CN114183866A - Self-adaptive ventilation device using natural wind for healthy building - Google Patents
Self-adaptive ventilation device using natural wind for healthy building Download PDFInfo
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- CN114183866A CN114183866A CN202111622999.XA CN202111622999A CN114183866A CN 114183866 A CN114183866 A CN 114183866A CN 202111622999 A CN202111622999 A CN 202111622999A CN 114183866 A CN114183866 A CN 114183866A
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- wind
- air inlet
- inlet pipe
- ventilation device
- natural wind
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- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 230000003044 adaptive effect Effects 0.000 claims 4
- 238000005399 mechanical ventilation Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004134 energy conservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F7/00—Ventilation
- F24F7/003—Ventilation in combination with air cleaning
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
- F24F11/89—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F13/00—Details common to, or for air-conditioning, air-humidification, ventilation or use of air currents for screening
- F24F13/08—Air-flow control members, e.g. louvres, grilles, flaps or guide plates
- F24F13/10—Air-flow control members, e.g. louvres, grilles, flaps or guide plates movable, e.g. dampers
- F24F13/14—Air-flow control members, e.g. louvres, grilles, flaps or guide plates movable, e.g. dampers built up of tilting members, e.g. louvre
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F13/00—Details common to, or for air-conditioning, air-humidification, ventilation or use of air currents for screening
- F24F13/08—Air-flow control members, e.g. louvres, grilles, flaps or guide plates
- F24F13/10—Air-flow control members, e.g. louvres, grilles, flaps or guide plates movable, e.g. dampers
- F24F13/14—Air-flow control members, e.g. louvres, grilles, flaps or guide plates movable, e.g. dampers built up of tilting members, e.g. louvre
- F24F13/1426—Air-flow control members, e.g. louvres, grilles, flaps or guide plates movable, e.g. dampers built up of tilting members, e.g. louvre characterised by actuating means
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F13/00—Details common to, or for air-conditioning, air-humidification, ventilation or use of air currents for screening
- F24F13/28—Arrangement or mounting of filters
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F7/00—Ventilation
- F24F7/04—Ventilation with ducting systems, e.g. by double walls; with natural circulation
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F8/00—Treatment, e.g. purification, of air supplied to human living or working spaces otherwise than by heating, cooling, humidifying or drying
- F24F8/10—Treatment, e.g. purification, of air supplied to human living or working spaces otherwise than by heating, cooling, humidifying or drying by separation, e.g. by filtering
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F13/00—Details common to, or for air-conditioning, air-humidification, ventilation or use of air currents for screening
- F24F13/08—Air-flow control members, e.g. louvres, grilles, flaps or guide plates
- F24F13/10—Air-flow control members, e.g. louvres, grilles, flaps or guide plates movable, e.g. dampers
- F24F13/14—Air-flow control members, e.g. louvres, grilles, flaps or guide plates movable, e.g. dampers built up of tilting members, e.g. louvre
- F24F13/1426—Air-flow control members, e.g. louvres, grilles, flaps or guide plates movable, e.g. dampers built up of tilting members, e.g. louvre characterised by actuating means
- F24F2013/1433—Air-flow control members, e.g. louvres, grilles, flaps or guide plates movable, e.g. dampers built up of tilting members, e.g. louvre characterised by actuating means with electric motors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F2110/00—Control inputs relating to air properties
- F24F2110/30—Velocity
- F24F2110/32—Velocity of the outside air
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F2221/00—Details or features not otherwise provided for
- F24F2221/34—Heater, e.g. gas burner, electric air heater
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ventilation (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a self-adaptive ventilation device utilizing natural wind for a healthy building, which comprises a horizontally arranged funnel-shaped wind collecting cover, wherein a louver air port is arranged at the outlet end of the wind collecting cover; the lower wall of the air collecting cover is communicated with a vertically arranged follow-up air inlet pipe; a wind direction follow-up plate is vertically arranged at the upper end of the tail part of the wind collecting cover; the wind direction follow-up plate and the inlet end of the wind collection cover are respectively positioned at two sides of the follow-up air inlet pipe; a fixed air inlet pipe is fixedly arranged in the wall body; the follow-up air inlet pipe and the fixed air inlet pipe are in rotary connection by virtue of a rotary pipe joint; the fixed air inlet pipe is communicated with the indoor air inlet pipe. This application can utilize outdoor natural wind to realize indoor circulation of air well, compares in traditional mechanical ventilation device, and is more energy-concerving and environment-protective, extensively is applicable to ordinary building and such as the healthy building of medical building.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of building ventilation, in particular to a self-adaptive ventilation device utilizing natural wind for a healthy building.
Background
With the acceleration of urban construction, the number of high-rise buildings is obviously increasing day by day. An air duct is formed between high-rise buildings and generates strong natural wind power. In order to reduce the influence of strong wind and wind dust on the interior of houses on two sides of the air duct, doors and windows usually have to be tightly closed, so that the indoor air is not circulated, and the health of human bodies is not facilitated. Therefore, a mechanical ventilation device is needed to assist in ventilation, and the device has the advantages of long-term past use, high power consumption, insufficient energy conservation and environmental protection.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides the self-adaptive ventilation device which is used for the healthy building and utilizes natural wind, can utilize the natural wind to carry out indoor ventilation to the maximum extent, realizes indoor air circulation, and is energy-saving and environment-friendly.
The technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows:
a self-adaptive ventilation device using natural wind for a healthy building comprises a horizontally arranged funnel-shaped wind collecting cover, wherein a shutter air port is arranged at the outlet end of the wind collecting cover; the lower wall of the air collecting cover is communicated with a vertically arranged follow-up air inlet pipe; a wind direction follow-up plate is vertically arranged at the upper end of the tail part of the wind collecting cover; the wind direction follow-up plate and the inlet end of the wind collection cover are respectively positioned at two sides of the follow-up air inlet pipe; a fixed air inlet pipe is fixedly arranged in the wall body; the follow-up air inlet pipe and the fixed air inlet pipe are in rotary connection by virtue of a rotary pipe joint; the fixed air inlet pipe is communicated with the indoor air inlet pipe.
Furthermore, a bearing is further arranged between the wall body and the follow-up air inlet pipe.
Furthermore, an air speed sensor is installed in the air collecting cover.
Furthermore, the louver air opening is connected with an electric actuator.
Furthermore, an air filter is arranged in the indoor air inlet pipe.
Furthermore, an electric heater is arranged in the indoor air inlet pipe.
Furthermore, a waterproof motor is installed at the top end of the wind collecting cover, a connecting block is installed on an output shaft of the waterproof motor, and the side wall of the connecting block is detachably connected with the wind direction follow-up plate.
Further, a solar battery is also installed at the top end of the wind collecting cover; the solar battery is connected with the waterproof motor and the electric actuator of the shutter air port.
Furthermore, a stop valve is arranged on the fixed air inlet pipe.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
the wind direction follow-up plate can drive the wind collection cover and the follow-up air inlet pipe to rotate, so that the wind collection cover always faces natural wind, a part of the natural wind is discharged through the louver air opening, and a part of the natural wind enters the indoor air inlet pipe through the follow-up air inlet pipe and the fixed air inlet pipe, so that the natural wind enters the indoor air inlet pipe and realizes indoor air circulation. Compared with the traditional mechanical ventilation device, the energy-saving and environment-friendly ventilation device is more energy-saving and environment-friendly, and is widely applied to common buildings and healthy buildings such as medical buildings.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the overall structure of the embodiment;
fig. 2 is a right side view of the air collection hood and the louver opening in fig. 1.
In the figure: 1. a wind collecting cover; 2. a follow-up air inlet pipe; 3. rotating the pipe joint; 4. fixing an air inlet pipe; 5. an indoor air inlet pipe; 6. a wind direction follower plate; 7. a louver opening; 8. a wind speed sensor; 9. a waterproof motor; 10. connecting blocks; 11. a bearing; 12. a wall body; 13. an air filter; 14. an electric heater; 15. a solar cell; 16. and a stop valve.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Examples
As shown in fig. 1-2, a self-adaptive ventilation device using natural wind for a healthy building comprises a horizontally placed funnel-shaped wind collection cover 1, wherein a louver opening 7 is installed at the outlet end of the wind collection cover 1; the lower wall of the air collecting cover 1 is communicated with a vertically arranged follow-up air inlet pipe 2; the upper end of the tail part of the wind collecting cover 1 is vertically provided with a wind direction follow-up plate 6; the wind direction follow-up plate 6 and the inlet end of the wind collection cover 1 are respectively positioned at two sides of the follow-up air inlet pipe 2; a fixed air inlet pipe 4 is fixedly arranged in the wall body 12; the follow-up air inlet pipe 2 and the fixed air inlet pipe 4 are in rotary connection by virtue of the rotary pipe joint 3; the fixed air inlet pipe 4 is communicated with the indoor air inlet pipe 5.
The self-adaptive ventilation device can drive the air collecting cover 1 and the follow-up air inlet pipe 2 to rotate through the wind direction follow-up plate 6, so that the air collecting cover 1 faces natural wind, part of the natural wind is discharged through the louver air opening 7, and part of the natural wind enters the indoor air inlet pipe 5 through the follow-up air inlet pipe 2 and the fixed air inlet pipe 4, so that the natural wind enters the room, indoor air circulation is realized, and compared with the traditional mechanical ventilation device, the self-adaptive ventilation device is more energy-saving and environment-friendly, and is widely applied to common buildings and healthy buildings such as medical buildings.
Specifically, in order to make the follow-up air inlet pipe 2 rotate more smoothly, a bearing 11 is further installed between the wall 12 and the follow-up air inlet pipe 2.
Specifically, in order to better monitor the size of natural wind, an air velocity sensor 8 is installed in the wind collection cover 1.
Specifically, in order to realize manual control of the louver air opening 7 and manually control the air quantity entering the room, the louver air opening 7 is connected with an electric actuator.
Specifically, in order to purify air and filter dust entrained in natural wind, an air filter 13 is installed in the indoor air inlet pipe 5.
Specifically, in order to adjust the temperature of natural air entering the room and ensure the indoor temperature to be proper, an electric heater 14 is installed in the indoor air inlet pipe 5.
Specifically, waterproof motor 9 is installed on the top of wind-collecting cover 1, installs connecting block 10 on waterproof motor 9's the output shaft, and the lateral wall and the wind direction follower plate 6 of connecting block 10 can be dismantled and be connected. When indoor ventilation is not needed, the natural wind entering the wind collecting cover 1 is preferably reduced as much as possible, so that the pressure of the natural wind on the louver air inlet 7 is prevented from reducing the service life of the louver air inlet 7, and the noise is reduced. Therefore, it is necessary to design the wind direction follower plate 6 in a structure that can be rotated by 90 °. Like this, when need not carrying out indoor ventilation, control wind direction follower plate 6 rotates 90 for wind direction follower plate 6 is perpendicular to the axis of wind-collecting cover 1, and then wind-collecting cover 1 will be perpendicular to the natural wind under the drive effect of wind direction follower plate 6, can reduce the intake of wind-collecting cover 1 by the at utmost.
Specifically, in order to save energy, the top end of the wind collecting cover 1 is also provided with a solar battery 15; the solar battery 15 is connected with the waterproof motor 9 and the electric actuator of the louver air opening 7. Of course, the waterproof motor 9 and the electric actuator of the louver 7 can also be connected with an indoor power supply to supply power as a standby power supply when the solar battery 15 cannot supply power.
Specifically, in order to realize zero air intake indoors, the fixed air inlet pipe 4 is provided with a stop valve 16.
The working principle of the invention is as follows:
when indoor ventilation is needed, the stop valve 16 is controlled to be opened, the wind direction follower plate 6 is controlled to be parallel to the axis of the wind collecting cover 1, as shown in fig. 1, natural wind acts on the wind direction follower plate 6, and the wind direction follower plate 6 rotates under the action of the wind force, so that the wind collecting cover 1 and the follower air inlet pipe 2 are driven to synchronously rotate, and the air inlet of the wind collecting cover 1 faces the natural wind. The natural air entering the air collecting cover 1 is partially discharged through the louver air openings 7, and the other part of the natural air enters the follow-up air inlet pipe 2 and the fixed air inlet pipe 4 and finally enters the room through the indoor air inlet pipe 5, so that indoor air circulation is realized.
The louver air inlet 7 can adopt non-electric louvers, and the louver air inlet 7 can self-adaptively adjust the opening under the action of self gravity and natural wind force. The larger the natural wind speed is, the larger the opening degree of the louver air opening 7 is, the larger the wind quantity discharged through the louver air opening 7 is, and therefore the wind quantity entering the room is stable.
In order to control the air intake better, the louver opening 7 can adopt an electric louver. At this time, the opening and closing degree of the louver opening 7 can be controlled by controlling the electric actuator of the louver opening 7, so that the air intake can be better adjusted. The real-time wind speed detected by the wind speed sensor 8 can be used for assisting in adjusting the wind quantity.
When indoor ventilation is not needed, the stop valve 16 is controlled to be closed, the waterproof motor 9 is started, and the wind direction follower plate 6 is controlled to rotate 90 degrees, so that the wind direction follower plate 6 is perpendicular to the axis of the wind collecting cover 1, the wind collecting cover 1 is perpendicular to natural wind under the driving action of the wind direction follower plate 6, and the air intake of the wind collecting cover 1 can be reduced to the greatest extent.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (9)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111622999.XA CN114183866A (en) | 2021-12-28 | 2021-12-28 | Self-adaptive ventilation device using natural wind for healthy building |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111622999.XA CN114183866A (en) | 2021-12-28 | 2021-12-28 | Self-adaptive ventilation device using natural wind for healthy building |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN114183866A true CN114183866A (en) | 2022-03-15 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111622999.XA Pending CN114183866A (en) | 2021-12-28 | 2021-12-28 | Self-adaptive ventilation device using natural wind for healthy building |
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| Country | Link |
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| CN (1) | CN114183866A (en) |
Citations (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0525229U (en) * | 1991-09-05 | 1993-04-02 | 文化シヤツター株式会社 | Ventilation |
| JPH0637430U (en) * | 1992-10-22 | 1994-05-20 | 株式会社菱晃 | Skylight structure |
| EP1785675A1 (en) * | 2005-11-11 | 2007-05-16 | Monodraught Limited | Ventilation arrangements |
| CN200975763Y (en) * | 2006-02-09 | 2007-11-14 | 李国兴 | Housing natural wind introducing apparatus |
| CN101314964A (en) * | 2008-06-20 | 2008-12-03 | 黄舒恬 | Novel multifunctional healthy environment friendly energy-conservation construction method |
| JP2010230195A (en) * | 2009-03-26 | 2010-10-14 | Ryoju Estate Co Ltd | Ventilating device |
| JP2011047547A (en) * | 2009-08-26 | 2011-03-10 | Panasonic Corp | Air supply hood |
| CN102162675A (en) * | 2011-05-10 | 2011-08-24 | 西安建筑科技大学 | Energy-saving air inlet/exhaust combined air port |
| CN204665568U (en) * | 2015-04-10 | 2015-09-23 | 中联世纪(天津)科技有限公司 | The automaton in equipment room ventilation mouth direction, a kind of base station communication station |
| KR20180002942A (en) * | 2016-06-29 | 2018-01-09 | 충남대학교산학협력단 | Control System Of Louver Apparatus and Control Method Using the same |
| CN206861830U (en) * | 2017-06-14 | 2018-01-09 | 泰铂（上海）环保科技股份有限公司 | Three-way adaptor is matched somebody with somebody in the score of idle call air channel volume |
| CN108731175A (en) * | 2018-06-05 | 2018-11-02 | 重庆大学 | A kind of indoor environmental condition control method efficiently using natural wind |
| CN210088981U (en) * | 2019-02-14 | 2020-02-18 | 韩忠涛 | Air conditioning indoor air outlet system |
| CN211261162U (en) * | 2019-11-15 | 2020-08-14 | 漳浦比速光电科技有限公司 | Universal rotary device of wind tower |
| CN212618830U (en) * | 2020-07-31 | 2021-02-26 | 上海申建工程设计院有限公司 | Angle-adjustable louver mechanism of air conditioner outdoor unit |
| CN213811013U (en) * | 2020-12-24 | 2021-07-27 | 一方设计集团有限公司 | Energy-saving ventilation structure for architectural design |
| CN216769674U (en) * | 2021-12-28 | 2022-06-17 | 云南省建筑工程设计院有限公司 | Self-adaptive ventilation device using natural wind for healthy building |
-
2021
- 2021-12-28 CN CN202111622999.XA patent/CN114183866A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0525229U (en) * | 1991-09-05 | 1993-04-02 | 文化シヤツター株式会社 | Ventilation |
| JPH0637430U (en) * | 1992-10-22 | 1994-05-20 | 株式会社菱晃 | Skylight structure |
| EP1785675A1 (en) * | 2005-11-11 | 2007-05-16 | Monodraught Limited | Ventilation arrangements |
| CN200975763Y (en) * | 2006-02-09 | 2007-11-14 | 李国兴 | Housing natural wind introducing apparatus |
| CN101314964A (en) * | 2008-06-20 | 2008-12-03 | 黄舒恬 | Novel multifunctional healthy environment friendly energy-conservation construction method |
| JP2010230195A (en) * | 2009-03-26 | 2010-10-14 | Ryoju Estate Co Ltd | Ventilating device |
| JP2011047547A (en) * | 2009-08-26 | 2011-03-10 | Panasonic Corp | Air supply hood |
| CN102162675A (en) * | 2011-05-10 | 2011-08-24 | 西安建筑科技大学 | Energy-saving air inlet/exhaust combined air port |
| CN204665568U (en) * | 2015-04-10 | 2015-09-23 | 中联世纪(天津)科技有限公司 | The automaton in equipment room ventilation mouth direction, a kind of base station communication station |
| KR20180002942A (en) * | 2016-06-29 | 2018-01-09 | 충남대학교산학협력단 | Control System Of Louver Apparatus and Control Method Using the same |
| CN206861830U (en) * | 2017-06-14 | 2018-01-09 | 泰铂（上海）环保科技股份有限公司 | Three-way adaptor is matched somebody with somebody in the score of idle call air channel volume |
| CN108731175A (en) * | 2018-06-05 | 2018-11-02 | 重庆大学 | A kind of indoor environmental condition control method efficiently using natural wind |
| CN210088981U (en) * | 2019-02-14 | 2020-02-18 | 韩忠涛 | Air conditioning indoor air outlet system |
| CN211261162U (en) * | 2019-11-15 | 2020-08-14 | 漳浦比速光电科技有限公司 | Universal rotary device of wind tower |
| CN212618830U (en) * | 2020-07-31 | 2021-02-26 | 上海申建工程设计院有限公司 | Angle-adjustable louver mechanism of air conditioner outdoor unit |
| CN213811013U (en) * | 2020-12-24 | 2021-07-27 | 一方设计集团有限公司 | Energy-saving ventilation structure for architectural design |
| CN216769674U (en) * | 2021-12-28 | 2022-06-17 | 云南省建筑工程设计院有限公司 | Self-adaptive ventilation device using natural wind for healthy building |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
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