CN114171760A - Fuel Cell Test Method Combined with Simulation Model - Google Patents
Fuel Cell Test Method Combined with Simulation Model Download PDFInfo
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- CN114171760A CN114171760A CN202111325012.8A CN202111325012A CN114171760A CN 114171760 A CN114171760 A CN 114171760A CN 202111325012 A CN202111325012 A CN 202111325012A CN 114171760 A CN114171760 A CN 114171760A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04305—Modeling, demonstration models of fuel cells, e.g. for training purposes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
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- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
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- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
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Abstract
The invention provides a fuel cell testing method combined with a simulation model, which is used for outputting internal information of a fuel cell in real time in combination with the simulation model in the fuel cell testing process. The method mainly comprises the following steps: initializing a simulation model; transmitting test operation data of the fuel cell; real-time calculation of a simulation model; fuel cell internal information output, etc. The method can be used for outputting the internal information of the fuel cell in the test process of the fuel cell, can be used for ascertaining the reasons of the performance fluctuation and the degradation of the fuel cell from the change process of the internal information in the test process of the fuel cell, and can also be used for carrying out design optimization on the fuel cell according to the change of the internal information. Compared with the prior art, the invention can output the internal information data of the fuel cell in the test process of the fuel cell by combining the simulation model, thereby reducing the test cost and improving the accuracy and efficiency of the test of the fuel cell.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fuel cells, and particularly relates to a fuel cell testing method.
Background
The fuel cell is a conversion device for converting chemical energy in fuel into electric energy, takes hydrogen as fuel and the product as water, has the advantages of high efficiency, no pollution and the like, and has important application prospect in the traffic field. In the process of developing the fuel cell, the accurate test of the fuel cell is an essential link. During the operation of the fuel cell, the performance of the fuel cell is affected by many factors such as reaction temperature, reaction humidity, water distribution, gas distribution, and gas flow rate. Meanwhile, the performance fluctuation of the fuel cell is a dynamic process, and the reasons of the performance fluctuation and the degradation can be accurately analyzed only by representing the internal operation state of the cell. However, the current fuel cell test can only provide data such as operating current, voltage, reaction temperature and pressure in real time, and cannot intuitively analyze the operation condition inside the cell, thereby reducing the accuracy of the fuel cell performance test. If other on-line characterization methods are adopted, such as X-ray, electrochemical workstation, etc., not only the equipment is complicated, but also the testing cost is high.
The invention combines the simulation model to test the performance of the fuel cell, is applied to the test stage of the fuel cell, is not only accurate and convenient, but also can quickly know the dynamic allowable condition of the cell, and is particularly beneficial to improving the working efficiency of the research and development process of the fuel cell.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a fuel cell testing method combined with a simulation model in order to improve the limitation of basic data tested at present (only gas flow, temperature, current, voltage and the like can be provided). The change process of the internal information of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell can be output by combining a mathematical model in the test process, and the reasons of performance fluctuation and degradation can be ascertained from the change process. The defects of the existing testing technology are made up by mathematical simulation, so that more internal information of the battery can be given by testing data.
The invention can be realized by the following steps:
(1) initializing a simulation model, and inputting the structural parameters, membrane electrode configuration parameters, physical parameters and transmission parameters of the tested fuel cell into the simulation model.
The structural parameters include: channel width, ridge width, flow channel length, flow channel number, plate thickness, cooling flow channel height, activation area, carbon paper thickness (before compression), microporous layer thickness, anode catalytic layer thickness, cathode catalytic layer thickness, proton exchange membrane thickness.
The membrane electrode configuration parameters comprise: anode platinum loading, cathode platinum loading, anode platinum-to-carbon ratio, cathode platinum-to-carbon ratio, anode I/C ratio, and cathode I/C ratio.
The physical property parameters comprise: polar plate conductivity, carbon paper conductivity, polar plate-membrane electrode contact resistance, polar plate thermal conductivity, carbon paper thermal conductivity, membrane thermal conductivity, dry membrane density, membrane equivalent mass, and gas effective diffusion coefficient.
The transmission parameters include: carbon paper contact angle, microporous layer contact angle, catalyst layer contact angle, carbon paper permeability, microporous layer permeability, catalyst layer permeability, carbon paper porosity, microporous layer porosity, anode catalyst layer porosity, cathode catalyst layer porosity, hydrogen diffusivity, oxygen diffusivity, water vapor diffusivity.
The simulation model comprises a gas distribution calculation module, a temperature field calculation module and a current density distribution calculation module.
1) The gas distribution calculation module is obtained by constructing a material conservation equation which is as follows:
2) the temperature distribution calculation module constructs an energy conservation equation in the whole calculation domain:
3) the current density distribution calculation module can be obtained by combining a potential control equation, and the process is as follows:
potential control equation:
current density distribution:
(2) connecting the fuel cell to the fuel cell test bench to perform performance test on the fuel cell
The fuel cell test bench collects working condition parameters of the fuel cell, and comprises the following steps: anode relative humidity, cathode inlet flow, anode inlet stoichiometric ratio, cathode inlet stoichiometric ratio, anode inlet gas pressure, cathode inlet gas pressure, battery operating temperature, anode inlet temperature, cathode inlet temperature, coolant outlet temperature, coolant flow, voltage, current density, high frequency impedance, and transmit test data to the simulation model.
The fuel cell test stand includes: the device comprises an electronic load module, a humidifying module, a temperature control module, a gas supply module and an integrated control module. The electronic load module is used for controlling the voltage or the current of the fuel cell and can output voltage and current density data; the humidifying module is used for humidifying reaction gas and can output anode relative humidity and cathode relative humidity; the temperature control module is used for controlling the temperature of the reaction gas and the battery and outputting the operation temperature of the battery, the inlet temperature of the anode, the inlet temperature of the cathode, the inlet temperature of the coolant, the outlet temperature of the coolant and the flow rate of the coolant; the gas supply module is used for supplying reaction gas and can output anode inlet gas stoichiometric ratio, cathode inlet gas stoichiometric ratio, anode inlet gas pressure, cathode inlet gas flow and anode inlet gas flow; the integrated control module is used for integrated control of the overall test and can output high-frequency impedance by combining with a battery impedance tester.
(3) And the simulation model receives the output data of the fuel cell test bench and performs simulation calculation.
(4) The simulation model outputs the calculated internal information of the fuel cell, including gas distribution, temperature distribution and current density distribution, and displays the internal information through a friendly interface.
The invention has the characteristics and beneficial effects that: compared with the prior art, the method can output the internal information data of the fuel cell in the test process of the fuel cell by combining a simulation model, and can also optimize the design of the fuel cell according to the change of the internal information. The combination of the simulation model solves the limitation that only basic data such as gas flow, temperature, current, voltage and the like can be tested in the traditional fuel cell testing process, reduces the testing cost and improves the accuracy of the fuel cell testing. The simulation model optimizes and supplements the original testing technology, and the testing data can visually provide more internal information of the fuel cell by combining with the simulation model.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of the principle steps of the test method of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a cloud of hydrogen gas distribution of the fuel cell calculated in the example.
Fig. 3 is a cloud of the calculated oxygen distribution of the fuel cell in the example.
Fig. 4 is a cloud of the fuel cell temperature distribution calculated in the example.
Fig. 5 is a cloud of the current density distribution of the fuel cell calculated in the example.
Detailed Description
The method steps of the present invention are further illustrated by the following specific examples, which are intended to be illustrative rather than limiting and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
The test data output by the fuel cell test bench is subjected to simulation calculation by combining the simulation model, so that the internal information of the fuel cell can be output, and a new method is provided for testing the fuel cell. The specific steps are shown in figure 1:
(1) firstly, initializing a simulation model, and inputting the structural parameters, membrane electrode configuration parameters, physical parameters and transmission parameters of the tested fuel cell into the simulation model.
The input structural parameters include: channel width, ridge width, flow channel length, flow channel number, plate thickness, cooling flow channel height, activation area, carbon paper thickness (before compression), microporous layer thickness, anode catalytic layer thickness, cathode catalytic layer thickness, proton exchange membrane thickness.
The input membrane electrode configuration parameters comprise: anode platinum loading, cathode platinum loading, anode platinum-to-carbon ratio, cathode platinum-to-carbon ratio, anode I/C ratio, and cathode I/C ratio.
The input physical property parameters include: polar plate conductivity, carbon paper conductivity, polar plate-membrane electrode contact resistance, polar plate thermal conductivity coefficient, carbon paper thermal conductivity coefficient, membrane thermal conductivity coefficient, dry membrane density, and membrane equivalent mass.
The input transmission parameters include: carbon paper contact angle, microporous layer contact angle, catalyst layer contact angle, carbon paper permeability, microporous layer permeability, catalyst layer permeability, carbon paper porosity, microporous layer porosity, anode catalyst layer porosity, cathode catalyst layer porosity, hydrogen diffusivity, oxygen diffusivity, water vapor diffusivity.
(2) Connecting the fuel cell with the fuel cell test board, testing the performance of the fuel cell, testing the polarization curves under different operating conditions, and calibrating the parameters in the simulation model.
After calibration is completed, the fuel cell can be tested as required, and in the testing process, the fuel cell testing platform outputs testing data of the anode relative humidity, the cathode relative humidity, the anode intake stoichiometric ratio, the cathode intake stoichiometric ratio, the anode inlet gas pressure, the cathode inlet gas pressure, the battery operating temperature, the anode inlet temperature, the cathode inlet temperature, the coolant outlet temperature, the coolant flow, the output voltage, the output current density, the high-frequency impedance and the like of the fuel cell to the simulation model.
Wherein the relative humidity is obtained by humidity sensors of the cathode and the anode; the stoichiometric ratio is calculated from the supplied gas amount; the gas pressure of the inlet and the outlet is obtained by a pressure sensor at the inlet and the outlet of the fuel cell; the operating temperature of the battery is obtained by a temperature sensor mounted on the battery; the inlet temperatures of the anode and the cathode are obtained by temperature sensors at the inlet of the anode and the cathode; the temperature of the inlet and the outlet of the coolant is measured by a temperature sensor of the inlet and the outlet of the coolant; the coolant flow is measured by a coolant inlet flow meter; the output voltage and the output current density are obtained by an electronic load; the high-frequency impedance is tested by connecting a battery impedance tester with the fuel cell.
(3) And the simulation model receives the output data of the measured fuel cell and carries out simulation calculation.
1) Calculating gas distribution, and obtaining by constructing a material conservation equation as follows:
ρg(kg m-3)；ug(m s-1)；Di eff(m2 s-1)；Sisource term of component equation (kg m)-3s-1)。
2) And (3) calculating temperature distribution, and constructing an energy conservation equation in the whole calculation domain to obtain the temperature distribution, wherein the energy conservation equation is as follows:
ρ1and ρg(kg m-3)；Cp,1And Cp,g(J mol-1K-1)；u1And ug(m s-1)；keff(W m-1K-1)；STSource term of temperature equation (W m)-3)。
3) Calculating the current density distribution, and obtaining the current density distribution by combining with a potential control equation,
potential control equation:
the effective conductivities include electronic conductivity and ionic conductivity (s m)-1)；
-electricityPotential equation source term (A m)-3)。
The current density distribution can be found:
wherein:
(4) the simulation model outputs the internal information of the fuel cell, including simulation data of gas distribution, temperature distribution, current density distribution and the like, and displays the internal information of the fuel cell in real time through a friendly interface.
To test 25cm2The fuel cell is taken as an example and is combined with a test method of a simulation model.
(1) Firstly, initializing a simulation model, inputting the structural parameters, membrane electrode configuration parameters, physical parameters and transmission parameters of the fuel cell into the simulation model,
the input structural parameters include: 1mm of groove width, 1mm of ridge width, 50mm of flow channel length, 25 flow channel numbers, 1.5mm of plate thickness and 25cm of activation area2The thickness of the carbon paper (before compression) is 0.19mm, the thickness of the microporous layer is 20 mu m, the thickness of the anode catalytic layer is 3 mu m, the thickness of the cathode catalytic layer is 10 mu m, and the thickness of the proton exchange membrane is 18 mu m.
The input membrane electrode configuration parameters comprise: anode platinum loading 0.05mg cm-2Cathode platinum loading 0.2mg cm-2Anode platinum-carbon ratio 0.2, cathode platinum-carbon ratio 0.368, anode I/C ratio 0.6, and cathode I/C ratio 0.95.
The input physical property parameters include: plate conductivity 20000S m-1Carbon paper conductivity 8000S m-1And contact resistance of the electrode plate and the membrane electrode is 33m omega cm-2The heat conductivity coefficient of the polar plate is 20 WmK-1Carbon paper thermal conductivity 21W m-1K-1(in-plane) 1.7W m-1K-1(in the vertical plane), film thermal conductivity 0.95W m-1K-1Dry film density 1890kg m-31.1kg mol of equivalent mass of film-1。
The input transmission parameters include: the carbon paper contact angle is 120 degrees, the microporous layer contact angle is 120 degrees, the catalytic layer contact angle is 95 degrees, the carbon paper permeability is 2.00E-12, the microporous layer permeability is 1.00E-12, the catalytic layer permeability is 1.00E-13, the carbon paper porosity is 0.6, the microporous layer porosity is 0.5, the anode catalytic layer porosity is 0.3, the cathode catalytic layer porosity is 0.3, the hydrogen diffusivity is 1.06E-04, the oxygen diffusivity is 2.65E-05, and the water vapor diffusivity is 1.06E-04.
(2) Connecting the fuel cell with the fuel cell test board, testing the performance of the fuel cell, testing the polarization curves under different operating conditions, and calibrating the simulation model.
After calibration is completed, the fuel cell can be tested as required, and in the testing process, the fuel cell testing platform outputs testing data of the anode relative humidity, the cathode relative humidity, the anode intake stoichiometric ratio, the cathode intake stoichiometric ratio, the anode inlet gas pressure, the cathode inlet gas pressure, the battery operating temperature, the anode inlet temperature, the cathode inlet temperature, the coolant outlet temperature, the coolant flow, the output voltage, the output current density, the high-frequency impedance and the like of the fuel cell to the simulation model.
(3) And the simulation model receives the output data of the measured fuel cell and carries out simulation calculation.
1) Calculating gas distribution, and obtaining by constructing a material conservation equation as follows:
2) and (3) temperature distribution calculation, namely constructing an energy conservation equation in the whole calculation domain to obtain:
3) calculating the current density distribution, and obtaining the current density distribution by combining with a potential control equation,
obtaining current density distribution:
(4) the simulation model outputs the internal information of the fuel cell, including simulation data of gas distribution, temperature distribution, current density distribution, etc., and 4 figures are the results of the specific embodiment.
Fig. 2 is a cloud of hydrogen distribution in the anode, and since the hydrogen has a small molar mass, a large diffusion coefficient and a high anode metering ratio, the hydrogen has a high molar fraction, and it can be seen that the overall distribution is relatively uniform, and the hydrogen molar fraction decreases gradually from the inlet of the lower left anode to the outlet of the upper right anode.
FIG. 3 is a cloud of cathode oxygen distribution with decreasing oxygen mole fraction from the lower right cathode inlet to the upper left cathode outlet and a partial starvation near the outlet.
FIG. 4 is a cloud of temperature profiles, where temperature is a very important part of the fuel cell hydrothermal management, and excessive temperature causes the membrane water content to decrease and ohmic losses to increase; too low a temperature can lead to local flooding, slower electrochemical reaction rate, and reduced performance. It can be seen from fig. 4 that the temperature gradually increases from the (lower right) cathode inlet to the (upper left) cathode outlet and is higher near the outlet, which is related to the cell's electrical density distribution, the higher the current density, the faster the electrochemical reaction and the higher the local heat generation.
Fig. 5 is a cloud of current density distributions, from which it can be seen that the current density gradually increases from the (lower right) cathode inlet to the (upper left) cathode outlet, and that the local current density distribution is most uniform in the middle portion and highest near the outlet. The current density distribution reflects the rate of the electrochemical reaction.
Claims (1)
1. The fuel cell testing method combined with the simulation model comprises a fuel cell and a fuel cell testing table, and is characterized in that the testing method is realized by the following steps:
(1) initializing a simulation model, inputting the structural parameters, membrane electrode configuration parameters, physical parameters and transmission parameters of the tested fuel cell into the simulation model,
the structural parameters include: channel width, ridge width, flow channel length, flow channel number, polar plate thickness, cooling flow channel height, activation area, carbon paper thickness before compression, micropore layer thickness, anode catalytic layer thickness, cathode catalytic layer thickness, proton exchange membrane thickness,
the membrane electrode configuration parameters comprise: anode platinum loading capacity, cathode platinum loading capacity, anode platinum-to-carbon ratio, cathode platinum-to-carbon ratio, anode I/C ratio, cathode I/C ratio,
the physical property parameters comprise: polar plate conductivity, carbon paper conductivity, polar plate-membrane electrode contact resistance, polar plate thermal conductivity, carbon paper thermal conductivity, membrane thermal conductivity, dry membrane density, membrane equivalent mass, and gas effective diffusion coefficient,
the transmission parameters include: carbon paper contact angle, microporous layer contact angle, catalyst layer contact angle, carbon paper permeability, microporous layer permeability, catalyst layer permeability, carbon paper porosity, microporous layer porosity, anode catalyst layer porosity, cathode catalyst layer porosity, hydrogen diffusivity, oxygen diffusivity, water vapor diffusivity,
the simulation model comprises a gas distribution calculation module, a temperature field calculation module and a current density distribution calculation module,
1) the gas distribution calculation module is obtained by constructing a material conservation equation which is as follows:
ε represents porosity; s represents liquid water volume fraction; rhogIs the density of the gas; y isiRepresents the volume fraction of gas; u. ofgRepresents the velocity of the gas phase;
represents the effective diffusion coefficient of the gas; siIs a component equation source term; the lower subscript i represents hydrogen, oxygen or water vapor,
2) the temperature distribution calculation module constructs an energy conservation equation in the whole calculation domain:
ρ1and ρgDensity of liquid water and gas; cp,1And Cp,gRepresents the specific heat capacity of the liquid and gas phases; t represents a temperature; u. of1And ugRepresenting the velocity of the liquid and gas phases; k is a radical ofeffRepresents the effective thermal conductivity; sTThe source term of the temperature equation is,
3) calculating the current density distribution, and obtaining the current density distribution by combining with a potential control equation,
potential control equation:
κeffindicating effective conductivity, including electron conductivity and ion conductivity;
-a potential, V;
-a source term of an electrical potential equation,
current density distribution:
(2) connecting the fuel cell with the fuel cell test bench to test the performance of the fuel cell,
the fuel cell test bench outputs test data of the fuel cell such as anode relative humidity, cathode relative humidity, anode intake stoichiometric ratio, cathode intake stoichiometric ratio, anode inlet gas pressure, cathode inlet gas pressure, cell operation temperature, anode inlet temperature, cathode inlet temperature, coolant outlet temperature, coolant flow, output voltage, output current density, high-frequency impedance and the like to the simulation model,
the fuel cell test stand includes: an electronic load module, a humidifying module, a temperature control module, an air supply module, a nitrogen supply module, a hydrogen supply module and an integrated control module,
(3) the simulation model receives the data output by the fuel cell test bench, carries out simulation calculation,
(4) the simulation model outputs the calculated internal information of the fuel cell, including gas distribution, temperature distribution and current density distribution, and displays the internal information through a friendly interface.
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN115425259A (en) * | 2022-09-19 | 2022-12-02 | 中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司 | A method for identifying the distribution of electrical parameters inside a fuel cell |
| CN116093382A (en) * | 2022-12-20 | 2023-05-09 | 上海交通大学 | Test system and test method for acquiring polarization loss distribution of proton exchange membrane fuel cell |
| WO2024178672A1 (en) * | 2023-03-01 | 2024-09-06 | 罗伯特·博世有限公司 | Method and apparatus for determining shape parameter of fluid pathway |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108763737A (en) * | 2018-05-25 | 2018-11-06 | 天津大学 | Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells full battery D beam element method for establishing model |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108763737A (en) * | 2018-05-25 | 2018-11-06 | 天津大学 | Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells full battery D beam element method for establishing model |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| MIAO, TIANWEI等: ""Current density and temperature distribution measurement and homogeneity analysis for a large-area proton exchange membrane fuel cell"", 《ENERGY》 * |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN115425259A (en) * | 2022-09-19 | 2022-12-02 | 中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司 | A method for identifying the distribution of electrical parameters inside a fuel cell |
| CN116093382A (en) * | 2022-12-20 | 2023-05-09 | 上海交通大学 | Test system and test method for acquiring polarization loss distribution of proton exchange membrane fuel cell |
| WO2024178672A1 (en) * | 2023-03-01 | 2024-09-06 | 罗伯特·博世有限公司 | Method and apparatus for determining shape parameter of fluid pathway |
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