CN114758938A - Weak reflection type folded waveguide slow wave structure - Google Patents
Weak reflection type folded waveguide slow wave structure Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a weak reflection type folded waveguide slow wave structure which comprises a straight waveguide section and a bent area, wherein an impedance matching area is arranged between the straight waveguide section and the bent area and is used for impedance matching connection between the straight waveguide section and the bent area. Because the impedance matching section is introduced into the weak reflection type folding slow wave structure, the good impedance matching is realized, and the slow wave structure has good radio frequency transmission characteristics; meanwhile, compared with the conventional folded waveguide and eccentric circular arc folded waveguide slow-wave structure with the same physical size, the scheme of the invention has excellent reflection performance; compared with the conventional folded waveguide with the same physical size, the coupling impedance of the invention is obviously improved, and the traveling wave tube based on the invention has the physical performance advantages of higher output power, higher interaction efficiency, lower oscillation risk and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of microwave vacuum electronics, in particular to a weak reflection type folded waveguide slow wave structure.
Background
The traveling wave tube based on the vacuum electronics principle has wide application prospects in the fields of radar detection, broadband satellite communication, electronic countermeasure and the like, has the characteristics of high output power, wide frequency band, high efficiency and the like compared with an amplifier based on the solid electronics principle, and can meet the requirements of most of high-power electromagnetic emission systems at present. Generally, a traveling wave tube is mainly composed of a slow wave structure (slow wave line), an electron gun, a magnetic focusing system, an energy input and output coupling structure, and a voltage reduction collection stage. The slow wave structure is a core component of the traveling wave tube, is a main field for transduction of electron beams and electromagnetic waves, and can directly determine the performance of the device through physical characteristics.
In the microwave frequency range, the common slow-wave structure mainly includes two major types, i.e., a helical structure and a coupled cavity structure. The helical line slow wave structure has the advantages of working bandwidth, low synchronous voltage, high interaction efficiency and the like, but the processing of the helical line slow wave structure in millimeter wave and terahertz wave bands is difficult due to the size common degree effect; the coupling cavity slow wave structure is an all-metal cavity structure, has high coupling impedance, can contain large power and has good heat dissipation, but has narrow working bandwidth, so that the application of the coupling cavity slow wave structure in a broadband scene is limited. The folded waveguide slow wave structure has the advantages of wide frequency band, easiness in processing and the like, and is widely applied to the design of millimeter wave and terahertz traveling wave tubes. However, the longitudinal electric field intensity of the folded waveguide slow-wave structure in the electron beam channel is weak, so that the coupling impedance of the conventional folded waveguide slow-wave structure is low, and further, the output power of the traveling-wave tube based on the conventional folded waveguide slow-wave structure is limited, and the electronic efficiency of the device is low. In order to further improve the coupling impedance of the folded waveguide slow wave structure, the ridge-loaded folded waveguide, the eccentric arc folded waveguide and other deformed folded waveguide slow wave structures are proposed and used for designing millimeter wave and terahertz traveling wave tubes.
Referring to fig. 1, the ridge-loaded folded waveguide slow-wave structure is formed by loading a metal ridge sheet on the inner wall of a straight waveguide section of the folded waveguide slow-wave structure; and punching from the top to the tail on the metal wall along the symmetry axis of the slow wave structure to form an electron beam channel. Due to the loading of the ridge, the field of the waveguide gap is enhanced to a certain extent, and when the electron beam is transmitted through the waveguide gap along the electron beam channel, stronger electromagnetic field force acts on the electron beam, so that the energy exchange between the electromagnetic field and the electron beam can be carried out more fully, and the energy of the high-frequency field can be amplified more effectively.
The inventor finds that the ridge-loaded folded waveguide slow-wave structure has the defect that impedance discontinuity points are introduced due to the loading of the metal ridge on the inner wall of the straight waveguide section, impedance mismatch in the slow-wave structure is caused, and electromagnetic waves are reflected in the transmission process, so that the transmission characteristic of the slow-wave structure is deteriorated. Therefore, compared with the folded waveguide traveling wave tube, the working bandwidth of the ridge-loaded folded waveguide traveling wave tube is limited, and the risk of generating self-oscillation is higher.
In order to improve the coupling impedance of the conventional Folded Waveguide and change the frequency range of the first stop band, an eccentric Circular arc Folded Waveguide Slow-Wave Structure (as shown in fig. 2) is proposed (IEEE transmission ELECTRON emission DEVICES, vol.61, No.10, ocber 2014). Similar to a ridge-loaded folded waveguide slow-wave structure, the slow-wave structure improves coupling impedance by changing longitudinal electric field distribution in an electron beam channel.
However, the inventor researches and finds that the eccentric circular arc folded waveguide slow-wave structure has the defect that because the cross sections of the straight waveguide section and the eccentric circular arc bending section are different in the eccentric circular arc folded waveguide slow-wave structure, impedance mismatch easily exists between the straight waveguide section and the eccentric circular arc bending section, and transmission reflection of the slow-wave structure is large. Similar to the ridge-loaded folded waveguide slow wave structure, compared with the folded waveguide traveling wave tube, the working bandwidth of the eccentric arc folded waveguide traveling wave tube is limited, and the risk of generating self-excited oscillation is higher.
Therefore, the invention is provided.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a weak reflection type folded waveguide slow wave structure, which can improve the coupling impedance of a conventional folded waveguide slow wave structure and reduce the reflection coefficient in the slow wave structure.
In order to solve the above problem, an embodiment of the present invention provides a weak reflection type folded waveguide slow wave structure, including a straight waveguide segment and a bending region, where an impedance matching region is disposed between the straight waveguide segment and the bending region, so as to be used for impedance matching connection between the straight waveguide segment and the bending region.
Further, the cross section of the impedance matching region formed on the section perpendicular to the wide surface of the straight waveguide section is triangular.
Further, the bending region comprises an inner arc and an outer arc, the inner arc is eccentric to one side of the electron injection channel close to the slow wave structure, and the outer arc is a non-eccentric arc of 180 degrees.
Further, the slow wave structure is constructed according to the following geometric constraints:
wherein a is the width of the wide side of the folded waveguide, b is the width of the narrow side of the folded waveguide, p is the length of the half period of the folded waveguide, and h1Is the length of the impedance matching region, hinThe inward eccentric distance used for the inner arc of the bending zone.
Further, the slow wave structure also satisfies the following geometric constraints: h is a total of1＝houtWherein h isoutThe eccentric distance of the circle center of the outer circular arc of the bending area.
Further, the radius R of the outer circular arc of the bending areaoutSatisfies the following conditions: rout＝0.5(p+b)。
Further, the radius R of the eccentric inner arc of the bending regioninSatisfies the following conditions:
in the scheme of the invention, the impedance matching section is introduced into the weak reflection type folding slow wave structure, so that good impedance matching is realized, and the slow wave structure has good radio frequency transmission characteristics; meanwhile, compared with the conventional folded waveguide and the eccentric circular arc folded waveguide slow-wave structure with the same physical size, the scheme of the invention has excellent reflection performance; compared with the conventional folded waveguide with the same physical size, the coupling impedance of the scheme of the invention is obviously improved compared with the conventional folded waveguide, and the traveling wave tube based on the scheme of the invention has the physical performance advantages of higher output power, higher interaction efficiency, lower oscillation risk and the like.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a ridge-loaded folded waveguide slow-wave structure in the prior art;
fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a conventional eccentric arc folded waveguide slow wave structure;
FIG. 3 is a schematic side sectional view of a slow-wave structure of a weakly reflective folded waveguide according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a schematic perspective view of a weak reflection type folded waveguide slow wave structure according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a graph comparing the normalized phase velocity of a slow wave structure of an embodiment of the present invention with a conventional folded waveguide;
FIG. 6 is a graph comparing the coupling impedance of a slow wave structure of an embodiment of the present invention with a conventional folded waveguide;
FIG. 7 is a graph comparing reflection parameters of a slow-wave structure according to an embodiment of the present invention with those of a conventional folded waveguide and an eccentric circular arc folded waveguide slow-wave structure.
In the figure: 1-a straight waveguide segment; 2-a bending region; 3-an impedance matching region; 4-electron beam channel.
Detailed Description
The principles and spirit of the present invention will be described with reference to a number of exemplary embodiments shown in the drawings. It should be understood that these embodiments are described only to enable those skilled in the art to better understand and to implement the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any way.
In describing embodiments of the present invention, the terms "include" and its derivatives should be interpreted as being open-ended, i.e., "including but not limited to. The term "based on" should be understood as "based at least in part on". The term "one embodiment" or "the embodiment" should be understood as "at least one embodiment". The terms "first," "second," and the like may refer to different or the same object. Other explicit and implicit definitions are also possible below.
As described above, in the prior art, the ridge-loading folded waveguide slow-wave structure and the eccentric arc folded waveguide slow-wave structure have respective disadvantages. However, the above problems have not been found in the related art, nor have inherent causes of the above problems been found, before the present invention provides the following technical solutions to solve the above disadvantages and problems.
In view of this, the inventors have not only found the technical problems of the two slow-wave structures described above, but also conducted research and analysis on the above technical problems. The inventor finds out through research that the inherent cause of the problems is solved by using a smart technical concept.
The technical scheme of the invention will be described in connection with the thinking process of the inventor when the inventor makes the improvement of the invention, and it should be understood that the part of the thinking process is also part of the creative work of the inventor.
The slow wave structure provided by the embodiment of the invention is a component part of a traveling wave tube, and the traveling wave tube mainly comprises the slow wave structure, an electron gun, a magnetic focusing system, a high-frequency input-output structure and a voltage reduction collection stage. In the working process of the traveling wave tube, an electron beam emitted by an electron gun exchanges energy with an electromagnetic field in a slow wave structure; in the magnetic focusing system, the space charge repulsive force existing in the electron beam is counteracted by utilizing the magnetic field force, and the electron beam is restrained to smoothly pass through the whole slow wave structure without being intercepted; the slow wave structure has the main functions of transmitting high-frequency electromagnetic waves and reducing the phase speed of the electromagnetic waves to be close to the injection speed of the electron beam, is a main place for realizing the injection-wave interaction, and modulates the electron beam to enable the electron beam to give out energy to the high-frequency electromagnetic field. The high-frequency input and output structure is mainly used for coupling high-frequency input signal energy into the slow wave structure and coupling the amplified high-frequency signal energy onto an output loop; the collecting stage is used for collecting electrons which have been converted into electromagnetic field energy, and the electrons are converted into heat energy to be dissipated when striking the collecting stage.
As mentioned above, the slow wave structure is a core component in the traveling wave tube, and the dispersion characteristic, coupling impedance and rf transmission characteristic of the slow wave structure play a critical role in the performance of the device. The dispersion characteristic is one of the key characteristics of a slow wave structure, and can determine indexes such as synchronous working voltage, working bandwidth and the like of a traveling wave tube; the coupling impedance is another key characteristic of the slow wave structure, generally depends on parameters such as longitudinal electric field intensity, transmission power flow and the like in an electron beam channel, and is related to a series of important indexes such as output power, interaction efficiency, output gain and the like of a traveling wave tube; in addition, the transmission performance of the slow-wave structure in millimeter wave and terahertz wave bands is obviously deteriorated, the interaction efficiency and gain of the device are reduced due to the increase of transmission loss, the self-oscillation risk in the high-gain traveling-wave tube is increased due to the deterioration of reflection performance, and therefore the radio-frequency transmission characteristic of the slow-wave structure determines the physical performance of the device to a great extent.
The inventor finds that the conventional folded waveguide slow-wave structure has proper radio-frequency transmission performance, but the coupling impedance of the conventional folded waveguide slow-wave structure is low, so that the output power and the electronic efficiency of the conventional folded waveguide traveling-wave tube are low; the inventor also finds that the ridge-loaded folded waveguide slow-wave structure and the eccentric circular arc folded waveguide slow-wave structure proposed in the prior art can both realize longitudinal electric field enhancement inside an electron beam channel, but the reflection coefficient is increased due to impedance mismatching between a curved section and a straight waveguide section of the slow-wave structure, so that the risk of self-oscillation of a traveling wave tube based on the slow-wave structure is increased.
Accordingly, the embodiment of the invention provides a weak reflection type folded waveguide slow wave structure, as shown in fig. 3 and 4. Different from the prior art, in the embodiment of the present invention, an impedance matching region 3 with a triangular cross section is added between a straight waveguide section 1 and a bent region 2 of a folded waveguide slow wave structure (the cross section is a section cut from the vertical direction, that is, the cross section is perpendicular to the wide surface of the straight waveguide section 1 and is overlapped with or parallel to the axis of an electron injection channel 4) to realize impedance matching connection between the straight waveguide section 1 and the bent region 2, so as to reduce transmission reflection in the slow wave structure. In one embodiment, the impedance matching region 3 is a cavity structure with an outer wall made of a metal material. In addition, in one embodiment, the bottom surface of the impedance matching region 3 is a continuous plane formed by extending from one top edge of the inner wall of the straight waveguide section 1 to the other top edge, and the vertical surface of the impedance matching region 3 is a continuous plane formed by extending from the top edge of the inner wall of the straight waveguide section 1 near the outer side of the slow wave structure and upwards according to the designed length. The inclined surface of the impedance matching section 3 is a continuous plane formed by extending from the top edge of the vertical surface of the impedance matching section 3 to the edge of the bottom surface of the impedance matching section 3 near the inner side of the slow wave structure, so that the cross section of the impedance matching section 3 forms a triangle.
Further, in order to improve the longitudinal electric field intensity of the slow wave structure in the electron beam channel 4, the inner arc of the bending region 2 is designed to be an inward eccentric arc (the circle center is close to the electron beam channel side), and the outer arc of the bending region 2 is designed to be a non-eccentric 180-degree arc curve to achieve smooth connection with the impedance matching area, so that the reflection is not deteriorated while the coupling impedance of the slow wave structure is improved.
In one embodiment, the dimensions of the slow-wave structure of the weakly-reflective folded waveguide of the present invention are as shown in fig. 3 and 4, the wide side of the folded waveguide is a, the narrow side of the folded waveguide is b, the length of the straight waveguide segment is h, the half-period length of the folded waveguide is p, the diameter of the electron beam channel is d, and the length of the impedance matching region is h1The inner arc of the bending region adopts an inward eccentric distance (OO)1) Is hinEccentricity (OO) of the center of the outer circular arc of the bending region2) Is houtThe radius of the inner circular arc in the bending area is RinThe radius of the circular arc in the bending area is Rout. O is the center point between the top edges of the outer walls of adjacent straight waveguide sections, i.e.Are dots when the inner arc of the inflection zone is non-eccentric if constructed according to a 180 degree arc. O is2Is the center of an outer circular arc of the bending region, O1Is the center of an inner circular arc in the bending area.
The above structural parameters need to satisfy the following geometric constraint relationship:
1. in order to meet the requirement that the electromagnetic wave keeps the main mode TE in the transmission process10The mode transmission and impedance matching region can realize impedance matching effect, and the length h of the impedance matching region1The following relationship needs to be satisfied:
2. to ensure smooth connection of the outer arc impedance matching region of the bend region, the length h of the impedance matching region1Simultaneously, the requirements are satisfied: h is a total of1＝hout；
3. The radius of the outer arc of the bending area is RoutThe requirements are as follows: r isout＝0.5(p+b)；
4. The radius of the eccentric inner circular arc of the bending area is RinThe requirements are as follows:
example 1
Taking a slow wave structure of a W-band millimeter wave traveling wave tube as an example, the length a of a wide edge is 1.8mm, the length h of a straight waveguide segment is 0.52mm, the length p of a half period of a folded waveguide is 0.6mm, the diameter d of an electron beam channel is 0.48mm, and the length h of an impedance matching region is selected1Is 0.05mm, and the inner arc of the bending area adopts an inward eccentric distance hin0.1mm, and the eccentric distance h of the center of the outer arc of the bending areaoutIs 0.05 mm.
It can be found from simulation results (as shown in fig. 5), under the condition of the same size structure, the invention has higher normalized phase velocity and flatter dispersion curve compared with the conventional folded waveguide, which indicates that the traveling wave tube based on the scheme of the invention has higher synchronous voltage and wider synchronous bandwidth.
As shown in fig. 6, it can be seen that the coupling impedance of the slow-wave structure of the embodiment of the present invention is significantly higher than that of the conventional folded waveguide within the operating frequency band, and the coupling impedance at a typical frequency of 94GHz is about 37.5% higher than that of the conventional sine waveguide, which indicates that the traveling-wave tube based on the slow-wave structure of the embodiment of the present invention will have larger output power, higher interaction efficiency and output gain.
Using the structural parameters of the weakly reflecting folded slow-wave structure given above in the example of the present invention, 23 dominant periods were selected to set the effective conductivity to 2.25X 107And (5) S/m. A transmission characteristic calculation model is established in electromagnetic simulation software, a simulation calculation result of the transmission parameters of the weak reflection type folded slow wave structure can be obtained by solving through time domain simulation in the software, and the simulation calculation result is compared with a conventional folded waveguide and an eccentric arc folded waveguide slow wave structure in the prior scheme-2, as shown in fig. 7. In the range of 88-102GHz working frequency band, the reflection parameter of the weak reflection type folding slow wave structure is less than-23.7 dB, and is 10dB lower than that of a conventional folding waveguide and the weak reflection type folding slow wave structure, which shows that the weak reflection type folding slow wave structure in the scheme of the invention has good radio frequency transmission performance.
According to the simulation analysis result of the embodiment of the invention, the weak reflection type folding slow wave structure introduces the impedance matching section to realize good impedance matching, and the slow wave structure has good radio frequency transmission characteristics; meanwhile, compared with the conventional folded waveguide and eccentric circular arc folded waveguide slow-wave structure with the same physical size, the scheme of the invention has excellent reflection performance; compared with the conventional folded waveguide with the same physical size, the coupling impedance of the scheme of the invention is obviously improved compared with the conventional folded waveguide, and the traveling wave tube based on the scheme of the invention has the physical performance advantages of higher output power, higher interaction efficiency, lower oscillation risk and the like.
The inventive concept is explained in detail herein using specific examples, which are only provided to help understanding the core idea of the present invention. It should be understood that any obvious modifications, equivalents and other improvements made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention are all included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. A weak reflection type folded waveguide slow wave structure is characterized by comprising a straight waveguide section and a bent region, wherein an impedance matching region is arranged between the straight waveguide section and the bent region and used for impedance matching connection between the straight waveguide section and the bent region.
2. The slow-wave structure of claim 1, wherein the impedance matching region has a triangular cross-section in a plane perpendicular to a broad face of the straight waveguide section.
3. The slow wave structure of claim 1, wherein the inflection region comprises an inner arc and an outer arc, the inner arc being off-centered toward a side proximate to an electron injection channel of the slow wave structure, the outer arc being a non-off-centered 180 degree arc.
4. The weakly-reflective folded waveguide slow-wave structure of claim 3, wherein the slow-wave structure is configured according to the following geometric constraints:
wherein a is the width of the wide side of the folded waveguide, b is the width of the narrow side of the folded waveguide, p is the length of the half period of the folded waveguide, and h1Is the length of the impedance matching region, hinThe inward eccentricity distance used for the inner arc of the bending zone.
5. The weakly reflective folded waveguide slow wave structure of claim 4, wherein the slow wave structure further satisfies the following geometric constraints: h is1＝houtWherein h isoutThe eccentric distance of the circle center of the outer circular arc of the bending area.
6. The weakly-reflective folded waveguide slow wave structure of claim 5, wherein a radius R of an outer arc of the inflection region outSatisfies the following conditions: r isout＝0.5(p+b)。
7. The slow wave structure of the weakly reflective folded waveguide of claim 6, wherein a radius R of an eccentric inner circular arc of the bending regioninSatisfies the following conditions:
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN115083866A (en) * | 2022-07-19 | 2022-09-20 | 电子科技大学 | A sinusoidal meandering waveguide slow wave component and traveling wave tube |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN115083866A (en) * | 2022-07-19 | 2022-09-20 | 电子科技大学 | A sinusoidal meandering waveguide slow wave component and traveling wave tube |
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