CN114927242B - Subcritical system and subcritical maintaining method for molten salt reactor - Google Patents
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- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 386
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 238000005485 electric heating Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 238000005338 heat storage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 77
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910001633 beryllium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229910007998 ZrF4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 235000010333 potassium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium nitrate Inorganic materials [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 235000010344 sodium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003758 nuclear fuel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
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- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
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- G21C19/00—Arrangements for treating, for handling, or for facilitating the handling of, fuel or other materials which are used within the reactor, e.g. within its pressure vessel
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C1/00—Reactor types
- G21C1/30—Subcritical reactors ; Experimental reactors other than swimming-pool reactors or zero-energy reactors
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种熔盐堆维持次临界系统和维持次临界的方法，熔盐堆维持次临界系统包括熔盐堆系统和熔盐储能系统；熔盐堆系统包括电加热装置、第一熔盐换热器和发电系统；电加热装置在熔盐堆系统的主容器处；第一熔盐换热器第一流体通道通过第一管道与熔盐腔体连通；第一熔盐换热器第二流体通道通过第二管道与发电系统连通；熔盐储能系统包括光热发电系统、高温储热罐和第二熔盐换热器；光热发电系统与高温储热罐连通；高温储热罐与第二熔盐换热器第一流体通道连通；第四管道上设有隔离阀；第二熔盐换热器设于第二管道上，第二熔盐换热器第二流体通道与第二管道连通。本发明的系统解决了熔盐堆长期维持次临界问题，提高了熔盐堆运行安全。
The present invention discloses a molten salt reactor subcritical system and a method for maintaining subcriticality. The molten salt reactor subcritical system includes a molten salt reactor system and a molten salt energy storage system; the molten salt reactor system includes an electric heating device, a first molten salt heat exchanger and a power generation system; the electric heating device is at the main container of the molten salt reactor system; the first fluid channel of the first molten salt heat exchanger is connected to the molten salt cavity through a first pipeline; the second fluid channel of the first molten salt heat exchanger is connected to the power generation system through a second pipeline; the molten salt energy storage system includes a solar thermal power generation system, a high-temperature heat storage tank and a second molten salt heat exchanger; the solar thermal power generation system is connected to the high-temperature heat storage tank; the high-temperature heat storage tank is connected to the first fluid channel of the second molten salt heat exchanger; an isolation valve is provided on the fourth pipeline; the second molten salt heat exchanger is provided on the second pipeline, and the second fluid channel of the second molten salt heat exchanger is connected to the second pipeline. The system of the present invention solves the problem of long-term maintenance of subcriticality of the molten salt reactor and improves the safety of molten salt reactor operation.
Description
技术领域Technical Field
本发明涉及一种熔盐堆维持次临界系统和维持次临界的方法。The invention relates to a molten salt reactor subcriticality maintaining system and a subcriticality maintaining method.
背景技术Background Art
熔融无机盐称为熔盐，为了提高系统能量利用率，以及能源的灵活使用，能源利用进入了“熔盐时代”。熔盐具有合适的熔点和沸点、较高的导热系数、比热高、粘度小、热稳定性好、不易燃易爆、易得到等优点，被广泛用于能源行业。如：以熔盐为电解质的燃料电池和蓄电池是有希望的化学电源；熔盐载热剂广泛用于化工、冶金生产；熔盐作为蓄热材料与其他材料相比较，是一种理想的蓄热介质；采用氟化锂-氟化铍-氟化钍熔盐系为核燃料的熔盐堆，有希望成为利用钍作核燃料的新能源。Molten inorganic salts are called molten salts. In order to improve the energy utilization rate of the system and the flexible use of energy, energy utilization has entered the "molten salt era". Molten salts have the advantages of suitable melting point and boiling point, high thermal conductivity, high specific heat, low viscosity, good thermal stability, non-flammable and non-explosive, and easy to obtain, and are widely used in the energy industry. For example, fuel cells and batteries using molten salt as electrolyte are promising chemical power sources; molten salt heat carriers are widely used in chemical and metallurgical production; molten salt as a heat storage material is an ideal heat storage medium compared to other materials; molten salt reactors using lithium fluoride-beryllium fluoride-thorium fluoride molten salt system as nuclear fuel are expected to become a new energy source using thorium as nuclear fuel.
高温熔盐储能市场自2006年起开始进入飞速发展，全球范围内的高温熔盐储能市场基本集中于西班牙、美国和意大利。熔盐堆的研究开始于20世纪50年代，熔盐堆在固有安全性、核燃料可持续发展及防核扩散等方面具有独特优势。The high-temperature molten salt energy storage market has entered a period of rapid development since 2006, and the global high-temperature molten salt energy storage market is basically concentrated in Spain, the United States and Italy. The research on molten salt reactors began in the 1950s, and molten salt reactors have unique advantages in inherent safety, sustainable development of nuclear fuel and non-proliferation.
高温熔盐是熔盐堆的优点，但是熔盐的凝固点高，在管道中容易发生冻堵。对于熔盐堆来说，堆芯反应性控制能使熔盐堆维持在次临界，但是堆芯燃料盐温度持续下降，则有可能使反应堆重返临界，即反应堆进入临界与次临界的之间震荡阶段，危及堆芯的内部结构。因此，熔盐堆长期维持次临界并防止熔盐凝固的关键是保温。正常运行情况下，熔盐堆可以通过堆芯放出裂变能、反应堆电加热装置加热燃料盐。在事故或者长期停堆的情况下，由于反应堆已经停止裂变反应，燃料盐加热只能靠反应堆电加热装置加热，若失去厂外电或者反应堆电加热装置损坏的情况下，熔盐堆将无法实现保温。在不考虑排盐的情况下，现有技术很难维持熔盐堆长期停堆状态。High-temperature molten salt is an advantage of molten salt reactors, but the freezing point of molten salt is high, and freezing and blocking in pipes are prone to occur. For molten salt reactors, core reactivity control can keep the molten salt reactor in subcriticality, but if the temperature of the core fuel salt continues to drop, it is possible for the reactor to return to criticality, that is, the reactor enters the oscillation stage between criticality and subcriticality, endangering the internal structure of the core. Therefore, the key to maintaining subcriticality and preventing molten salt from solidifying for a long time in molten salt reactors is insulation. Under normal operation, the molten salt reactor can release fission energy through the core and heat the fuel salt through the reactor electric heating device. In the event of an accident or long-term shutdown, since the reactor has stopped the fission reaction, the fuel salt can only be heated by the reactor electric heating device. If the power outside the plant is lost or the reactor electric heating device is damaged, the molten salt reactor will not be able to achieve insulation. Without considering salt discharge, it is difficult for the existing technology to maintain the long-term shutdown state of the molten salt reactor.
发明内容Summary of the invention
本发明要解决的技术问题是为了克服在熔盐堆事故或者长期停堆的情况下堆芯燃料盐温度不能维持在凝固点以上等问题，提供了一种熔盐堆维持次临界系统和维持次临界的方法，通过将特定的熔盐堆系统和特定的熔盐储能系统进行结合，对熔盐堆系统的运行情况进行不同调整，可长期维持燃料盐不凝固，确保熔盐堆的基本安全。The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to overcome the problem that the temperature of the core fuel salt cannot be maintained above the solidification point in the event of a molten salt reactor accident or a long-term shutdown. A molten salt reactor subcritical system and a method for maintaining subcriticality are provided. By combining a specific molten salt reactor system with a specific molten salt energy storage system and making different adjustments to the operating conditions of the molten salt reactor system, the fuel salt can be kept from solidifying for a long time, thereby ensuring the basic safety of the molten salt reactor.
本发明是通过下述技术方案来解决上述技术问题。The present invention solves the above technical problems through the following technical solutions.
本发明提供一种熔盐堆维持次临界系统，其包括熔盐堆系统和熔盐储能系统；所述的熔盐堆系统包括电加热装置、第一熔盐换热器和发电系统；The present invention provides a molten salt reactor subcritical maintenance system, which includes a molten salt reactor system and a molten salt energy storage system; the molten salt reactor system includes an electric heating device, a first molten salt heat exchanger and a power generation system;
其中，所述电加热装置设于所述熔盐堆系统的主容器处，用于熔盐堆熔盐的加热；所述第一熔盐换热器的第一流体通道通过第一管道与所述熔盐堆的熔盐腔体连通；所述第一熔盐换热器的第二流体通道通过第二管道与所述发电系统连通；Wherein, the electric heating device is arranged at the main container of the molten salt reactor system, and is used for heating the molten salt of the molten salt reactor; the first fluid channel of the first molten salt heat exchanger is connected with the molten salt cavity of the molten salt reactor through a first pipeline; the second fluid channel of the first molten salt heat exchanger is connected with the power generation system through a second pipeline;
所述的熔盐储能系统包括光热发电系统、高温储热罐和第二熔盐换热器；其中，所述光热发电系统通过第三管道与所述高温储热罐连通，用于所述高温储热罐熔盐的传热；所述高温储热罐通过第四管道与第二熔盐换热器的第一流体通道连通；所述第四管道上还设有隔离阀；The molten salt energy storage system comprises a solar thermal power generation system, a high-temperature heat storage tank and a second molten salt heat exchanger; wherein the solar thermal power generation system is connected to the high-temperature heat storage tank through a third pipeline for heat transfer of the molten salt in the high-temperature heat storage tank; the high-temperature heat storage tank is connected to the first fluid channel of the second molten salt heat exchanger through a fourth pipeline; an isolation valve is also provided on the fourth pipeline;
其中，所述第二熔盐换热器设于所述第二管道上，且所述第二熔盐换热器的第二流体通道与所述第二管道连通。Wherein, the second molten salt heat exchanger is arranged on the second pipeline, and the second fluid channel of the second molten salt heat exchanger is connected to the second pipeline.
本发明中，较佳地，所述电加热装置的供电系统与外电网连接供电；所述电加热装置的供电系统还设有与所述熔盐储能系统的备用电连接系统。In the present invention, preferably, the power supply system of the electric heating device is connected to an external power grid for power supply; the power supply system of the electric heating device is also provided with a backup electrical connection system with the molten salt energy storage system.
本发明中，较佳地，所述第一熔盐换热器、所述第二熔盐换热器、所述第一管道、所述第二管道、所述第三管道、以及所述第四管道上还分别设有伴热装置；其中，所述伴热装置的数量较佳地为一个或多个；所述第一管道、所述第二管道、所述第三管道、以及所述第四管道上各自的入口端和出口端均可设有伴热装置；较佳地，所述伴热装置的供电系统与外电网连接供电；所述伴热装置的供电系统还设有与所述熔盐储能系统的备用电连接系统。In the present invention, preferably, the first molten salt heat exchanger, the second molten salt heat exchanger, the first pipeline, the second pipeline, the third pipeline, and the fourth pipeline are respectively provided with heating devices; wherein, the number of the heating devices is preferably one or more; the inlet end and the outlet end of each of the first pipeline, the second pipeline, the third pipeline, and the fourth pipeline may be provided with a heating device; preferably, the power supply system of the heating device is connected to the external power grid for power supply; the power supply system of the heating device is also provided with a backup electrical connection system with the molten salt energy storage system.
本发明中，所述熔盐堆系统的所述主容器装有燃料盐，裂变反应在所述主容器发生，在正常运行情况下，通过所述熔盐管道和所述第一熔盐换热器，把热量交给所述发电系统。In the present invention, the main container of the molten salt reactor system is filled with fuel salt, and fission reaction occurs in the main container. Under normal operating conditions, heat is transferred to the power generation system through the molten salt pipeline and the first molten salt heat exchanger.
本发明中，所述熔盐堆系统较佳地建在地下；所述熔盐储能系统较佳地建在地上。所述熔盐储能系统可利用太阳能进行发电。In the present invention, the molten salt reactor system is preferably built underground; the molten salt energy storage system is preferably built above ground. The molten salt energy storage system can generate electricity using solar energy.
本发明还提供一种熔盐堆系统的维持次临界的方法，所述熔盐堆系统为如上述所述的熔盐堆维持次临界系统，所述维持次临界方法为：The present invention also provides a method for maintaining subcriticality of a molten salt reactor system. The molten salt reactor system is the molten salt reactor subcriticality maintaining system as described above. The method for maintaining subcriticality is:
S1、判断所述熔盐堆系统运行时，所述熔盐堆系统处于下述运行情况中的哪一种：S1. When the molten salt reactor system is in operation, it is determined whether the molten salt reactor system is in one of the following operating conditions:
情况一，所述熔盐堆系统正常运行；Case 1: the molten salt reactor system operates normally;
情况二，所述熔盐堆系统出现事故或者停堆，外电网正常，所述熔盐堆系统的电加热装置损坏，所述熔盐堆系统的伴热装置正常；Case 2: the molten salt reactor system has an accident or is shut down, the external power grid is normal, the electric heating device of the molten salt reactor system is damaged, and the heating device of the molten salt reactor system is normal;
情况三，所述熔盐堆系统出现事故或者停堆，外电网不能用，所述熔盐堆系统的电加热装置和所述熔盐堆系统的伴热装置正常；Case 3: the molten salt reactor system has an accident or is shut down, the external power grid is unavailable, and the electric heating device of the molten salt reactor system and the heat tracing device of the molten salt reactor system are normal;
情况四，所述熔盐堆系统出现事故或者停堆，外电网不能用，所述熔盐堆系统的电加热装置损坏，所述熔盐堆系统的伴热装置正常；Scenario 4: the molten salt reactor system has an accident or is shut down, the external power grid is unavailable, the electric heating device of the molten salt reactor system is damaged, and the heating device of the molten salt reactor system is normal;
情况五，所述熔盐堆系统出现事故或者停堆，外电网不能用，所述熔盐堆系统的电加热装置和所述熔盐堆系统的伴热装置损坏；Situation 5: the molten salt reactor system has an accident or is shut down, the external power grid is unavailable, and the electric heating device of the molten salt reactor system and the heat tracing device of the molten salt reactor system are damaged;
情况六，所述熔盐堆系统出现事故或者停堆，外电网正常，所述熔盐堆系统的电加热装置正常，所述熔盐堆系统的伴热装置损坏；Case 6: the molten salt reactor system has an accident or is shut down, the external power grid is normal, the electric heating device of the molten salt reactor system is normal, and the heating device of the molten salt reactor system is damaged;
情况七，所述熔盐堆系统出现事故或者停堆，外电网正常，所述熔盐堆系统的电加热装置和所述熔盐堆系统的伴热装置损坏；Situation 7: the molten salt reactor system has an accident or is shut down, the external power grid is normal, and the electric heating device of the molten salt reactor system and the heat tracing device of the molten salt reactor system are damaged;
情况八，所述熔盐堆系统出现事故或者停堆，外电网不能用，所述熔盐堆系统的电加热装置正常，所述熔盐堆系统的伴热装置损坏；Case 8: the molten salt reactor system has an accident or is shut down, the external power grid is unavailable, the electric heating device of the molten salt reactor system is normal, and the heating device of the molten salt reactor system is damaged;
情况九，所述熔盐堆系统出现事故或者停堆，外电网正常，所述熔盐堆系统的电加热装置和所述熔盐堆系统的伴热装置正常；Scenario 9: the molten salt reactor system has an accident or is shut down, the external power grid is normal, and the electric heating device of the molten salt reactor system and the heat tracing device of the molten salt reactor system are normal;
S2、根据S1确定的运行情况进行下述调整：S2. Make the following adjustments based on the operating conditions determined in S1:
当所述熔盐堆系统处于所述情况一时，所述熔盐堆系统运行不新增调整；When the molten salt reactor system is in the first situation, the operation of the molten salt reactor system is not subject to additional adjustments;
当所述熔盐堆系统处于所述情况二时，开启所述伴热装置的供电系统与外电网连接供电的启动装置，开启所述第一管道、所述第一熔盐换热器、所述第二管道和所述第二熔盐换热器上的伴热装置，所述伴热装置加热所述第一管道、所述第一熔盐换热器、所述第二管道和所述第二熔盐换热器中的所述熔盐，通过所述熔盐在所述第一管道和所述第二管道中的循环，把所述伴热装置产生的热量逆向传递给所述主容器中的燃料盐；When the molten salt reactor system is in the second situation, the power supply system of the heating device is connected to the external power grid to start the starting device for power supply, and the heating devices on the first pipeline, the first molten salt heat exchanger, the second pipeline and the second molten salt heat exchanger are started, the heating device heats the molten salt in the first pipeline, the first molten salt heat exchanger, the second pipeline and the second molten salt heat exchanger, and the heat generated by the heating device is reversely transferred to the fuel salt in the main container through the circulation of the molten salt in the first pipeline and the second pipeline;
当所述熔盐堆系统处于所述情况三或所述情况八时，开启所述电加热装置的供电系统与所述熔盐储能系统的备用电连接系统，所述电加热装置加热所述主容器中的燃料盐；When the molten salt reactor system is in the third or eighth situation, the power supply system of the electric heating device and the backup electrical connection system of the molten salt energy storage system are turned on, and the electric heating device heats the fuel salt in the main container;
当所述熔盐堆系统处于所述情况四时，开启所述伴热装置的供电系统与所述熔盐储能系统的备用电连接系统；开启所述第一管道、所述第一熔盐换热器、所述第二管道和所述第二熔盐换热器上的伴热装置，所述伴热装置加热所述第一管道、所述第一熔盐换热器、所述第二管道和所述第二熔盐换热器中的所述熔盐，通过所述熔盐在所述第一管道和所述第二管道中的循环，把所述伴热装置产生的热量逆向传递给所述主容器中的燃料盐；When the molten salt reactor system is in the fourth situation, the power supply system of the heating device and the backup electrical connection system of the molten salt energy storage system are turned on; the heating devices on the first pipeline, the first molten salt heat exchanger, the second pipeline and the second molten salt heat exchanger are turned on, the heating device heats the molten salt in the first pipeline, the first molten salt heat exchanger, the second pipeline and the second molten salt heat exchanger, and the heat generated by the heating device is reversely transferred to the fuel salt in the main container through the circulation of the molten salt in the first pipeline and the second pipeline;
当所述熔盐堆系统处于所述情况五或所述情况七时，打开所述第四管道上的隔离阀，将所述高温储热罐中的熔盐热量经过所述第四管道，通过所述第二熔盐换热器传递给所述第二管道中的所述熔盐；所述第二管道中的所述熔盐再把热量通过所述第一熔盐换热器传递给所述第一管道的所述熔盐，所述第一管道的所述熔盐再将热量逆向传递给所述主容器中的燃料盐；When the molten salt reactor system is in the fifth or seventh situation, the isolation valve on the fourth pipeline is opened, and the heat of the molten salt in the high-temperature heat storage tank is transferred to the molten salt in the second pipeline through the fourth pipeline and the second molten salt heat exchanger; the molten salt in the second pipeline then transfers the heat to the molten salt in the first pipeline through the first molten salt heat exchanger, and the molten salt in the first pipeline then reversely transfers the heat to the fuel salt in the main container;
当所述熔盐堆系统处于所述情况六或所述情况九时，开启所述电加热装置的供电系统与外电网连接供电的启动装置，所述电加热装置加热所述主容器中的燃料盐。When the molten salt reactor system is in the sixth or ninth situation, a starting device for connecting the power supply system of the electric heating device to an external power grid is turned on, and the electric heating device heats the fuel salt in the main container.
本发明中，所述伴热装置的功率可依据实际情况进行调整。In the present invention, the power of the heating device can be adjusted according to actual conditions.
在本发明一较佳实例中，所述熔盐堆系统的燃料盐为LiF-BeF2-ZrF4-UF4；所述第二管道中的熔盐成分为LiF-BeF2；所述高温储热罐、所述第四管道、所述第三管道中的熔盐均为NaNO3-KNO3。In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the fuel salt of the molten salt reactor system is LiF-BeF 2 -ZrF 4 -UF 4 ; the molten salt component in the second pipeline is LiF-BeF 2 ; and the molten salt in the high temperature heat storage tank, the fourth pipeline and the third pipeline are all NaNO 3 -KNO 3 .
在本发明一较佳实例中，所述电加热装置的加热功率300Kw；所述第一管道与所述第二管道上的所述伴热装置的加热功率均为40Kw；所述第四管道上的所述伴热装置的加热功率为60Kw；所述第一熔盐换热器上的所述伴热装置的加热功率为120Kw；所述第二熔盐换热器上的所述伴热装置的加热功率为80Kw。In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the heating power of the electric heating device is 300Kw; the heating power of the heating devices on the first pipeline and the second pipeline is 40Kw; the heating power of the heating device on the fourth pipeline is 60Kw; the heating power of the heating device on the first molten salt heat exchanger is 120Kw; the heating power of the heating device on the second molten salt heat exchanger is 80Kw.
在本发明一较佳实例中，所述第二管道中的熔盐温度为500℃，所述高温储热罐中的熔盐温度为565℃。In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the temperature of the molten salt in the second pipeline is 500°C, and the temperature of the molten salt in the high-temperature heat storage tank is 565°C.
本发明中，所述熔盐堆系统和所述熔盐储能系统采用的熔盐类均可为熔融的熔盐，所述熔盐堆系统和所述熔盐储能系统在设计、运行、管理上都有相同点，将两个系统进行连接，可使两者共用、互补、相互支持。虽然所述熔盐储能系统也存在熔盐凝固问题，但是与所述熔盐堆系统比起来，不存在辐射环境，加热方便，解冻操作也相对方便，维修简单。In the present invention, the molten salt used in the molten salt reactor system and the molten salt energy storage system can be molten molten salt. The molten salt reactor system and the molten salt energy storage system have similarities in design, operation and management. Connecting the two systems can make them share, complement and support each other. Although the molten salt energy storage system also has the problem of molten salt solidification, compared with the molten salt reactor system, there is no radiation environment, heating is convenient, thawing operation is relatively convenient, and maintenance is simple.
本发明中，对于所述熔盐堆维持次临界系统来说，保持所述熔盐堆维持次临界系统的堆芯燃料盐不凝固所需的热量跟反应堆比起来不是很多。所述熔盐堆系统的漏热主要是余排(余热排出系统)带走的热量，而余排的功率一般是所述熔盐堆系统的总功率的2％，只要其它系统保温效果好，漏热就会少。目前熔盐储能系统是MW级的功率，完全有能力给熔盐堆系统的熔盐保温。高温储热的采用的高温熔盐一般具有500度以上，完全可以用来保持熔盐堆系统中燃料盐的温度。即只要储热系统有足够功率和温度，就可以用来保持熔盐堆燃料盐的温度。在保持度方面，太阳能是长期的，熔盐储能系统的长期热源不是问题。在用电冗余度方面，采用外电网给电加上熔盐储能系统的光热发电；在设备冗余度方面，可只需保证第一熔盐换热器、第二熔盐换热器、第一管道、第二管道的伴热装置中的其中一个能用，即能保证熔盐堆系统的运行。In the present invention, for the molten salt reactor to maintain a subcritical system, the heat required to keep the core fuel salt of the molten salt reactor to maintain the subcritical system from solidifying is not much compared to the reactor. The heat leakage of the molten salt reactor system is mainly the heat taken away by the waste heat (waste heat removal system), and the power of the waste heat is generally 2% of the total power of the molten salt reactor system. As long as the insulation effect of other systems is good, the heat leakage will be less. At present, the molten salt energy storage system has a MW-level power and is fully capable of insulating the molten salt of the molten salt reactor system. The high-temperature molten salt used for high-temperature heat storage generally has a temperature of more than 500 degrees, which can be used to maintain the temperature of the fuel salt in the molten salt reactor system. That is, as long as the heat storage system has sufficient power and temperature, it can be used to maintain the temperature of the molten salt reactor fuel salt. In terms of maintenance, solar energy is long-term, and the long-term heat source of the molten salt energy storage system is not a problem. In terms of power redundancy, solar thermal power generation is carried out by using electricity from an external power grid plus a molten salt energy storage system; in terms of equipment redundancy, it is only necessary to ensure that one of the heating devices of the first molten salt heat exchanger, the second molten salt heat exchanger, the first pipeline, and the second pipeline is usable to ensure the operation of the molten salt reactor system.
本发明的积极进步效果在于：The positive and progressive effects of the present invention are:
1、本发明的熔盐堆维持次临界系统通过将特定的熔盐堆系统和特定的熔盐储能系统进行有机结合，使系统之间共用、互补、相互支持，通过纵深防御的设计原则，层层保护燃料盐的温度，解决了熔盐堆长期维持次临界问题，提高了熔盐堆运行安全。1. The molten salt reactor subcriticality maintenance system of the present invention organically combines a specific molten salt reactor system and a specific molten salt energy storage system, so that the systems can be shared, complementary and mutually supportive. Through the design principle of defense in depth, the temperature of the fuel salt is protected layer by layer, which solves the problem of the molten salt reactor maintaining subcriticality for a long time and improves the safety of the molten salt reactor operation.
2、本发明的熔盐堆系统的维持次临界的方法，通过对熔盐堆系统的运行情况进行不同调整，包括利用逆向思维，反向传热，能长期维持燃料盐不凝固；并提高了熔盐堆安全运行的能力。2. The method for maintaining subcriticality of the molten salt reactor system of the present invention can maintain the non-solidification of the fuel salt for a long time by making different adjustments to the operating conditions of the molten salt reactor system, including using reverse thinking and reverse heat transfer; and improves the ability of the molten salt reactor to operate safely.
附图说明BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
图1为实施例1的熔盐堆维持次临界系统的示意图。FIG1 is a schematic diagram of a molten salt reactor subcriticality maintenance system of Example 1.
图2为实施例1维持次临界方法的运行情况说明图。FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating the operation of the method for maintaining subcriticality in Example 1.
附图标记说明如下：The following are the descriptions of the reference numerals:
主容器 1Main container 1
电加热装置 2Electric heating device 2
伴热装置 3Heat Tracing 3
第一熔盐换热器 4First molten salt heat exchanger 4
第二熔盐换热器 5Second molten salt heat exchanger 5
发电系统 6Power generation system 6
高温储热罐 7High temperature heat storage tank 7
光热发电系统 8Solar thermal power generation system 8
第一管道 9First pipeline 9
第二管道 10Second pipeline 10
第四管道 11Fourth Pipeline 11
第三管道 12Third pipeline 12
隔离阀 13Isolation valve 13
具体实施方式DETAILED DESCRIPTION
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白，以下结合附图及实施例，对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解，此处所描述的具体实施例仅用以解释本发明，并不用于限定本发明。In order to make the purpose, technical solution and advantages of the present invention more clearly understood, the present invention is further described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only used to explain the present invention and are not used to limit the present invention.
实施例1Example 1
本实施例提供了一种熔盐堆维持次临界系统，如图1所示，其包括有熔盐堆系统和熔盐储能系统组成，熔盐堆系统包括电加热装置2、第一熔盐换热器4和发电系统6；电加热装置2设于熔盐堆系统的主容器1处，用于熔盐堆熔盐的加热；第一熔盐换热器4的第一流体通道通过第一管道9与熔盐堆的熔盐腔体连通；第一熔盐换热器4的第二流体通道通过第二管道10与发电系统6连通；The present embodiment provides a molten salt reactor subcriticality maintenance system, as shown in FIG1 , which includes a molten salt reactor system and a molten salt energy storage system, wherein the molten salt reactor system includes an electric heating device 2, a first molten salt heat exchanger 4 and a power generation system 6; the electric heating device 2 is provided at a main container 1 of the molten salt reactor system, and is used for heating the molten salt of the molten salt reactor; a first fluid channel of the first molten salt heat exchanger 4 is connected to a molten salt cavity of the molten salt reactor through a first pipeline 9; a second fluid channel of the first molten salt heat exchanger 4 is connected to the power generation system 6 through a second pipeline 10;
熔盐储能系统包括光热发电系统8、高温储热罐7和第二熔盐换热器5；其中，光热发电系统8通过第三管道12与高温储热罐7连通，用于高温储热罐7的熔盐的传热；高温储热罐7通过第四管道11与第二熔盐换热器5的第一流体通道连通；第四管道11上还设有隔离阀13；The molten salt energy storage system includes a solar thermal power generation system 8, a high-temperature heat storage tank 7 and a second molten salt heat exchanger 5; wherein the solar thermal power generation system 8 is connected to the high-temperature heat storage tank 7 through a third pipeline 12, which is used for heat transfer of the molten salt in the high-temperature heat storage tank 7; the high-temperature heat storage tank 7 is connected to the first fluid channel of the second molten salt heat exchanger 5 through a fourth pipeline 11; and an isolation valve 13 is also provided on the fourth pipeline 11;
第二熔盐换热器5设于第二管道10上，且第二熔盐换热器5的第二流体通道与第二管道10连通；The second molten salt heat exchanger 5 is disposed on the second pipeline 10, and the second fluid channel of the second molten salt heat exchanger 5 is in communication with the second pipeline 10;
电加热装置2的供电系统与外电网连接供电；电加热装置2的供电系统还设有与熔盐储能系统的备用电连接系统；The power supply system of the electric heating device 2 is connected to the external power grid for power supply; the power supply system of the electric heating device 2 is also provided with a backup electrical connection system with the molten salt energy storage system;
第一熔盐换热器4、第二熔盐换热器5、第一管道9、第二管道10、第三管道12、以及第四管道11上还分别设有伴热装置3；伴热装置3的供电系统与外电网连接供电；伴热装置3的供电系统还设有与熔盐储能系统的备用电连接系统。The first molten salt heat exchanger 4, the second molten salt heat exchanger 5, the first pipeline 9, the second pipeline 10, the third pipeline 12, and the fourth pipeline 11 are also respectively provided with a heating device 3; the power supply system of the heating device 3 is connected to the external power grid for power supply; the power supply system of the heating device 3 is also provided with a backup electrical connection system with the molten salt energy storage system.
熔盐堆系统的热功率2MW，燃料盐为LiF-BeF2-ZrF4-UF4，熔点为450℃，沸点为1450℃。第二管道10中的熔盐成分为LiF-BeF2，熔点为460℃，沸点为1400℃。高温储热罐7、第四管道11、第三管道12中的熔盐采用NaNO3-KNO3，熔点为220℃，分解温度为600℃。电加热装置2加热功率300Kw，第一管道9、第二管道10和第四管道11上的伴热装置3加热功率分别为40Kw，40Kw，60Kw，第一熔盐换热器4和第二熔盐换热器5上的伴热装置3加热功率分别为120Kw，80Kw。熔盐堆系统漏热功率80Kw。第二管道10中熔盐温度为500℃，高温储热罐7中熔盐温度565℃。The thermal power of the molten salt reactor system is 2MW, the fuel salt is LiF-BeF 2 -ZrF 4 -UF 4 , the melting point is 450°C, and the boiling point is 1450°C. The molten salt in the second pipeline 10 is LiF-BeF 2 , the melting point is 460°C, and the boiling point is 1400°C. The molten salt in the high-temperature heat storage tank 7, the fourth pipeline 11, and the third pipeline 12 uses NaNO 3 -KNO 3 , the melting point is 220°C, and the decomposition temperature is 600°C. The heating power of the electric heating device 2 is 300Kw, the heating power of the heat tracing device 3 on the first pipeline 9, the second pipeline 10, and the fourth pipeline 11 is 40Kw, 40Kw, and 60Kw respectively, and the heating power of the heat tracing device 3 on the first molten salt heat exchanger 4 and the second molten salt heat exchanger 5 is 120Kw and 80Kw respectively. The heat leakage power of the molten salt reactor system is 80Kw. The temperature of the molten salt in the second pipeline 10 is 500°C, and the temperature of the molten salt in the high-temperature heat storage tank 7 is 565°C.
在正常运行情况下，电加热装置2给主容器1加热，保证燃料盐不凝固。伴热装置3给第一管道9、第二管道10和第一熔盐换热器4加热，保证管道和第一熔盐换热器中流动的熔盐不凝固。熔盐堆所用电源来自于外电网。熔盐储能系统正常进行光热发电和熔盐储热。隔离阀13处于关闭状态。Under normal operation, the electric heating device 2 heats the main container 1 to ensure that the fuel salt does not solidify. The heating device 3 heats the first pipeline 9, the second pipeline 10 and the first molten salt heat exchanger 4 to ensure that the molten salt flowing in the pipeline and the first molten salt heat exchanger does not solidify. The power supply used by the molten salt pile comes from the external power grid. The molten salt energy storage system performs solar thermal power generation and molten salt heat storage normally. The isolation valve 13 is in a closed state.
本实施例1中维持次临界方法如下：The method for maintaining subcriticality in this embodiment 1 is as follows:
S1、判断熔盐堆系统运行时，熔盐堆系统处于下述运行情况中的哪一种：S1. Determine which of the following operating conditions the molten salt reactor system is in when it is in operation:
情况一，熔盐堆系统正常运行；Case 1: The molten salt reactor system operates normally;
情况二，熔盐堆系统出现事故或者停堆，外电网正常，熔盐堆系统的电加热装置损坏，熔盐堆系统的伴热装置正常；Case 2: The molten salt reactor system has an accident or is shut down, the external power grid is normal, the electric heating device of the molten salt reactor system is damaged, and the heating device of the molten salt reactor system is normal;
情况三，熔盐堆系统出现事故或者停堆，外电网不能用，熔盐堆系统的电加热装置和熔盐堆系统的伴热装置正常；Case 3: The molten salt reactor system has an accident or is shut down, the external power grid is unavailable, and the electric heating device and the heat tracing device of the molten salt reactor system are normal;
情况四，熔盐堆系统出现事故或者停堆，外电网不能用，熔盐堆系统的电加热装置损坏，熔盐堆系统的伴热装置正常；Case 4: The molten salt reactor system has an accident or is shut down, the external power grid is unavailable, the electric heating device of the molten salt reactor system is damaged, and the heating device of the molten salt reactor system is normal;
情况五，熔盐堆系统出现事故或者停堆，外电网不能用，熔盐堆系统的电加热装置和熔盐堆系统的伴热装置损坏；Situation 5: The molten salt reactor system has an accident or is shut down, the external power grid cannot be used, and the electric heating device and the heat tracing device of the molten salt reactor system are damaged;
情况六，熔盐堆系统出现事故或者停堆，外电网正常，熔盐堆系统的电加热装置正常，熔盐堆系统的伴热装置损坏；Case 6: The molten salt reactor system has an accident or is shut down, the external power grid is normal, the electric heating device of the molten salt reactor system is normal, and the heating device of the molten salt reactor system is damaged;
情况七，熔盐堆系统出现事故或者停堆，外电网正常，熔盐堆系统的电加热装置和熔盐堆系统的伴热装置损坏；Situation 7: The molten salt reactor system has an accident or is shut down, the external power grid is normal, and the electric heating device and the heat tracing device of the molten salt reactor system are damaged;
情况八，熔盐堆系统出现事故或者停堆，外电网不能用，熔盐堆系统的电加热装置正常，熔盐堆系统的伴热装置损坏；Case 8: The molten salt reactor system has an accident or is shut down, the external power grid cannot be used, the electric heating device of the molten salt reactor system is normal, and the heating device of the molten salt reactor system is damaged;
情况九，熔盐堆系统出现事故或者停堆，外电网正常，熔盐堆系统的电加热装置和熔盐堆系统的伴热装置正常；Situation 9: The molten salt reactor system has an accident or is shut down, the external power grid is normal, and the electric heating device and the heat tracing device of the molten salt reactor system are normal;
S2、根据S1确定的运行情况进行下述调整：S2. Make the following adjustments based on the operating conditions determined in S1:
当熔盐堆系统处于情况一时，熔盐堆系统运行不新增调整；When the molten salt reactor system is in situation 1, the operation of the molten salt reactor system does not require any additional adjustments;
当熔盐堆系统处于情况二时，开启伴热装置3的供电系统与外电网连接供电的启动装置，开启第一管道9、第一熔盐换热器4、第二管道10和第二熔盐换热器5上的伴热装置3，伴热装置3加热第一管道9、第一熔盐换热器4、第二管道10和第二熔盐换热器5中的熔盐，通过熔盐在第一管道9和第二管道10中的循环，把伴热装置3产生的热量逆向传递给主容器1中的燃料盐；When the molten salt reactor system is in situation 2, the power supply system of the heating device 3 is turned on to connect the power supply starting device to the external power grid, and the heating device 3 on the first pipeline 9, the first molten salt heat exchanger 4, the second pipeline 10 and the second molten salt heat exchanger 5 is turned on. The heating device 3 heats the molten salt in the first pipeline 9, the first molten salt heat exchanger 4, the second pipeline 10 and the second molten salt heat exchanger 5, and the heat generated by the heating device 3 is reversely transferred to the fuel salt in the main container 1 through the circulation of the molten salt in the first pipeline 9 and the second pipeline 10;
当熔盐堆系统处于情况三或情况八时，开启电加热装置2的供电系统与熔盐储能系统的备用电连接系统，电加热装置2加热主容器1中的燃料盐；When the molten salt reactor system is in situation three or situation eight, the power supply system of the electric heating device 2 and the backup electrical connection system of the molten salt energy storage system are turned on, and the electric heating device 2 heats the fuel salt in the main container 1;
当熔盐堆系统处于情况四时，开启伴热装置3的供电系统与熔盐储能系统的备用电连接系统；开启第一管道9、第一熔盐换热器4、第二管道10和第二熔盐换热器5上的伴热装置3，伴热装置3加热第一管道9、第一熔盐换热器4、第二管道10和第二熔盐换热器5的熔盐，通过熔盐在第一管道9和第二管道10中的循环，把伴热装置3产生的热量逆向传递给主容器1中的燃料盐；When the molten salt reactor system is in situation four, the power supply system of the heating device 3 and the backup electrical connection system of the molten salt energy storage system are turned on; the heating device 3 on the first pipeline 9, the first molten salt heat exchanger 4, the second pipeline 10 and the second molten salt heat exchanger 5 is turned on, the heating device 3 heats the molten salt in the first pipeline 9, the first molten salt heat exchanger 4, the second pipeline 10 and the second molten salt heat exchanger 5, and the heat generated by the heating device 3 is reversely transferred to the fuel salt in the main container 1 through the circulation of the molten salt in the first pipeline 9 and the second pipeline 10;
当熔盐堆系统处于情况五或情况七时，打开第四管道11上的隔离阀13，将高温储热罐7中的熔盐热量经过第四管道11，通过第二熔盐换热器5传递给第二管道10中的熔盐；第二管道10中的熔盐再把热量通过第一熔盐换热器4传递给第一管道9的熔盐，第一管道9的熔盐再将热量逆向传递给主容器1中的燃料盐；When the molten salt reactor system is in situation five or situation seven, the isolation valve 13 on the fourth pipeline 11 is opened, and the heat of the molten salt in the high-temperature heat storage tank 7 is transferred through the fourth pipeline 11 and the second molten salt heat exchanger 5 to the molten salt in the second pipeline 10; the molten salt in the second pipeline 10 then transfers the heat to the molten salt in the first pipeline 9 through the first molten salt heat exchanger 4, and the molten salt in the first pipeline 9 then reversely transfers the heat to the fuel salt in the main container 1;
当熔盐堆系统处于情况六或情况九时，开启电加热装置2的供电系统与外电网连接供电的启动装置，电加热装置2加热主容器1中的燃料盐。When the molten salt reactor system is in situation 6 or situation 9, the starting device of connecting the power supply system of the electric heating device 2 to the external power grid is turned on, and the electric heating device 2 heats the fuel salt in the main container 1.
图2为上述熔盐堆系统的维持次临界方法的运行情况说明图。FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating the operation of the subcriticality maintenance method of the molten salt reactor system.
在上述运行情况下，均能维持主容器1中的燃料盐温度为500℃。Under the above operating conditions, the fuel salt temperature in the main container 1 can be maintained at 500°C.
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