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CN114889256B - 高温作业用多功能热防护服面料及其制备方法 - Google Patents

高温作业用多功能热防护服面料及其制备方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN114889256B
CN114889256B CN202210406554.6A CN202210406554A CN114889256B CN 114889256 B CN114889256 B CN 114889256B CN 202210406554 A CN202210406554 A CN 202210406554A CN 114889256 B CN114889256 B CN 114889256B
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China
Prior art keywords
flame
retardant
layer
fiber
fibers
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CN202210406554.6A
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CN114889256A (zh
Inventor
茹燕平
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Shaanxi Gildland Science & Technology Co ltd
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Shaanxi Gildland Science & Technology Co ltd
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种高温作业用多功能热防护服面料，从外到内依次包括阻燃热反射层、隔热层和舒适层；阻燃热反射层包括永久性阻燃的基布层、及覆于基布层背面的热反射层；基布层为阻燃耐高温纤维、普通阻燃纤维与导电纤维混纺织造而成的三粒格机织物；热反射层为含热反射粒子的阻燃粘胶纤维织造而成的纬编针织物；隔热层为夹层结构；中间层为阻燃非织造布和气凝胶膜叠层构成，夹层为普通阻燃纤维、耐高温纤维和导电纤维混纺织造而成的蜂巢结构机织物；舒适层为吸湿排汗纤维和吸湿性纤维素纤维混纺织造而成的透孔结构机织物。本发明的层与层之间相互连接较为合理，经洗涤后面料层与层之间不会变得松散，对隔热服的热防护性能和强度基本无影响。

Description

高温作业用多功能热防护服面料及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明属于纺织面料技术领域，具体涉及一种高温作业用多功能热防护服面料及其制备方法。
背景技术
对于一些从事高温作业的作业人员，如消防灭火员、高温电焊工、炼钢工、烧窑工、冶炼工等，热防护服是高温作业必备的个体防护装备。在工作过程中，经常遭受明火、高辐射热、高温物体飞溅物等的危害，因此需要穿着功能性的热防护服来保障操作人员的自身安全。
作为保障人体免受环境危险因素侵害的安全防护系统的最后一道防线，防护服为人体提供安全防护功能方面发挥着不可替代的作用。目前高温作业普遍使用的热防护服面料，其结构一般分为四层，具体为：阻燃层；隔热层；防水透气层；舒适层；上述热防护服虽然起到阻燃、耐高温、隔热、防水透气、舒适多功能叠加的效果，但难免会产生穿着厚重、闷热等不适感，阻碍人体热量和汗液的散发，当散热不能满足肌体需要时，热平衡就会遭到破坏，热量在体内蓄积并达到一定程度时，将会影响人体健康；同时在基布层表面覆盖一层高热反射的铝膜，导致面料透气性差，耐洗涤和穿着舒适性差，与基布层面料结合牢度差，在使用过程中经常会出现防护服破损、撕裂和表面材料的脱落等，对作业人员的安全会造成很大的安全隐患。
现有的防护面料虽然也在一定程度上对阻燃性能采取了一定程度的措施予以提高，但是仍然达不到特殊环境下使用的要求。
发明内容
有鉴于此，本发明的主要目的在于提供一种高温作业用多功能热防护服面料及其制备方法。
为达到上述目的，本发明的技术方案是这样实现的：
本发明实施例提供一种高温作业用多功能热防护服面料，该面料从外到内依次包括阻燃热反射层、隔热层和舒适层；
所述阻燃热反射层包括永久性阻燃的基布层、及覆于基布层背面的热反射层；所述基布层为阻燃耐高温纤维、普通阻燃纤维与导电纤维混纺织造而成的三粒格机织物；所述热反射层为含热反射粒子的阻燃粘胶纤维织造而成的纬编针织物；
所述隔热层为夹层结构；中间层为阻燃非织造布和气凝胶膜叠层构成，夹层为普通阻燃纤维、耐高温纤维和导电纤维混纺织造而成的蜂巢结构机织物；
所述舒适层为吸湿排汗纤维和吸湿性纤维素纤维混纺织造而成的透孔结构机织物。
上述方案中，所述基布层由下述质量百分数的纤维织造而成：65-70％阻燃耐高温纤维、15-18％阻燃锦纶纤维、15-17％阻燃粘胶纤维和2-3％导电纤维；所述阻燃耐高温纤维采用芳纶1313、芳纶1414、聚酰亚胺纤维、芳砜纶纤维、PBO纤维中的至少一种；所述普通阻燃纤维采用阻燃锦纶和阻燃粘胶纤维；所述导电纤维采用涤纶基导电纤维长丝、锦纶基导电纤维长丝或黑色碳纤维导电长丝。
上述方案中，所述热反射层面料采用纬编针织物,横密65-70纵行/5cm，纵密为45-50横列/5cm，织物单位面积重量为55-60g/m2；所述热反射层采用硅酸盐系阻燃粘胶纤维；所述热反射纳米粒子采用TiO2、ZnO、AL2O3至少一种。
上述方案中，所述隔热层非织造布的纤维重量百分比为：耐高温纤维97-98％，导电纤维2-3％；所述耐高温纤维采用芳纶1313、芳纶1414、芳砜纶纤维至少一种；所述导电纤维采用锦纶基导电纤维；所述气凝胶为无定型纳米多孔材料，具有连续的三维网络结构；所述气凝胶采用硅系或碳系气凝胶。
上述方案中，所述隔热夹层中纤维的重量百分比为：耐高温纤维60-70％，普通阻燃纤维27-38％，导电纤维2-3％；所述耐高温纤维采用芳纶1313、芳纶1414、聚酰亚胺纤维、芳砜纶纤维、PBO纤维至少一种；所述普通阻燃纤维采用阻燃粘胶纤维；所述导电纤维采用锦纶基导电纤维。
上述方案中，所述舒适层中吸湿排汗纤维占30-35％、纤维素纤维占65-70％；所述吸湿性纤维素纤维采用竹纤维、棉纤维、阻燃粘胶纤维中至少一种。
本发明实施例还提供一种制备上述方案中任意一项所述的高温作业用多功能热防护服面料的制备方法，该制备方法包括如下步骤：
步骤(1)阻燃热反射层的制备，将阻燃耐高温纤维、普通阻燃纤维、导电纤维混纺，在喷气织机上织造三粒格机织物，得到基布层；经湿法纺丝方法制备含热反射粒子的阻燃粘胶纤维，采用纬编编织得到热反射阻燃层；将热反射阻燃层覆于基布层背面，制备得到阻燃热反射层；
步骤(2)隔热层的制备，将阻燃耐高温纤维和导电纤维混纺，针刺加固成非织造布；采用溶胶-凝胶法制备得到SiO2气凝胶膜；阻燃非织造布与气凝胶膜叠层制备得到中间层；夹层为耐高温纤维、普通阻燃纤维与导电纤维混纺的蜂巢结构织物；中间层经耐高温阻燃纱线缝制在夹层中间制备得到隔热层；
步骤(3)舒适层的制备，将吸湿排汗纤维和吸湿性纤维素纤维混纺成纱线，织造成透孔结构织物，制备得到舒适层；
步骤(4)将上述三层面料依次经耐高温阻燃黏胶粘合成整体织物，其中隔热层与舒适层之间采用点状耐高温阻燃黏胶粘合，形成规律的空气隔热空腔。
上述方案中，所述步骤(1)具体参数为：开清棉过程中，采用梳针打手转速500-540r/min，棉卷定量和长度可依据纱线支数和回潮率计算，梳棉工序中锡林、刺辊、道夫均采用适纺中长化纤的新型针布，锡林转速300-330r/min、刺辊转速670-680r/min、道夫转速15-21r/min；采用喷气织机织造三粒格组织结构机织物，格子大小为0.5cm×0.5cm或0.6cm×0.6cm，织物单位重量230-240g/m2，经纬纱密度为200-400根/10cm；所述经湿法纺丝方法制备含热反射粒子的阻燃粘胶纤维，具体为：首先采用纯净的α-纤维素为原料，加入氢氧化钠40-70g/L，海藻酸钠增稠剂15-25g/L，硅烷类偶联剂70-100g/L，得到橙黄色黏稠的纤维素黄原酸钠粘胶纺丝液；其次将热反射纳米粒子和硅酸盐阻燃剂经研磨加入粘胶纺丝原液中，待充分搅拌混合均匀，得到粘胶纺丝液；最后经过滤、放置、脱泡后，采用湿法纺丝方法进行纺丝，在含硫酸、硫酸钠和硫酸锌凝固浴中固化成形，其中，硫酸110-130g/L，硫酸钠300-33g/L，硫酸锌20-40g/L，将纺成的初生粘胶纤维牵伸、切断、脱硫、漂白、上油、烘干等后处理工序，纺成纤维细度为1.2-1.5D的含热反射粒子的阻燃粘胶纤维，覆于基布层背面。
上述方案中，所述步骤(2)中采用溶胶-凝胶法制备得到SiO2气凝胶膜，具体为：以硅源材料为前驱体，采用溶胶-凝胶法制备湿凝胶，经老化，溶剂交换后干燥制备得到SiO2气凝胶膜，厚度为1-2mm；通过物理方式在气凝胶膜上形成均匀的微孔，孔的直径1-3mm，相邻孔之间的距离为3倍的孔直径；中间叠层方式采用1:1或2:1。
与现有技术相比，本发明设计织造的高温作业用多功能热防护服面料，从外到内依次包括阻燃热反射层、隔热层和舒适层，层与层之间相互连接较为合理，具备服用性能，经洗涤后面料层与层之间不会变得松散，对隔热服的热防护性能和强度基本无影响，可作为热防护用服装面料。
附图说明
此处所说明的附图用来公开对本发明的进一步理解，构成本发明的一部分，本发明的示意性实施例及其说明用于解释本发明，并不构成对本发明的不当限定。在附图中：
图1本发明实施例提供的一种高温作业用多功能热防护服复合面料的结构示意图。
图中，阻燃热反射层-1，隔热层-2，舒适层-3，基布层-10，热反射层-11，隔热夹层-20，隔热中间层气凝胶膜-21，隔热中间层非织造布-22。
图2本发明实施例提供的一种高温作业隔热服舒适层面料的结构图。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白，以下结合附图及实施例，对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解，此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本发明，并不用于限定本发明。
本实施例的附图中相同或相似的标号对应相同或相似的部件；在本发明的描述中，需要理解的是，术语“上”、“下”、“左”、“右”、“内”、“外”等指示的方位或位置关系为基于附图所示的方位或位置关系，仅是为了便于描述本发明和简化描述，而不是指示或暗示所指的装置或元件必须具有特定的方位、以特定的方位构造和操作，因此附图中描述位置关系的用语仅用于示例性说明，不能理解为对本专利的限制，对于本领域的普通技术人员而言，可以根据具体情况理解上述术语的具体含义。
需要说明的是，在本文中，术语“包括”、“包含”或者其任何其他变体意在涵盖非排他性的包含，从而使得包括一系列要素的过程、物品或者装置不仅包括那些要素，而且还包括没有明确列出的其他要素，或者是还包括为这种过程、物品或者装置所固有的要素。在没有更多限制的情况下，由语句“包括一个……”限定的要素，并不排除在包括该要素的过程、物品或者装置中还存在另外的相同要素。
本发明实施例提供一种高温作业用多功能热防护服面料，如图1、2所示，该面料从外到内依次包括阻燃热反射层1、隔热层2和舒适层3；
所述阻燃热反射层1包括永久性阻燃的基布层10、及覆于基布层10背面的热反射层11；所述基布层10为阻燃耐高温纤维、普通阻燃纤维与导电纤维混纺织造而成的三粒格机织物；所述热反射层11为含热反射粒子的阻燃粘胶纤维织造而成的纬编针织物；
所述隔热层2为夹层结构；中间层为阻燃非织造布和气凝胶膜叠层构成，夹层为普通阻燃纤维、耐高温纤维和导电纤维混纺织造而成的蜂巢结构机织物；
所述舒适层3为吸湿排汗纤维和吸湿性纤维素纤维混纺织造而成的透孔结构机织物。
本发明设计织造的高温作业用多功能热防护服面料，从外到内依次包括阻燃热反射层1、隔热层2和舒适层3，层与层之间相互连接较为合理，具备服用性能，经洗涤后面料层与层之间不会变得松散，对隔热服的热防护性能和强度基本无影响，可作为热防护用服装面料。
本发明所提供多层结构的功能面料，同时具有永久高效阻燃、耐高温、反热辐射、耐磨、隔热、吸湿透气、抗菌除臭多种功能。
所述基布层10由下述质量百分数的纤维织造而成：65-70％阻燃耐高温纤维、15-18％阻燃锦纶纤维、15-17％阻燃粘胶纤维和2-3％导电纤维；所述阻燃耐高温纤维采用芳纶1313、芳纶1414、聚酰亚胺纤维、芳砜纶纤维、PBO纤维中的至少一种；所述普通阻燃纤维采用阻燃锦纶和阻燃粘胶纤维；所述导电纤维采用涤纶基导电纤维长丝、锦纶基导电纤维长丝或黑色碳纤维导电长丝，规格一般为22dt/1f、22dt/2f、22dt/3f。
所述导电纤维优选采用锦纶基导电纤维，规格为22dt/3f。
所述热反射层11面料采用纬编针织物,横密65-70纵行/5cm，纵密为45-50横列/5cm，织物单位重量为55-60g/m2；所述热反射层11采用硅酸盐系阻燃粘胶纤维；所述热反射纳米粒子采用TiO2、ZnO、AL2O3至少一种，以TiO2纳米粒子为主。
所述热反射纳米粒子的杂化量为纤维含量的50-55％，阻燃剂的杂化量为纤维含量的20-25％；所述热反射纳米粒子和阻燃剂粒径远小于湿法纺丝喷丝孔的直径；选用以TiO2为主的热反射纳米粒子。
TiO2粒径小、比表面积大、表面原子数多、表面能高、表面原子严重配位不足，具有很强的表面活性与超强吸附能力，并存在“蓝移”现象，对紫外长波、中波及红外线反射率高，光学反射谱重复性好。
所述隔热层2非织造布的纤维重量百分比为：耐高温纤维97-98％，导电纤维2-3％；所述耐高温纤维采用芳纶1313、芳纶1414、芳砜纶纤维至少一种；所述导电纤维采用锦纶基导电纤维；所述气凝胶为无定型纳米多孔材料，具有连续的三维网络结构,利用其高孔隙率(可达99.8％)、高比表面积(约1000m2/g)、低密度(约0.03g/cm3)、热导系数极低(可低至0.013W/(m·K))等优点，将其作为隔热层2，绝热性能俱佳；所述气凝胶采用硅系或碳系气凝胶。
选用SiO2气凝胶，不仅具有上述一系列优良的特性，同时它又是无机材料，具有不燃或阻燃作用，是隔热领域优选的材料。
所述隔热夹层20中纤维的重量百分比为：耐高温纤维60-70％，普通阻燃纤维27-38％，导电纤维2-3％；所述耐高温纤维采用芳纶1313、芳纶1414、聚酰亚胺纤维、芳砜纶纤维、PBO纤维至少一种；所述普通阻燃纤维采用阻燃粘胶纤维；所述导电纤维采用锦纶基导电纤维，规格为22dt/3f。
一方面考虑到芳纶纤维强力高，伸长大，卷曲多，纤维间抱合力大等一系列特性，比较适合针刺法固网；将所述混纺纱依次经过开松、梳理、纤维铺网、针刺加固、热压加固等方式形成结构疏松，内部存在很多空隙的非织造布；另一方面考虑到隔热服穿着的轻便型、隔热效果的好坏，即孔隙率的大小，确定针刺非织造布的厚度为1-2mm、克重80-120g/m2。
所述舒适层3中吸湿排汗纤维占30-35％、纤维素纤维占65-70％；所述吸湿性纤维素纤维采用竹纤维、棉纤维、阻燃粘胶纤维中至少一种。
所述舒适层3机织面料组织结构为经重平和平纹联合而织造成的透孔组织；纱线规格为40S；织物单位重量为150-200g/m2，利用孔的大小和纤维性能，可实现舒适层3透气、吸湿、抗菌除臭的功效。
为了使织物表面的孔眼效果明显，在穿筘时，可以采用花筘穿法，或者将每组经纱穿入同一筘齿内，纬纱卷取时可以采用间歇卷取，可使每组纬纱间有孔隙。
本发明实施例还提供一种制备高温作业用多功能热防护服面料的制备方法，该制备方法包括如下步骤：
步骤(1)阻燃热反射层1的制备，将阻燃耐高温纤维、普通阻燃纤维、导电纤维纱混纺，在喷气织机上织造三粒格机织物，得到基布层10；经湿法纺丝方法制备含热反射粒子的阻燃粘胶纤维，采用纬编编织得到热反射阻燃层；将热反射阻燃层覆于基布层10背面，制备得到阻燃热反射层1；
具体地，混纺纺纱过程中，由于芳纶色纤蓬松度大，抱合力差，比电阻大，纤维静电现象比较严重，纺纱过程中容易绕锡林、并条吸花、不下条子、缠罗拉等，因此，需将车间温湿度控制在90-95％左右，芳纶色纱放置24小时，后与普通的阻燃纤维和导电纤维进行混纺；后经开清棉，梳棉，三道并条，粗纱，细纱，自动络筒，并捻等工序纺成纱支为32s/2的纱线；
开清棉过程中，采用梳针打手转速500-540r/min，棉卷定量和长度可依据纱线支数和回潮率计算，梳棉工序中锡林、刺辊、道夫均采用适纺中长化纤的新型针布，锡林转速300-330r/min、刺辊转速670-680r/min、道夫转速15-21r/min；
芳纶纤维长度整齐度好、摩擦系数大，粗纱捻系数和张力适中，以防牵伸不开出硬头、条干恶化等现象产生。
由于芳纶纤维回弹性好，细纱在停车时易产生捻缩而形成小辫子纱，同时考虑成纱毛羽，因此细纱捻系数要适中。
采用喷气织机织造三粒格组织结构，格子大小为0.5cm×0.5cm或0.6cm×0.6cm，织物单位重量230-240g/m2，经纬纱密度为200-400根/10cm，能够提高织物的抗撕裂性能和生产效率。
所述经湿法纺丝方法制备含热反射粒子的阻燃粘胶纤维，具体为：首先采用纯净的α-纤维素为原料，加入氢氧化钠40-70g/L，海藻酸钠增稠剂15-25g/L，硅烷类偶联剂70-100g/L，得到橙黄色黏稠的纤维素黄原酸钠粘胶纺丝液；其次将热反射纳米粒子和硅酸盐阻燃剂经研磨加入粘胶纺丝原液中，待充分搅拌混合均匀，得到粘胶纺丝液；最后经2-4道过滤(后一道滤材较前一道滤材更致密)、放置、真空脱泡后，采用湿法纺丝方法进行纺丝，在含硫酸、硫酸钠和硫酸锌凝固浴中固化成形，其中，硫酸110-130g/L，硫酸钠300-330g/L，硫酸锌20-40g/L，将纺成的初生粘胶纤维牵伸、切断、脱硫、漂白、上油、烘干等后处理工序，纺成纤维细度为1.2-1.5D的含热反射粒子的阻燃粘胶纤维，通过控制纺丝液、凝固浴的成分和浓度，搭配异形喷丝头，可纺出不同结构的纤维，如皮芯型、全芯型、全皮型结构。
为防止制成的纤维在服用过程中因摩擦纵向开裂现象(原纤化)的产生，应减小纤维微孔结构，增大初生纤维的拉伸倍数，减小原纤化的倾向，湿法纺丝过程中，因溶剂和凝固剂双扩散速度以及凝固浴溶液的流体阻力等限制，湿法纺丝速度一般控制在5-100m/min范围内。
将纺成的初生粘胶纤维牵伸、切断、脱硫、漂白、上油、烘干等后处理工序，纺成纤维细度为1.2-1.5D的含热反射粒子的阻燃粘胶纤维，覆于基布层10背面，达到反射辐射热、减缓面料升温的目的，从而降低对高温作业人员的伤害。
经湿法纺丝制备的热反射阻燃纤维素纤维编织而成的针织物覆于基布层10背面，使面料具有耐高温阻燃性能的同时，具有较好的反热辐射的功能；另外基布层10与热反射层11粘合紧密，起到增强阻燃热反射层1的作用。
步骤(2)隔热层2的制备，将阻燃耐高温纤维和导电纤维混纺，针刺加固成非织造布；采用溶胶-凝胶法制备得到SiO2气凝胶膜；阻燃非织造布与气凝胶膜叠层制备得到中间层；夹层为耐高温纤维、普通阻燃纤维与导电纤维混纺的蜂巢结构织物；中间层经耐高温阻燃纱线缝制在夹层中间制备得到隔热层2；
具体地，以硅源材料为前驱体，采用溶胶-凝胶法制备湿凝胶，经老化，溶剂交换后干燥制备得到SiO2气凝胶膜，厚度为1-2mm。
在制备过程中，水量、温度、溶剂量对SiO2气凝胶的性能都有一定的影响，如水量增加，对气凝胶密度有显著不利的影响；温度升高，导致气凝胶结构的不均匀和粗大，一般气凝胶的温度通常控制在70℃以下；溶剂量过多，不利于纤维的强度，可通过改变工艺条件，制备性能优异的气凝胶。
通过物理方式在气凝胶膜上形成均匀的微孔，孔的直径1-3mm，相邻孔之间的距离为3倍的孔直径；中间叠层方式采用1:1或2:1。
隔热层2采用夹层结构，以阻燃非织造布和气凝胶膜叠层形成中间层，以耐高温阻燃纤维、普通阻燃纤维和导电纤维混纺织造的蜂巢织物为夹层，制备得到的隔热层2具有双重隔热效果；气凝胶的引入，增加织物孔隙含量，使织物包含更多的静止空气，不仅减轻了热防护服的重量，更提升了热防护服的隔热性能。
步骤(3)舒适层3的制备，将吸湿排汗纤维和吸湿性纤维素纤维混纺成纱线，织造成透孔结构织物，制备得到舒适层3；
具体地，舒适层3面料采用透孔组织结构，利用束与束之间形成的孔眼，使织物表面具有均匀分布的小孔，有效提高穿着的舒适性，克服了热防护服“闷热黏湿”感；其中吸湿排汗纤维、竹纤维和棉纤维的加入，可快速吸收并导出人体表面产生的汗液，并具有一定的抗菌除臭的效果；阻燃纤维素纤维的加入，使得面料具有良好吸湿性的基础上又具有一定的阻燃性，进一步提高热防护服整体的阻燃隔热性能；另外隔热层2与舒适层3之间采用点状耐高温阻燃黏胶粘合，形成规律的空气隔热空腔，进一步提高热防护服的隔热性能。
步骤(4)将上述三层面料依次经耐高温阻燃黏胶粘合成整体织物，其中隔热层2与舒适层3之间采用点状耐高温阻燃黏胶粘合，形成规律的空气隔热空腔。
实施例1
本实施例的一种高温作业用多功能热防护服复合面料，由外到内依次包括阻燃热反射层1、隔热层2以及舒适层3。
所述阻燃热反射层1包括永久性阻燃的基布层10，及覆于基布层10背面的热反射层11；所述基布层10为阻燃耐高温纤维、普通阻燃纤维与导电纤维混纺织造而成的三粒格机织物；所述热反射层11为含热反射粒子的阻燃粘胶纤维织造而成的纬编针织物；
所述隔热层2为夹层结构；中间层为阻燃非织造布和气凝胶膜叠层构成，夹层为普通阻燃纤维、耐高温纤维和导电纤维混纺织造而成的蜂巢结构机织物；
所述舒适层3为吸湿排汗纤维和吸湿性纤维素纤维混纺织造而成的透孔结构机织物(经重平和平纹复合)，根据实际需要设计孔的大小。
本实施例的一种高温作业用多功能热防护服面料的制备方法，具体包括如下步骤：
(1)阻燃热反射层1制备
基布层10面料采用混纺机织物，将25％芳纶1313、40％芳纶1414、18％阻燃锦纶纤维、15％阻燃粘胶和2％导电纤维经混纺工艺纺成32s/2的纱线，梳针打手转速为540r/min，锡林转速300r/min、刺辊转速670r/min、道夫转速21r/min，粗纱捻系数为55，细纱捻系数为320；其中导电纤维为锦纶基22dt/3f的导电纤维长丝，购买原料为半制品纤维条；混纺纱作为基布层10面料的经纬纱，根据设计的织物组织进行织前准备工序，混纺机织物采用三粒格组织结构，织物经密为384根/10cm，纬密为216根/10cm，织物单位面积重量为231g/m2，格子大小为0.5cm×0.5cm。
采用湿法纺丝方法，将参杂热反射TiO2、ZnO混合纳米粒子的阻燃粘胶溶液纺成纤维细度为1.2D的热反射阻燃粘胶纤维，采用纬编平针组织编织成单面竖条状的热反射针织面料，覆于基布层10背面，得到阻燃热反射层1，横密65纵行/5cm，纵密为45横列/5cm，织物单位重量为55g/m2。
首先配制粘胶纺丝溶液，将40％TiO2和10％ZnO热反射纳米粒子均匀混合后，研磨成粒径远小于湿法纺丝喷丝孔直径的热反射纳米粒子，将研磨后的热反射粒子加入纤维素黄原酸钠粘胶纺丝液中，纺丝液中氢氧化钠40g/L，硅烷偶联剂80g/L，增稠剂15g/L，高速搅拌一定时间后，得到质量分数为50％的TiO2、ZnO杂化纺丝溶液,然后在上述纺丝液中加入20％硅酸盐阻燃剂，充分搅拌至完全混合，经过滤、熟成、脱泡工序制备得到粘胶纺丝原液，纺丝原液依次经过计量、烛形滤器、连接管而进入喷丝头，从喷丝孔眼中压出的原液细流进入凝固浴，在凝固浴中析出而形成初生纤维，凝固浴中硫酸112g/L，硫酸锌20g/L，硫酸钠330g/L，凝固浴温度为50℃；再经导丝辊牵伸，水洗成中性，脱硫，上油，干燥等工序制备得到热反射阻燃粘胶纤维，将基布层10与热反射层11经耐高温阻燃黏胶粘合，得到阻燃热反射层1。
(2)隔热层2制备
夹层采用混纺机织物，将30％芳纶1313、20％芳纶1414、48％阻燃粘胶纤维和2％导电纤维混纺纱作为经纬纱，纱线规格为40s/2，采用蜂巢组织结构织造的混纺机织物，蜂巢组织以1/4右斜纹为基础组织的菱形斜纹，采用顺穿穿综方法，织物的经密为320根/10cm，纬密为288根/10cm，织物单位重量为188g/m2，厚度为0.52mm。
中间层非织造布采用针刺法固网，将30％芳纶1313、30％芳纶1414、38％芳砜纶，2％锦纶基导电纤维混纺，依次经过开松、梳理、纤维铺网、针刺加固、热压加固等方式形成结构疏松，内部存在很多空隙，并具有阻燃防静电功能的非织造布，厚度为1mm，单位面积重量为90g/m2。
中间层SiO2气凝胶以正甲基硅烷为前驱体，采用溶胶-凝胶法，在催化剂的作用下，硅源在溶剂中发生水解，经缩合聚合反应，形成具有三维空间网状骨架结构的SiO2湿凝胶，经老化，表面改性，溶剂交换后干燥制备得到SiO2气凝胶膜，厚度约为1mm，考虑到隔热服透气性，可通过物理方式在气凝胶膜上形成均匀的微孔，孔的直径2mm，相邻孔之间的距离为3倍的孔直径，针刺非织造布和SiO2气凝胶膜采用2:1的方式叠层，即二层无纺布，一层SiO2气凝胶膜，通过耐高温阻燃黏胶粘合，得到隔热中间层。
针刺非织造布和SiO2气凝胶膜叠层后，作为中间层，经耐高温阻燃纱线缝制在2层蜂巢织物的中间，得到隔热层2，厚度约为5.04mm；针刺非织造布铺网二层，SiO2气凝胶膜一层。
(3)舒适层3制备
采用混纺纺纱工艺，将40％吸湿排汗纤维，40％棉纤维、20％竹纤维混纺成纱线，织造成混纺机织物，纱线规格为40s，混纺机织物采用透孔组织结构，以2/2经重平组织和1/1平纹组织联合而成，织物单位面积重量111g/m2，经密340根/10cm，纬密240根/10cm，该层厚度大约0.5mm。
将上述三层面料依次经耐高温阻燃黏胶粘合成整体织物，隔热层2属于中间面料层，其中隔热层2与舒适层3之间采用点状耐高温阻燃黏胶粘合，形成规律的空气隔热空腔，进一步提升热防护服的隔热性能。
将实施例1制得的面料采用“GB 38453-2019《防护服装隔热服》所述的技术要求、测试方法进行测试，各项性能参数如表1所示：
表1面料综合性能
实施例2
本实施例的一种高温作业用多功能热防护服复合面料，由外到内依次包括阻燃热反射外层、隔热层2以及舒适层3。
所述阻燃热反射层1包括永久性阻燃的基布层10，及覆于基布层10背面的热反射层11；所述基布层10为阻燃耐高温纤维、普通的阻燃纤维与导电纤维混纺纱线织造而成的三粒格机织物；所述热反射层11为含热反射粒子的阻燃粘胶纤维织造而成的纬编针织物；
所述隔热层2为夹层结构；中间层为阻燃非织造布和气凝胶膜叠层构成，夹层为普通的阻燃纤维、耐高温纤维和导电纤维混纺纱线织造而成的蜂巢织物；
所述舒适层3为吸湿排汗纤维和吸湿性纤维素纤维混纺织造而成的透孔织物(经重平和平纹复合)，根据实际需要设计孔的大小。
本实施例的一种高温作业用多功能热防护服面料的制备方法，具体包括如下步骤：
(1)阻燃热反射层1制备
基布层10面料采用混纺机织物，将40％芳纶1313、28％芳纶1313、17％阻燃锦纶纤维、13％阻燃粘胶纤维和3％导电纤维经混纺工艺纺成32s/2的纱线，梳针打手转速为500r/min，锡林转速330r/min、刺辊转速680r/min、道夫转速16r/min，粗纱捻系数为60，细纱捻系数为340；其中导电纤维为锦纶基22dt/3f的导电纤维长丝，购买原料为半制品纤维条；混纺纱作为基布层10面料的经纬纱，根据设计的织物组织进行织前准备工序，混纺机织物采用三粒格组织结构，织物经密为400根/10cm，纬密为212根/10cm，织物单位面积重量为231g/m2，格子大小为0.6cm×0.6cm。
采用湿法纺丝方法，将参杂TiO2和ZnO混合纳米反射粒子的阻燃粘胶溶液纺成纤维细度为1.5D的热反射阻燃粘胶纤维，采用纬编罗纹组织结构，编织成手感柔软，吸湿透气好的双面竖条状热反射针织面料，覆于基布层10背面，得到阻燃热反射层1，横密70纵行/5cm，纵密为48横列/5cm，织物单位重量为60g/m2。
首先配制粘胶纺丝溶液，将40％TiO2和10％ZnO热反射纳米粒子均匀混合后，研磨成粒径远小于湿法纺丝喷丝孔直径的热反射纳米粒子，将研磨后的热反射粒子加入纤维素黄原酸钠粘胶纺丝液中，纺丝液中氢氧化钠55g/L，硅烷偶联剂100g/L，增稠剂20g/L，高速搅拌一定时间后，得到质量分数为55％的TiO2和ZnO杂化纺丝溶液，再在上述纺丝液中加入25％硅酸盐阻燃剂，充分搅拌至完全混合，经过滤、熟成、脱泡工序制备得到粘胶纺丝原液，纺丝原液依次经过计量、烛形滤器、连接管而进入喷丝头，从喷丝孔眼中压出的原液细流进入凝固浴，在凝固浴中析出而形成初生纤维，凝固浴中硫酸125g/L，硫酸锌20g/L，硫酸钠330g/L，凝固浴温度为55℃，再经导丝辊牵伸，水洗成中性，脱硫，上油，干燥等工序经过滤、熟成、脱泡后，进行湿法纺丝，制备得到热反射阻燃粘胶纤维，将基布层10与热反射层11经耐高温阻燃黏胶粘合，得到阻燃热反射层1。
(2)隔热层2制备
夹层采用混纺机织物，将37％芳纶1313、30％芳纶1414、30％阻燃粘胶纤维和3％导电纤维混纺纱作为经纬纱，纱线规格为40s/2，采用蜂巢组织结构织造的混纺机织物，蜂巢组织以1/5右斜纹为基础组织的菱形斜纹，采用顺穿穿综方法，织物的经密为348根/10cm，纬密312根/10cm，克重204g/m2，厚度0.55mm。
中间非织造布采用针刺法固网，将70％芳纶1313、27％芳纶1414和3％锦纶基22dt/3f导电纤维混纺，依次经过开松、梳理、纤维铺网、针刺加固、热压加固等方式形成结构疏松，内部存在很多空隙，并具有阻燃防静电功能的非织造布，厚度为2mm，单位面积重量为110g/m2。
中间层SiO2气凝胶以正甲基硅烷为前驱体，采用溶胶-凝胶法，在催化剂的作用下，硅源在溶剂中发生水解，经缩合聚合反应，形成具有三维空间网状骨架结构的SiO2湿凝胶，经老化，表面改性，溶剂交换后干燥制备得到SiO2气凝胶膜，厚度为1mm，考虑到隔热服透气性，可通过物理方式在气凝胶膜上形成均匀的微孔，孔的直径1mm，相邻孔之间的距离为3倍的孔直径，针刺非织造布和SiO2气凝胶膜采用1:1的方式叠层，即一层无纺布，一层SiO2气凝胶膜，通过耐高温阻燃黏胶粘合，得到隔热中间层。
针刺非织造布和SiO2气凝胶膜叠层后，作为中间层，经耐高温阻燃纱线缝制在2层蜂巢织物的中间，得到隔热层2，厚度约为4.1mm。
(3)舒适层3制备
采用混纺纺纱工艺，将30％吸湿排汗纤维，50％棉纤维、20％竹纤维混纺成纱线，织造成混纺机织物，纱线规格为40s，混纺机织物采用透孔组织结构，以变化平纹组织联合而成，织物单位面积重量130g/m2，经密360根/10cm，纬密280根/10cm该层厚度大约0.52mm。
将上述三层面料依次经耐高温阻燃黏胶粘合成整体织物，隔热层2属于中间面料层，其中隔热层2与舒适层3之间采用点状耐高温阻燃黏胶粘合，形成规律的空气隔热空腔，进一步提升热防护服的隔热性能。
以上所述，仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已，并非用于限定本发明的保护范围。

Claims (1)

1.一种高温作业用多功能热防护服面料，其特征在于，该面料从外到内依次包括阻燃热反射层、隔热层和舒适层；所述阻燃热反射层包括永久性阻燃的基布层、及覆于基布层背面的热反射层；所述基布层为阻燃耐高温纤维、普通阻燃纤维与导电纤维混纺织造而成的三粒格机织物；所述热反射层为含热反射粒子的阻燃粘胶纤维织造而成的纬编针织物；所述隔热层为夹层结构；中间层为阻燃非织造布和气凝胶膜叠层构成，夹层为普通阻燃纤维、耐高温纤维和导电纤维混纺织造而成的蜂巢结构机织物；所述舒适层为吸湿排汗纤维和吸湿性纤维素纤维混纺织造而成的透孔结构机织物；
所述基布层由下述质量百分数的纤维织造而成：65％阻燃耐高温纤维、18％阻燃锦纶纤维、15％阻燃粘胶纤维和2％导电纤维；基布层中阻燃耐高温纤维采用芳纶1313、芳纶1414、聚酰亚胺纤维、芳砜纶纤维、PBO纤维中的至少一种；基布层中普通阻燃纤维采用阻燃锦纶和阻燃粘胶纤维；
基布层中的导电纤维采用涤纶基导电纤维长丝、锦纶基导电纤维长丝或黑色碳纤维导电长丝；
隔热夹层中纤维的重量百分比为：耐高温纤维60-70％，普通阻燃纤维27-38％，导电纤维2-3％；隔热夹层中耐高温纤维采用芳纶1313、芳纶1414、聚酰亚胺纤维、芳砜纶纤维、PBO纤维至少一种；隔热夹层中普通阻燃纤维采用阻燃粘胶纤维；隔热夹层中导电纤维采用锦纶基导电纤维；
隔热层的中间层的阻燃非织造布的纤维重量百分比为：耐高温纤维97-98％，导电纤维2-3％；阻燃非织造布中耐高温纤维采用芳纶1313、芳纶1414、芳砜纶纤维至少一种；阻燃非织造布中导电纤维采用锦纶基导电纤维；气凝胶膜的气凝胶为无定型纳米多孔材料，具有连续的三维网络结构；
所述热反射层采用纬编针织物,横密65-70纵行/5cm，纵密为45-50横列/5cm，织物单位面积重量为55-60g/m2；所述热反射层采用硅酸盐系阻燃粘胶纤维；所述热反射粒子采用TiO2、ZnO、AL2 O3至少一种；
所述舒适层中吸湿排汗纤维占30-35％、吸湿性纤维素纤维占65-70％；所述吸湿性纤维素纤维采用竹纤维、棉纤维、阻燃粘胶纤维中至少一种；
所述高温作业用多功能热防护服面料的制备方法，包括如下步骤：
步骤(1)：阻燃热反射层的制备，将阻燃耐高温纤维、普通阻燃纤维、导电纤维混纺，在喷气织机上织造三粒格机织物，得到基布层；经湿法纺丝方法制备含热反射粒子的阻燃粘胶纤维，采用纬编编织得到热反射层；将热反射层覆于基布层背面，制备得到阻燃热反射层；
其中，开清棉过程中，采用梳针打手转速500-540r/min，棉卷定量和长度依据纱线支数和回潮率计算，梳棉工序中锡林、刺辊、道夫均采用适纺中长化纤的新型针布，锡林转速300-330r/min、刺辊转速670-680r/min、道夫转速15-21r/min；采用喷气织机织造三粒格组织结构机织物，格子大小为0.5cm×0.5cm或0.6cm×0.6cm，织物单位重量230-240g/m2，经纬纱密度为200-400根/10cm；
所述经湿法纺丝方法制备含热反射粒子的阻燃粘胶纤维，具体为：首先采用纯净的α-纤维素为原料，加入氢氧化钠40-70g/L，海藻酸钠增稠剂15-25g/L，硅烷类偶联剂70-100g/L，得到橙黄色黏稠的纤维素黄原酸钠粘胶纺丝液；其次将热反射纳米粒子和硅酸盐阻燃剂经研磨加入粘胶纺丝原液中，待充分搅拌混合均匀，得到粘胶纺丝液；最后经过滤、放置、脱泡后，采用湿法纺丝方法进行纺丝，在含硫酸、硫酸钠和硫酸锌凝固浴中固化成形，其中，硫酸110-130g/L，硫酸钠300-33g/L，硫酸锌20-40g/L，将纺成的初生粘胶纤维牵伸、切断、脱硫、漂白、上油、烘干后处理工序，纺成纤维细度为1.2-1.5D的含热反射粒子的阻燃粘胶纤维；
步骤(2)：隔热层的制备，将阻燃耐高温纤维和导电纤维混纺，针刺加固成非织造布；采用溶胶-凝胶法制备得到SiO2气凝胶膜；阻燃非织造布与气凝胶膜叠层制备得到中间层；夹层为耐高温纤维、普通阻燃纤维与导电纤维混纺的蜂巢结构织物；中间层经耐高温阻燃纱线缝制在夹层中间制备得到隔热层；
所述采用溶胶-凝胶法制备得到SiO2气凝胶膜，具体为：以硅源材料为前驱体，采用溶胶-凝胶法制备湿凝胶，经老化，溶剂交换后干燥制备得到SiO2气凝胶膜，厚度为1-2mm；通过物理方式在气凝胶膜上形成均匀的微孔，微孔的直径1-3mm，相邻孔之间的距离为3倍的孔直径；中间叠层方式采用1:1或2:1；步骤(3)：舒适层的制备，将吸湿排汗纤维和吸湿性纤维素纤维混纺成纱线，织造成透孔结构织物，制备得到舒适层；
步骤(4)：将阻燃热反射层、隔热层和舒适层三层面料依次经耐高温阻燃黏胶粘合成整体织物，其中隔热层与舒适层之间采用点状耐高温阻燃黏胶粘合，形成规律的空气隔热空腔。
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