used for monitoring all underground barrel wells such as abandoned wells, monitoring wells and the like around carbon storage.
And 7, after the CO 2 reservoir is put into use, performing barrel well CO 2 leakage monitoring and stratum structure health monitoring, wherein a monitoring flow diagram is shown in fig. 5. By separating a low-frequency deformation component of stratum movement, a stratum earthquake transient strong vibration component and a continuous broadband vibration component generated by shaft leakage, combining with an optical fiber space deployment form, and through multi-point positioning, corresponding space and frequency information when stratum movement and a shaft are leaked is determined, so that whether CO 2 has leakage risks and dangerous position distribution conditions is judged.
The carbon sealing leakage early warning method comprises the following steps:
CO 2 injected into the reservoir typically leaks through wellbore damage and overburden faults or fractures. And (3) analyzing the low-frequency deformation component of the stratum movement, the stratum earthquake transient strong vibration component and the continuous broadband vibration component generated by the barrel well leakage obtained in the step (7), and when the obvious abnormality of the signal is found, indicating that the CO 2 leakage is likely to occur, and focusing on the area.
Leakage wellbore monitoring:
Wherein, the leakage along the underground shaft is the most main leakage path, and the leakage of CO 2 along the hollow cement ring, shaft bridge plug or surrounding rock fracture in the shaft is generally caused by chemical or external force. The barrel well is the most direct and rapid path for CO 2 to leak to atmosphere. The blowout phenomenon caused by the leakage of a large amount of CO 2 in a short time can cause the pressure in the shaft to rise suddenly, so that broadband vibration is generated. The blowout rate can be estimated by sensing the pressure intensity sensed by the sensing optical cable and the vibration frequency, and according to the estimated blowout rate and the corresponding grade.
The drilling leakage is usually classified by taking the blowout rate as an index to be the CO 2 diffusion risk level, the accident risk level is usually classified into three classes, the maximum blowout rate is respectively 2.5m/s,10m/s and 20m/s, the corresponding diffusion distance is respectively 0-130,130-180,180-420m, the DAS system is also classified by the standard after acquiring the vibration signal, the 1 class risk is the lowest, the 3 class is the highest, the factors such as the local stratum condition, the wellbore width and the permeability are synthesized, the stratum movement signal fluctuation degree corresponds to the blowout rate, the accident risk level is judged according to the monitoring signal obtained in the step 6, and the early warning signal is established. When the hazard level reaches levels 1, 2 and 3, all staff and residents within the range of 130, 180 and 420m must be evacuated immediately. And repairing or plugging the related shaft.
Cap layer fault or fracture leakage:
The effectiveness and duration of carbon storage in the reservoir depends on the seal integrity of the cap layer, and large scale injection of CO 2 into the reservoir results in increased cap and reservoir pressure and changes in stress conditions, mainly in the three aspects of ① slow smooth peristaltic movement of the cap layer which may crack, ② early formation of a fault formed in motion, cap pressure rising and re-activation, ③ pressure being excessive which results in cap layer fracture surfaces and severe relative displacement to both sides. CO 2 in the reservoir leaks through the cap layer to the aquifer, which will cause groundwater contamination and in severe cases will affect the ecosystem of the surface, so pressure and stress must be limited to ensure that no leakage occurs.
The cap layer leakage can be monitored by the intensity of seismic fluctuations generated when the cap layer is just deformed at a low frequency and is broken. Aiming at the parameters of the level 1, the level 2 and the level 3 of the peristaltic movement, the activation and the fault division monitoring of the cover layer, the pressure change rule and the movement and movement conditions of gas in the reservoir and the cover layer are reflected through measuring the parameters of the energy intensity, the density, the occurrence time of event points, the response time and the like of the tiny vibration (microseism) event caused by the change of the formation pressure or the formation crack. Through long-time continuous observation, the DAS system can realize statistical analysis of historical data, and visual situation description is formed on formation movement intensity, occurrence frequency and the like at any position in a monitoring area, so that whether potential risks such as weak points or cracking leakage and the like exist on the covering layer at the position can be judged. When a weak point or a leakage point is determined, the underground grouting can be directly used for remedying.
The foregoing is a further detailed description of the invention in connection with the preferred embodiments, and it is not intended that the invention be limited to the specific embodiments described. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that several simple deductions or substitutions may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention, and these should be considered to be within the scope of the invention.
Claims (2)
1. A method for evaluating the risk of CO 2 sequestration leakage in a formation based on a DAS system, characterized by real-time dynamic monitoring of wellbore structural health and formation creep, activation, fracture via underground fiber optic cable, comprising the steps of:
S1, after finding out that the CO 2 block is suitable to be stored through exploration, determining a monitoring scheme and designing a monitoring layout network;
S2, drilling a cylindrical hole with a certain diameter at the cover layer from the earth surface to the cover layer according to a geological structure and an expected monitoring scheme at a preselected earth surface position, and drilling the cylindrical hole to an underground reservoir;
s3, putting the sleeve into the well, and reinforcing the optical cable outside the sleeve at the outermost layer to ensure that the optical cable is continuously put into the well along with the sleeve;
s4, sealing the annular space between the sleeve and the well wall, so that the sleeve becomes the only passage for oil gas to pass into the well, and simultaneously, an optical cable outside the sleeve is directly coupled with the stratum;
s5, installing a casing head shell at the top end of the surface casing, and leading out an optical cable;
s6, accessing the head end of the optical cable into a DAS system, acquiring a back Rayleigh scattering signal along the optical cable, performing three-dimensional space modeling on an oil gas well and a gas injection well, sensing surrounding environment signals, and performing early stratum and shaft background noise monitoring;
S7, after the CO 2 reservoir is put into use, performing barrel well CO 2 leakage monitoring and stratum structure health monitoring through a DAS system;
In the step S7, the DAS system determines corresponding space and frequency information when the stratum movement and the shaft leak through multipoint positioning by separating a low-frequency deformation component of the stratum movement, a stratum earthquake transient strong vibration component and a continuous broadband vibration component generated by the shaft leak and combining with an optical fiber space deployment form, thereby judging whether the CO 2 has a leak risk and a dangerous position distribution condition;
analyzing according to the obtained low-frequency deformation component of the stratum movement, the stratum earthquake transient strong vibration component and the continuous broadband vibration component generated by the barrel well leakage, and when the signal is found to be obviously abnormal, indicating that CO 2 leakage is likely to occur here, and taking the signal as a key observation area;
monitoring the leakage condition of the cover layer by analyzing the low-frequency deformation and the intensity of earthquake fluctuation generated when the cover layer is in fault;
Monitoring the energy intensity, density, occurrence time and response time of event points of a tiny vibration event caused by the change of formation pressure or formation cracks, and classifying the monitoring grades of the peristalsis, activation and fault.
2. The method for evaluating risk of CO 2 sequestration leakage in a formation based on a DAS system of claim 1, wherein the DAS system estimates the pressure intensity and vibration frequency sensed by the fiber optic cable and based on the estimated blowout rate and its corresponding rating;
meanwhile, the accident risk level is judged according to the monitoring signals obtained in the step S6, and early warning signals are set up.
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| CN103534615A (en) * | 2011-03-16 | 2014-01-22 | 光学感应器控股有限公司 | Subsurface monitoring using distributed acoustic sensors |
| CN103782198A (en) * | 2011-07-15 | 2014-05-07 | 光学感应器控股有限公司 | Seismic geophysical surveying using a fibre optic distributed sensing apparatus |
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| GB2522061A (en) * | 2014-01-14 | 2015-07-15 | Optasense Holdings Ltd | Determining sensitivity profiles for DAS sensors |
| US11320552B2 (en) * | 2018-03-29 | 2022-05-03 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Enhanced surveillance of subsurface operation integrity using neural network analysis of microseismic data |
| US11952886B2 (en) * | 2018-12-19 | 2024-04-09 | ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company | Method and system for monitoring sand production through acoustic wireless sensor network |
| US11293280B2 (en) * | 2018-12-19 | 2022-04-05 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Method and system for monitoring post-stimulation operations through acoustic wireless sensor network |
| CN110439538A (en) * | 2019-09-11 | 2019-11-12 | 延长油田股份有限公司杏子川采油厂 | It is a kind of for carbon dioxide drive and the optical fiber stabilizing protector sealed up for safekeeping in monitoring well |
| CN111173506A (en) * | 2019-12-31 | 2020-05-19 | 中国矿业大学(北京) | Carbon dioxide leakage monitoring method and device |
| CN111648762B (en) * | 2020-07-09 | 2023-09-08 | 中油奥博(成都)科技有限公司 | Underground long-term dynamic monitoring special distributed armored optical cable and monitoring system and method |
| CN112593924A (en) * | 2020-12-28 | 2021-04-02 | 中油奥博(成都)科技有限公司 | Underground gas storage safety operation monitoring system and monitoring method |
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| CN103534615A (en) * | 2011-03-16 | 2014-01-22 | 光学感应器控股有限公司 | Subsurface monitoring using distributed acoustic sensors |
| CN103782198A (en) * | 2011-07-15 | 2014-05-07 | 光学感应器控股有限公司 | Seismic geophysical surveying using a fibre optic distributed sensing apparatus |
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