CN114379652A - 用于汽车构造的支撑结构、用于实现其的方法以及面板 - Google Patents
用于汽车构造的支撑结构、用于实现其的方法以及面板 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于汽车等的承载结构,包括底盘(2)、壳体(3)、底板或其它部件,其中至少一部分(13,15,16)由复合蜂窝面板(20)制成。根据本发明,这种面板(20)设置有由高强度聚合物材料制成的外部加强层(25,26),所述高强度聚合物材料例如为碳纤维、芳族聚酰胺纤维、玻璃纤维等。
Description
技术领域
本发明总体上涉及汽车结构,例如但不限于底板、底盘、车身及其部件。
值得指出的是,尽管在以下描述和权利要求中将主要参照汽车,无论是普通汽车还是跑车,但是本发明可以应用于一般的机动车辆,例如全地形车辆、厢式货车、卡车或用于在行人区域或地区中的进行乘客运输的电动车辆。
背景技术
众所周知,汽车承载结构在其构造和用于制造它们的材料方面都经历了许多演变的步骤。
由于这显然不是其合适的地方,所以不需要讲述这种演变的故事,简单来说,用于汽车及其部件的承载结构的设计和制造必须试图实现不总是相互一致的若干目标,包括机械强度和抗应力性(扭转、弯曲、振动等)、重量和成本的降低、产生机动车辆的复杂形状和轮廓的可能性以及工业规模生产。
由于这些原因,随着时间的推移,已经设计了若干解决方案,范围从通过连接具有圆形、正方形或矩形横截面的简单管而获得的普通底盘,从而形成网状结构,到具有点焊钢板主体的更复杂的结构,这是工业汽车生产中最普遍的解决方案。
还存在利用诸如铝和镁的轻质材料的更先进的解决方案,其需要特别的和更昂贵的处理(例如铸造)。
这就是为什么现在通常通过组装复合面板(也称为“夹层结构”)来制造汽车底盘、底板和车身部件;实际上,这些是这样的面板,其中由蜂窝或多孔结构组成的中央芯体插入在由铝制成的两个平坦外表面或“表皮”之间。
外表面是通过焊接、粘接或其它等效连接类型固定到蜂窝芯体上的铝片或铝板。
这种技术使得可以制造结合了轻重量和承受高负载(尤其是峰值负载和弯曲/扭曲应力)的能力的平坦结构构件。
然而,复合面板不允许制造复杂的凹形、凸形或更普遍的弯曲的形状;在这种情况下,必须将几个平板结合,这使得所得到的结构的机械强度较小,因为接合处(通常通过铆钉、螺钉等实现)通过引入不连续的点而整体上削弱了结构。
为此,本申请人提出了一种解决方案,其中一个铝面或铝板在几个相邻的蜂窝芯体上延伸,以便消除它们之间的接合处。
欧洲专利EP1897788中描述的这种解决方案使得可以改善汽车底盘和底板的机械强度性能,即使事实上面板之间的接合处仅受到铝板或铝制表皮的影响。
然而,这可能导致在制造大型底盘时的临界状态;为了克服这个缺点,从专利EP1897788中已知在底盘的最受应力的区域中应用加强构件。
这种构件由板、型材或其它部件构成,然而这增加了重量和复杂性,并且至少部分地减少了由复合蜂窝面板提供的重量优点。
因此,基于本发明的技术问题是克服在上述现有技术的描述中强调的限制。
发明内容
换句话说,本发明的目的是提供一种新型的汽车承载结构或底板或底盘,其使用复合蜂窝面板,并且与上述已知结构相比具有改进的机械强度性能。
解决该问题的想法是提供由高强度聚合物材料制成和/或用高强度聚合物材料加强的蜂窝面板,所述高强度聚合物材料例如碳纤维、芳族聚酰胺纤维、玻璃纤维增强塑料等;这些材料也非常轻,因此所得到的底盘和底板是轻的和非常坚固的。
附图说明
本发明的特征将在本说明书所附的权利要求中更具体地阐述;根据以下对本发明的实施例及其一些可能的变化的描述,这些特征将变得显而易见,如在附图中通过非限制性示例示出的,其中:
图1示意性地示出了根据本发明的汽车承载结构;
图2示出了前述结构的一部分;
图3示出了图2的结构部分的截面图;
图4和5示出了前述结构的蜂窝面板的透视图和侧视图;
图6和7示出了前述蜂窝面板的相应变型;
图8示出了根据本发明的汽车结构的一部分的另一变型;
图9(a)、9(b)、9(c)是具体变型实施例的截面图。
具体实施方式
参考上面列出的附图,附图标记1整体表示根据本发明的汽车承载结构。
该结构包括通过点焊或通过其它适当方法(铆接、钎焊等)相互连接的底盘2和壳体3。
底盘由多个结构件组成,例如梁4、侧向构件5、横向构件6、支柱7、杆8、支柱9、条10、系杆11等,这些结构件根据“空间框架”网状构造机械地互连。
元件4-11之间的连接通过焊接、铰链、接头、螺栓或其它适当的紧固装置实现,这取决于待连接的部件的类型、它们的形状和尺寸、应力和本领域技术人员(即汽车工程师)已知的其它因素;为了简单起见,在附图中未示出这种紧固装置。
在承载结构1中,底盘2与壳体或底板3,即与底盘2的部件协作的车身的多个部件相关联,以便完成和/或增强其机械性能,例如所得车辆的抗弯性和/或抗扭转性。
在这种情况下,壳体3包括在乘客舱的地板14处设置在两个侧向构件5之间的中央托架13、后底座15和前壁或护罩16。
上述元件,尤其是片状部件,优选由金属材料例如钢制成,但是也可以使用铝和镁;如下文所示,也可以使用合成材料,如碳纤维和芳族聚酰胺纤维。
在进一步进行本描述之前,值得指出的是,为了清楚起见,根据本发明的结构1、其部件及其构造和/或表示在附图中被简化并限制为可能对于本领域技术人员理解本发明有用的内容。
可以基于本文提供的信息,通过将其与本领域技术人员(例如汽车制造商的技术部门的汽车工程师或主管)的公知技术知识整合来实现本发明。
此外,在一个或多个实施例中,可以将承载结构1的部件构造或组合为适当的,因为它们不限于在附图中仅为了说明目的而示出的那些。
因此,在本说明书中,提及“实施例”或“实施例的示例”或类似表达将表明,参考元件描述的特定配置、结构或特征被包括在本发明的至少一个可能实施例中。
附图中所示的附图标记仅用于清楚和解释的目的,并且不应限制本发明的保护范围、范围或教导。
因此,根据前文,可以说,在结构1中,托架13、后底座15和前壁16优选地由根据本发明的蜂窝面板20制成。
尽管考虑到上述关于本文所述的本发明的实施例的考虑,然而必须补充说明的是,蜂窝面板20可仅用于支架13和/或后底座15和/或前壁16的一部分,因为它们的使用、数量和尺寸取决于它们所要使用的车辆的类型(例如,用于道路或全地形使用)、其功率、其将必须经受的应力、面板本身的材料等。
如图2-5所示,蜂窝面板20包括具有多边形(六边形、八边形等)截面的单元22的中心芯体21等,其插入在两个板或“表皮”23、24之间;优选地,单元22和面23、24由具有良好强度和轻质特性的金属材料的板或片制成。
铝是优选的材料,但是也可以使用其它材料,例如锌、镁及其合金(例如Zamak)。
根据本发明,面23、24可以延伸超过蜂窝芯体21,还覆盖多个相邻的面板;面板20的面23、24,或至少其一部分,特别是沿着边缘的部分,用由高强度聚合物材料制成的涂层25、26增强。
更一般地,可以说,所讨论的涂层25、26必须具有良好的机械强度性能,以及轻质和可成形性:因此,除了加强其所施加的面板20之外,其还将便于将其组装以获得承载结构1的部件13、15、16。
为此,在类似于图3的剖视图中所示的一个可能的实施方式中,形成前壁16的面板20在两个面23、24上都涂覆有涂层25、26,该涂层基本上构造成在不同面板20的蜂窝状芯体21汇合的拐角处形成连接区段29。
这样,互连的蜂窝面板20的组装形成前壁16,该前壁不仅在平坦区域中而且在拐角处或者在一个面板20与下一个面板之间的不连续点处具有非常好的强度特性。
由于使用了上述聚合物材料,所以在不显著增加面板20和作为整体的壁的重量的情况下得到了该结果。
换句话说,可以说,通过使用具有铝外表面等的传统蜂窝面板,为了获得相当的结果,在其它所有条件相同的情况下,必须使用更大的尺寸和厚度,从而导致与本发明相比重量增加。
此外,必须考虑到,不可能在区段29处将各个面板20与本领域中已知的面板连接;因此,所得到的产品(即,前壁16,以及后底座15或托架13)在这方面也提供了改进的性能。
根据本发明的优选实施例,制造具有涂层25、26的蜂窝面板20的方法在模具中进行,碳纤维或其它聚合物材料布置在该模具中,碳纤维或其它聚合物材料通过加热而聚合,从而以所需形状保持固定到面板20的表皮23、24上。
根据待制造的汽车承载结构1的部件的应用、形状和尺寸,面板20的涂层25、26可以是部分的或局部的,即,其可以仅覆盖一些区域,而不覆盖整个部件。
这是图9(a)、(b)、(c)中以示例方式示出的情况,这些图示出了蜂窝面板20之间的接合处的细节,蜂窝面板的边缘涂覆有聚合物层25和/或26,这些聚合物层被适当地成形以便连接蜂窝面板。
可以看出,在这些变型中,聚合物材料25和/或26成形为具有从面板20的边缘20a突出的附件25a、26a,以便于它们之间的凸凹(或榫卯)连接,如图9(a)和(b)所示。
如图9(c)所示,通过将聚合物材料25和/或26施加为在两个相邻面板20之间延伸的壁30,可以进一步加强连接。
在这种情况下,壁30的聚合物材料可以在网状化阶段期间被留下以附着到面板20,或者通过粘合剂胶合,或者通过接头锚定,例如通过表皮23、24中的孔或孔口穿透蜂窝芯体21。
在这种情况下,必须指出,根据图6所示的本发明的一个可能的变型,蜂窝面板20可以实现为具有在上述高强度聚合物材料制成的面或表皮23、24之间穿插单元22的芯体21。
换句话说,根据该变型,可以想到,通过使用仅用由碳纤维或芳族聚酰胺纤维、玻璃纤维或具有高机械强度性质的其它轻质聚合物材料制成的面或表皮23、24加强的蜂窝面板来制造汽车承载结构1的一些部件。
当然,表皮23、24的厚度将必须根据设计选择来确定,并且因此可以在几分之一毫米到多达几毫米之间变化。
在图8中可以看到通过使用由聚合物材料制成的表皮23、24实现的面板20的一种应用,该图示出了车辆的乘客舱的底板14的横截面,其中通过利用加强层的突出端25a、26a将面板20连接到底盘的侧向构件5,该突出端沿着面板的与侧向构件或中心通道6相邻的边缘20a延伸。
最后,面板20的芯体21也可不同于蜂窝单元22;例如,诸如聚合物泡沫(例如,聚氨酯、聚苯乙烯等泡沫)或其它泡沫材料的材料,其机械性能适于应用在汽车承载结构中。
这种情况在图7中示意性地示出,该图示出了一种面板,其中芯体21由泡沫材料制成,并且表皮23、24由高强度聚合物材料制成。
然而,在这种情况下,也可以使用由铝片构成的表皮23、24和由施加在其上的聚合物材料制成的加强层25、26,如图3-5的示例中所解释的。
所有这些变型仍将落入所附权利要求的范围内。
Claims (11)
1.一种用于汽车等的承载结构,所述承载结构包括底盘或框架(2)和/或壳体(3)、底板或其它部件,所述承载结构包括由复合面板(20)制成的至少一个部分(13,15,16),所述复合面板包括置于外表皮或面(23,24)之间的内芯(21),其特征在于,至少一个所述面板(20)包括在其至少一部分上延伸的加强层(25,26),所述加强层由高强度聚合物材料制成,所述高强度聚合物材料例如为碳纤维、芳族聚酰胺纤维、玻璃纤维等。
2.根据权利要求1所述的结构,其中所述加强层(25、26)被施加到所述面板(20)的所述表皮(23、24)中的至少一个上。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的结构,其中所述加强层(25、26)构成所述面板(20)的外表皮(23、24)。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的结构,其中所述加强层(25、26)沿着相关联的面板(20)的边缘(20a)延伸并且所述加强层(25、26)适于连接到相邻的面板(20)。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的结构,其中所述加强层(25、26)基本上包括连接两个相邻面板(20)的区段(2)。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的结构,其中所述加强层(25、26)包括从相关联的面板(20)的边缘(20a)突出的附件(25a、26a),以便于与相邻面板(20)的凸凹联接等。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的结构,其中所述复合面板(10)是蜂窝型的并且包括由单元(22)或类似的细分元件构成的芯体(21)。
8.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的结构,其中所述复合面板(10)包括由泡沫材料构成的芯体(21),所述泡沫材料例如为聚合物泡沫等。
9.一种用于根据前述权利要求所述的汽车结构的复合面板,,所述复合面板包括插入在外表皮或面(23,24)之间的内芯(21),其特征在于,所述复合面板包括在所述复合面板的至少一部分上延伸的加强层(25,26),所述加强层由高强度聚合物材料制成,所述高强度聚合物材料例如为碳纤维、芳族聚酰胺纤维、玻璃纤维等。
10.根据权利要求9所述的面板,其中,所述表皮(23、24)由金属板构成,并且所述加强层(25、26)施加到所述金属板上。
11.一种用于制造根据权利要求9和10所述的复合面板的方法,所述复合面板包括插入在外表皮或面(23,24)之间的内芯(21),所述方法包括以下步骤:
-施加在所述表皮的至少一部分上和/或沿着所述表皮的边缘(20a)延伸的加强层(25、26),所述加强层由高强度聚合物材料制成,所述高强度聚合物材料例如为碳纤维、芳族聚酰胺纤维、玻璃纤维等;
-将面板(20)置于模具中,其中所述加强层被施加到所述面板(20);
-在热聚合阶段中硬化所述加强层(25、26)。
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