CN114698748A - Method for estimating optimal energy-protein ratio and feed - Google Patents
Method for estimating optimal energy-protein ratio and feed Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for estimating an optimal energy-protein ratio and a feed, comprising the following steps of: (1) common feed raw materials of corn-soybean meal are used as basic daily ration, and bran and soybean oil are used for preparing a compound feed with different metabolic energy AME grades; (2) all the raw materials are crushed and mixed evenly, and 5 percent of water is added for granulation for standby; (3) adopting a single-factor complete random test design, and selecting a health test duck to feed; (4) calculating the production performance in the feeding stage; at least 1 duck close to the average weight is selected to carry out slaughter test every repetition at the end of the test, and slaughter performance is measured; collecting blood plasma, and measuring alanine aminotransferase AST and aspartate aminotransferase AST. (5) The optimal energy to protein ratio was calculated according to a straight line polyline regression model (y = l + u (r-x)). According to the method, the optimal energy-protein ratio is estimated by establishing the regression model of the energy-protein ratio, the production performance and the slaughtering performance, the result is more accurate, the application value is higher, and the efficient utilization of feed resources is realized.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to feed, belongs to the technical field of meat duck feed, and particularly relates to an estimation method of feed optimal energy-protein ratio for reducing the abdominal fat rate of Sansui ducks and improving feed conversion efficiency and feed.
Background
In the process of breeding the Sansui duck, the energy and protein raw materials account for more than 80% of the feed cost, while the energy and protein nutrition in the compound feed are not isolated, and the proportion of the energy and protein nutrition in the compound feed is very critical for improving the growth speed of the meat duck, improving the feed conversion efficiency, reducing fat deposition and the like. Poultry have The characteristic of being "capable of eating", The total energy actually taken in is not influenced by The energy concentration of The feed by regulating and controlling The feed intake (Leeson, S., Caston, L., Summers, J.D.,1996.Broiler response to di energy. Poultry Sci.75, 529-535; Xie, M., ZHao, J.N., Hou, S.S., Huang, W.,2010.The appropriate amount of soluble energy requirement of White Pekin duckling from ha to 3 weeks of animal science, technique.157, 95-98.), The protein energy-protein ratio is lower, The feed conversion efficiency is reduced, and The cultivation is uneconomical; the excessive deposition of body fat is caused by the higher energy-protein ratio, the economic benefit of cultivation is poor, most abdominal fat flows into an oil mill as leftovers and is not directly utilized, and on the other hand, when the energy-protein ratio is unbalanced, other nutrients are rebalanced, the total nutrients are not balanced, and the feed conversion rate is reduced. In summary, an appropriate energy to protein ratio is critical for reducing abdominal fat deposition and increasing feed conversion efficiency. The specific values of the Energy to protein ratio (Energy/CP) are: the energy corresponding to the gram number of crude protein in each unit weight (kg) of feed or daily ration is an index reflecting the balance degree of energy and protein in the compound daily ration, so the selection of the proper energy-protein ratio in the compound feed becomes a key problem concerned by feed enterprises and breeding industries.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide the feed formula with the optimal energy-protein ratio for reducing the abdominal fat rate of the Sansui duck and improving the feed conversion efficiency, overcomes the defects in the prior art and realizes the efficient utilization of feed resources.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following scheme: a method for estimating an optimal energy-protein ratio based on abdominal fat rate and productivity, comprising the steps of:
(1) the method is characterized in that common feed raw materials of corn and soybean meal are used as basic daily ration, bran and soybean oil are used for preparing compound feed with different metabolic energy (AME) grade differences, the compound feed is arranged in an equal gradient of 2600 kcal/kg-3200 kcal/kg, at least 6 gradients are arranged, the water content of other nutrients except the metabolic energy averagely reaches the nutrient level recommended by meat duck feeding standard, and the crude protein content is 19 percent.
(2) All the raw materials are crushed and mixed uniformly, 5% of water is added, the particle size of the granules is not more than 2mm, and the granules are dried in the dark for later use after being granulated.
(3) A single-factor completely random test design is adopted, the health test ducks are selected and randomly divided into 6 treatments, each treatment is at least 7 times, and each time is at least 8 ducks. Different treatments are used to feed different energy levels of complete feed.
(4) Calculating the production performance in the feeding stage, comprising: daily gain, feed consumption, feed conversion efficiency, energy intake, crude protein intake and energy and protein intake ratio; at least 1 duck with weight close to the average weight is selected at the end of the test to carry out slaughter test, and slaughter performance is measured, wherein the slaughter performance comprises the following steps: chest muscle rate, leg muscle rate, abdominal fat rate, sebum rate, and liver body rate. Plasma was collected and assayed for alanine Aminotransferase (AST) and aspartate Aminotransferase (AST).
(5) The optimal energy-protein ratio was calculated from a linear polygonal regression model (y ═ l + u × (r-x)) using the actually ingested energy-protein ratio as the independent variable x and the abdominal fat ratio and the productivity as the dependent variable y.
Wherein: u represents the slope of the curve; l is the inflection point when r is x; r represents the lowest abdominal fat rate or the best productivity.
In the method for estimating the optimal energy-protein ratio, the health test ducks are parthenocarpic or half of male and female.
The method for estimating the optimal energy-protein ratio comprises the following steps of: firstly preparing two groups of feed (2600kcal/kg and 3100kcal/kg) with low energy and high energy, wherein the formula of the low energy feed (2600kcal/kg) is as follows: 48% of corn, 19% of bran, 28.77% of soybean meal, 0.3% of salt, 1.39% of calcium hydrophosphate, 1.29% of stone powder, 1% of premix compound, 0.15% of DL-methionine and 0.1% of lysine salt. The formula of the high-energy feed (3100kcal/kg) is as follows: 52 percent of corn, 4.7 percent of bran, 32.6 percent of soybean meal, 0.3 percent of salt, 1.58 percent of calcium hydrophosphate, 1.2 percent of stone powder, 6.4 percent of soybean oil, 1 percent of premix compound, 0.17 percent of DL-methionine and 0.05 percent of lysine salt. Then, the high and low energy feeds were mixed in a ratio (1: 0, 4: 1, 3: 2, 2: 3, 1: 4 and 0: 1) to a feed of 2600, 2700, 2800, 2900, 3000, and 3100 kcal/kg.
In particular, the invention relates to the formulation of a feed with an optimal energy-protein ratio, estimated on the basis of abdominal fat percentage and production performance, for any one or more of the following purposes: the optimal feed conversion efficiency, abdominal fat rate reduction, daily gain and liver injury index reduction are achieved.
Preferably, after the feeding test is finished, the energy-protein ratio actually ingested is calculated, the energy-protein ratio actually ingested is used as an independent variable x, the abdominal fat rate is used as a dependent variable y, the optimal energy-protein ratio is calculated according to a straight line broken line regression model (y ═ l + u × (r-x)), and the inflection point of the energy-protein ratio is 14.96(kcal/g), namely: when the energy-protein ratio is lower than 14.96(kcal/g), the abdominal fat rate is increased in a plateau stage, and the corresponding feed formula is as follows: 50.6 percent of corn, 9.71 percent of bran, 31.26 percent of soybean meal, 0.3 percent of salt, 1.51 percent of calcium hydrophosphate, 1.23 percent of stone powder, 4.16 percent of soybean oil, 1 percent of premix, 0.16 percent of DL-methionine and 0.07 percent of lysine salt.
Preferably, after the feeding test is finished, calculating an energy-protein ratio actually ingested, and calculating an optimal energy-protein ratio according to a straight line broken line regression model (y ═ l + u × (r-x)) with the energy-protein ratio actually ingested as an independent variable x and the material-weight ratio as a dependent variable y, wherein an inflection point of the energy-protein ratio is 14.27(kcal/g), namely: at energy to protein ratios higher than 14.27(kcal/g), the reduction in feed weight ratio is at plateau and corresponds to a feed formulation: 49.52 percent of corn, 13.57 percent of bran, 30.22 percent of soybean meal, 0.3 percent of salt, 1.46 percent of calcium hydrophosphate, 1.26 percent of stone powder, 2.43 percent of soybean oil, 1 percent of premix, 0.16 percent of DL-methionine and 0.08 percent of lysine salt.
Preferably, after the feeding test is finished, calculating an energy-protein ratio actually ingested, calculating an optimal energy-protein ratio according to a linear broken line regression model (y ═ l + u × (r-x)) by taking the energy-protein ratio actually ingested as an independent variable x and the daily gain as a dependent variable y, wherein an inflection point of the energy-protein ratio is 13.96(kcal/g), namely: at energy to protein ratios above 13.96(kcal/g), the increase in daily gain is at a plateau, corresponding to a feed formulation: 49.03 percent of corn, 15.3 percent of bran, 29.76 percent of soybean meal, 0.3 percent of salt, 1.44 percent of calcium hydrophosphate, 1.27 percent of stone powder, 1.65 percent of soybean oil, 1 percent of premix, 0.16 percent of DL-methionine and 0.09 percent of lysine salt.
Preferably, after the feeding test is finished, collecting plasma, measuring ALT and AST, and taking the ALT and AST as evaluation indexes, the result shows that when the energy-protein ratio is higher than 13.91(kcal/g), the AST is remarkably reduced, which indicates that the energy-protein ratio cannot be lower than 13.91(kcal/g), and the corresponding feed formula is as follows: 48.96% of corn, 15.57% of bran, 29.69% of soybean meal, 0.3% of salt, 1.44% of calcium hydrogen phosphate, 1.27% of stone powder, 1.54% of soybean oil, 1% of premix, 0.15% of DL-methionine and 0.09% of lysine salt.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) according to the invention, the feed intake is regulated and controlled by matching daily ration with the same crude protein content but different energy concentrations, the actual energy, protein intake and energy-protein ratio of the meat duck are calculated according to the feed intake, the theoretical calculated value is replaced by the actual value, the result is more accurate, and the application value is higher;
(2) the experimental design belongs to single-factor random experimental design, only has one variable of the energy concentration of the feed, and is more simplified compared with the two-factor experimental design in the prior art;
(3) the invention can avoid the excessive deposition of abdominal fat caused by too low energy-protein ratio and avoid the low biological potency of protein and feed conversion efficiency caused by too high energy-protein ratio by taking the abdominal fat rate and the production performance as evaluation indexes.
(4) The optimal energy-protein ratio is estimated by establishing a regression model of the energy-protein ratio (independent variable) and the production performance and slaughter performance (dependent variable), wherein the regression model not only shows the significant relation between the independent variable and the dependent variable; and the influence strength of the independent variable on the dependent variable is shown, so that the method can obtain more accurate test results.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the experimental design of the present invention.
Detailed Description
Example 1: the influence of the metabolism energy concentration of the daily ration of the Sansui duck on the actual energy and protein intake of the Sansui duck at 0-4 weeks when the crude protein is 19.55% is researched by adopting a single-factor completely random experimental design and using a corn-soybean meal basic daily ration, and the result is shown in table 1: the energy intake and the protein intake have no obvious influence (P is more than 0.05) along with the increase of the feed AME level, but the protein intake has a linear increasing trend (P is less than 0.05), the calculation shows that the energy-protein ratio actually taken is linear (P is less than 0.05) and the quadratic curve model is increased (P is less than 0.05) along with the increase of the feed AME level, and the results show that the energy-protein ratio taken is regulated and controlled by the feed energy concentration.
Table 1: influence of daily metabolic energy concentration of Sansui duck on energy and protein intake of Sansui duck of 0-4 weeks old
Example 2: the energy-protein ratio of the ingested feed is regulated and controlled through the feed energy concentration, and as a result, the end weight and the average daily increment are linearly increased (P < 0.05) along with the increase of the energy-protein ratio, and when the energy-protein ratio reaches 13.91(kcal/g), the end weight and the average daily increment basically reach a plateau phase. The material-weight ratio linearly decreases with the gradual increase of the energy-protein ratio, and the P is less than 0.05), a linear broken line model is used for fitting the regression relation of the energy-protein ratio and the material-weight ratio, and the result shows that: when the egg energy ratio is 14.27(kcal/g) (i.e. CP is 19.55%, AME is 2789.8kcal/kg), the curve reaches the lowest inflection point, which is 2.30(g/g), namely: an optimum material weight ratio of 2.30(g/g) was obtained. The fitted curve is y-2.3025 +0.5536 (14.2668-x), P-0.0429, R20.88). Fitting a regression relation between the energy egg ratio and the average daily gain by using a linear broken line model, and displaying the result: at an egg-specific energy of 13.96(kcal/g) (i.e., CP 19.55%, AME 2729.2kcal/kg), the curve reached the lowest inflection point, which was 25.06(g/g), i.e.: the optimal daily gain is 25.06C. The fitted curve is y-25.06-5.6607 (13.9559-x), P-0.0439, R2＝0.86)。
Table 2: influence of Sansui duck energy and protein ratio on production performance of 0-4 week-old Sansui duck
Example 3: the energy-protein ratio of the intake is regulated and controlled through the energy concentration of the feed, and the result shows that the abdominal fat rate is linearly increased (P is less than 0.05) along with the increase of the energy-protein ratio, and a regression relation between the energy-protein ratio and the abdominal fat rate is fitted by using a straight line broken line model, and the result shows that: at an egg capacity ratio of 14.96(kcal/g) (i.e., CP of 19.55%, AME of 2924.7kcal/kg), the curve reached an inflection point of 0.554 (%), i.e.: the lowest abdominal fat rate was 0.554 (%). The fitted curve is y-0.5537-0.2007 (14.9596-x), P-0.0469, R20.87). When the specific energy-protein ratio is 14.96(kcal/g), the thoracic and leg muscle production is not affected.
Table 3: influence of Sansui duck energy-protein ratio on slaughtering performance of 0-4-week-old Sansui ducks
| Egg ratio (kcal/g) | Percentage of leg muscle/%) | Chest muscle rate/%) | Myogastric index/% | Abdominal fat rate/%) | Liver rate/% |
| 13.35 | 10.55 | 1.33 | 5.06 | 0.223c | 2.11 |
| 13.91 | 11.54 | 1.39 | 3.92 | 0.359bc | 1.93 |
| 14.42 | 10.87 | 1.53 | 4.25 | 0.437b | 2.04 |
| 14.99 | 10.59 | 1.22 | 4.67 | 0.524ba | 1.98 |
| 15.50 | 10.43 | 1.50 | 4.16 | 0.491ba | 1.95 |
| 16.06 | 10.48 | 1.46 | 4.92 | 0.646a | 2.00 |
| Aggregate standard error | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
| Effect of AME | 0.1547 | 0.5821 | 0.3343 | 0.0007 | 0.7397 |
| Linear effect | 0.1563 | 0.5338 | 0.8964 | <.0001 | 0.4522 |
| Effect of quadratic curve | 0.3576 | 0.9630 | 0.1138 | 0.5539 | 0.4625 |
Example 4: the energy-protein ratio of the intake is regulated and controlled by the energy concentration of the feed, and the result shows that ALT and AST are linearly reduced (P is less than 0.05) along with the increase of the energy-protein ratio, which indicates that the energy-protein ratio is too low to cause liver injury.
Claims (7)
1. A method for estimating an optimal energy-to-protein ratio, comprising the steps of:
(1) the method comprises the following steps of (1) preparing a compound feed with different metabolism energy AME grades by using common feed raw materials of corn and soybean meal as basic daily ration and wheat bran and soybean oil, setting the compound feed in an equal gradient manner within a range of 2600 kcal/kg-3200 kcal/kg, setting at least 6 gradients, wherein the water levels of other nutrients except metabolism energy averagely reach the recommended nutrition level of meat duck feeding standard, and the content of crude protein is 19%;
(2) all the raw materials are crushed and uniformly mixed, 5 percent of water is added, the particle size of the granules is not more than 2mm, and the granules are dried in the dark for standby;
(3) selecting health test ducks by adopting a single-factor complete random test design, and randomly dividing the health test ducks into 6 treatments, wherein each treatment is at least 7 repetitions, and each repetition is at least 8 ducks; feeding complete feed with different energy levels respectively by different treatments;
(4) calculating the production performance in the feeding stage, comprising: daily gain, feed consumption, feed conversion efficiency, energy intake, crude protein intake and energy and protein intake ratio; at the end of the test, selecting at least 1 duck with approximate average weight for slaughter test every repetition, and determining slaughter performance, wherein the test comprises the following steps: chest muscle rate, leg muscle rate, abdominal fat rate, sebum rate, liver rate; collecting blood plasma, and measuring alanine aminotransferase AST and aspartate aminotransferase AST;
(5) the optimal energy-protein ratio was calculated from a linear polygonal regression model (y = l + u (r-x)) using the actual ingested energy-protein ratio as the independent variable x and the abdominal fat ratio and the productivity as the dependent variable y.
2. The method for estimating optimal energy to protein ratio as claimed in claim 1, wherein said healthy test ducks are of the sex type or the sex and mother half.
3. The method for estimating the optimal energy-protein ratio as claimed in claim 1, wherein the compound feed with different levels of the metabolic energy AME is prepared by: firstly, preparing two groups of feeds, namely 2600kcal/kg and 3100kcal/kg, wherein the low-energy feed formula 2600kcal/kg comprises the following components: 48% of corn, 19% of bran, 28.77% of soybean meal, 0.3% of salt, 1.39% of calcium hydrophosphate, 1.29% of stone powder, 1% of premix compound, 0.15% of DL-methionine and 0.1% of lysine salt; the formula of 3100kcal/kg high-energy feed comprises: 52% of corn, 4.7% of bran, 32.6% of soybean meal, 0.3% of salt, 1.58% of calcium hydrophosphate, 1.2% of stone powder, 6.4% of soybean oil, 1% of premix, 0.17% of DL-methionine and 0.05% of lysine salt; then, the high-energy and low-energy feeds are mixed according to the proportion of 1: 0. 4: 1. 3: 2. 2: 3. 1: 4 and 0: 1 to 2600kcal/kg, 2700kcal/kg, 2800kcal/kg, 2900kcal/kg, 3000kcal/kg and 3100kcal/kg of feed.
4. A duck feed capable of reducing abdominal fat rate is characterized in that: the method of claim 1, wherein after the feeding test is finished, the energy-protein ratio actually ingested is calculated, the energy-protein ratio actually ingested is used as an independent variable x, the abdominal fat rate is used as a dependent variable y, the optimal energy-protein ratio is calculated according to a straight line broken line regression model (y = l + u (r-x)), and the inflection point of the energy-protein ratio is 14.96(kcal/g), namely: when the energy-protein ratio is lower than 14.96(kcal/g), the increase of abdominal fat rate is in a plateau stage, and the corresponding feed formula is as follows: 50.6 percent of corn, 9.71 percent of bran, 31.26 percent of soybean meal, 0.3 percent of salt, 1.51 percent of calcium hydrophosphate, 1.23 percent of stone powder, 4.16 percent of soybean oil, 1 percent of premix, 0.16 percent of DL-methionine and 0.07 percent of lysine salt.
5. The utility model provides a improve duck fodder of feed conversion efficiency which characterized in that: the method of claim 1, wherein after the feeding test is finished, the energy-protein ratio actually ingested is calculated, the energy-protein ratio actually ingested is used as an independent variable x, the material-weight ratio is used as a dependent variable y, the optimal energy-protein ratio is calculated according to a straight line broken line regression model (y = l + u (r-x)), and the inflection point of the energy-protein ratio is 14.27(kcal/g), namely: at energy to protein ratios higher than 14.27(kcal/g), the reduction in feed weight ratio is at plateau and corresponds to a feed formulation: 49.52 percent of corn, 13.57 percent of bran, 30.22 percent of soybean meal, 0.3 percent of salt, 1.46 percent of calcium hydrophosphate, 1.26 percent of stone powder, 2.43 percent of soybean oil, 1 percent of premix, 0.16 percent of DL-methionine and 0.08 percent of lysine salt.
6. A duck feed for increasing daily gain is characterized in that: the method of claim 1, wherein after the feeding test is finished, the energy-protein ratio actually ingested is calculated, the energy-protein ratio actually ingested is used as an independent variable x, the daily gain is used as a dependent variable y, the optimal energy-protein ratio is calculated according to a straight line broken line regression model (y = l + u (r-x)), and the inflection point of the energy-protein ratio is 13.96(kcal/g), namely: at energy to protein ratios above 13.96(kcal/g), the increase in daily gain is at a plateau, corresponding to a feed formulation: 49.03 percent of corn, 15.3 percent of bran, 29.76 percent of soybean meal, 0.3 percent of salt, 1.44 percent of calcium hydrophosphate, 1.27 percent of stone powder, 1.65 percent of soybean oil, 1 percent of premix, 0.16 percent of DL-methionine and 0.09 percent of lysine salt.
7. A duck feed for reducing liver injury is characterized in that: by adopting the method of claim 1, after the feeding test is finished, collecting plasma, measuring ALT and AST, and taking the ALT and AST as evaluation indexes, the AST is remarkably reduced when the energy-protein ratio is higher than 13.91(kcal/g), which indicates that the energy-protein ratio cannot be lower than 13.91(kcal/g), and the corresponding feed formula is as follows: 48.96% of corn, 15.57% of bran, 29.69% of soybean meal, 0.3% of salt, 1.44% of calcium hydrogen phosphate, 1.27% of stone powder, 1.54% of soybean oil, 1% of premix, 0.15% of DL-methionine and 0.09% of lysine salt.
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Non-Patent Citations (4)
| Title |
|---|
| G.M. PESTI ET AL.: "A comparison of methods to estimate nutritional requirements from experimental data", BRITISH POULTRY SCIENCE, vol. 50, pages 16 - 32 * |
| M.L.SCOTT ET AL.: "Studies on Duck Nutrition 7.EFFECT OF DIETARY ENERGY: PROTEIN RELATIONSHIPS UPON GROWTH, FEED UTILIZATION AND CARCASS COMPOSITION IN MARKET DUCKLINGS", POULTRY SCIENCE, vol. 38, pages 497 - 507 * |
| 闻治国等: "不同填饲量对北京鸭胴体品质、体脂沉积和营养物质表观消化率的影响", 畜牧兽医学报, vol. 43, pages 1247 - 1254 * |
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