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CN114122514A - An electrolyte and battery - Google Patents

An electrolyte and battery Download PDF

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CN114122514A
CN114122514A CN202010898909.9A CN202010898909A CN114122514A CN 114122514 A CN114122514 A CN 114122514A CN 202010898909 A CN202010898909 A CN 202010898909A CN 114122514 A CN114122514 A CN 114122514A
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electrolyte
compound
silicon
carbonate
structural formula
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邓永红
肖映林
钱韫娴
胡时光
向晓霞
林雄贵
周密
金丽华
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Novolyte Battery Materials Suzhou Co Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2200/00—Safety devices for primary or secondary batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

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Abstract

为克服现有技术中含硅电极无法保持循环使用下的稳定性能的问题，本发明提供了一种电解液，包括本发明提供的结构式Ⅰ所示的化合物，结构式Ⅱ所示的硫酸酯类化合物以及溶剂。本发明还提供一种电池，包括正极材料、负极材料和本发明提供的电解液，正极材料和/或负极材料包括单质硅或硅基复合物。本发明提供的电解液能有效提高含硅电极循环稳定性能。

Figure 202010898909

In order to overcome the problem that the silicon-containing electrode in the prior art cannot maintain the stable performance under cyclic use, the present invention provides an electrolyte, including the compound represented by the structural formula I provided by the present invention, and the sulfuric ester compound represented by the structural formula II. and solvent. The present invention also provides a battery, comprising a positive electrode material, a negative electrode material and the electrolyte provided by the present invention, wherein the positive electrode material and/or the negative electrode material comprises elemental silicon or a silicon-based composite. The electrolyte provided by the invention can effectively improve the cycle stability performance of the silicon-containing electrode.

Figure 202010898909

Description

Electrolyte and battery
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of batteries, and particularly relates to an electrolyte and a battery.
Background
At present, the energy problem is becoming more severe and the environmental pollution is continuously worsened, and in order to realize sustainable development, the utilization and development of new energy and renewable energy become hot spots of research. Hydroenergy, wind energy, hydrogen energy, nuclear energy, tidal energy and solar energy are vigorously developed and utilized in various countries around the world, the energy has larger unpredictable and variable characteristics, the reliability of a power grid is greatly impacted, and the development of an energy storage technology can effectively solve the problem, so that new energy and renewable energy can be stored and applied in a stable form. Among a plurality of energy storage devices, electrochemical energy storage batteries have become one of the important research directions due to the characteristics of high energy density, good energy conversion efficiency, small pollution, convenience in combination and movement and the like.
Graphite is being replaced by silicon-based alloys with high capacity as a conventional negative electrode material for lithium ion batteries. Li2Si5The gram capacity of the graphite material is nearly 4200 mA.h/g, the theoretical gram capacity of the graphite material is only 372 mA.h/g, and the silicon-based alloy is considered as the most promising lithium ion battery negative electrode material. However, during the lithium intercalation and deintercalation processes, the volume of the silicon material changes greatly, often the volume changes by more than 300%, which causes the SEI (solid electrolyte interface) film to break, which causes further decomposition of the electrolyte, and conversely, causes the SEI film to become thick, resulting in increased battery impedance, and thus the silicon-based alloy cannot maintain high performance during long-term cycling.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides an electrolyte and a battery, aiming at the problem that a silicon-containing electrode in the prior art cannot keep the stability under the condition of recycling.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows:
in one aspect, the present invention provides an electrolyte comprising a solvent, an electrolyte salt, and an additive;
the additive comprises a sulfate compound;
the electrolyte salt includes a compound of formula i:
Figure BDA0002659332680000021
wherein R is1And R3Each independently selected from
Figure BDA0002659332680000022
R4Selected from S or Se; r5Selected from C, Si, Ge, Sn, S or Se; r2Selected from carbon chains or aromatic groups having some or all of the hydrogens replaced with other elements or groups; m1Selected from N, B, P, As, Sb or Bi; m2Selected from Li, Na, K, Mg or Al, n is selected from 1,2 or 3;
the sulfate compound is selected from one or more compounds shown as a structural formula II:
Figure BDA0002659332680000023
wherein R is6–R9Each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydrocarbyl or fluorinated hydrocarbyl of 1 to 3 carbons. Alternatively, in the compounds of formula I, R2Selected from saturated or unsaturated carbon chains of 1-4 carbons with partial or total hydrogen substituted by halogen elements or halogenated hydrocarbon groups, and aromatic rings with partial or total hydrogen substituted by halogen elements or halogenated hydrocarbon groups.
Optionally, the electrolyte salt includes one or more of compounds 1-91:
Figure BDA0002659332680000024
Figure BDA0002659332680000031
Figure BDA0002659332680000041
Figure BDA0002659332680000051
Figure BDA0002659332680000061
Figure BDA0002659332680000071
optionally, the sulfate-based compound includes one or more of compound 92-compound 97:
Figure BDA0002659332680000081
optionally, the additive further comprises a phosphate compound, and the mass content of the phosphate compound is 1-20% by taking the total mass of the electrolyte as 100%;
the phosphate ester compound is selected from one or more compounds shown in a structural formula III:
Figure BDA0002659332680000082
wherein R is10、R11And R12Each independently selected from
Figure BDA0002659332680000083
Or a hydrocarbon group or halogenated hydrocarbon group of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and R10、R11And R12At least one selected from
Figure BDA0002659332680000084
R13Selected from alkyl or halogenated alkyl of carbon atom 1 ~ 3.
Optionally, the phosphate ester-based compound comprises one or more of compound 98-compound 104:
Figure BDA0002659332680000085
Figure BDA0002659332680000091
optionally, in the electrolyte, the content of the electrolyte salt is 0.01M to 3M, and the mass content of the sulfate compound is 0.5 to 10% by taking the total mass of the electrolyte as 100%.
Optionally, the solvent comprises one or more of ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, dimethyl carbonate, 1, 3-dioxolane, vinylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, propylene sulfite and methyl propionate;
the solvent further comprises a fluorinated solvent comprising one or more of fluoroethylene carbonate, methyl 3, 3, 3-fluoroethylcarbonate, and 1,1,2, 2-tetrafluoroethyl-2 ', 2 ', 2 ' -trifluoroethyl ether.
Optionally, the electrolyte salt further comprises LiPF6、LiBF4、LiBOB、LiClO4、LiCF3SO3、LiDFOB、LiN(SO2CF3)2And LiN (SO)2F)2One or more of (a).
The invention also provides a battery, which comprises a positive electrode material, a negative electrode material and the electrolyte solution;
the cathode material and/or the anode material comprise elemental silicon or a silicon-based composite.
According to the electrolyte provided by the invention, the inventor finds out through a large number of experiments that the electrolyte salt shown in the structural formula I and the sulfate compound shown in the structural formula II are added into the electrolyte, so that the circulation stability of a silicon-containing electrode in a battery can be effectively improved, the battery still has higher battery capacity after multiple cycles, presumably because the electrolyte salt shown in the structural formula I and the sulfate compound shown in the structural formula II participate in the decomposition reaction of the surface of the silicon-containing electrode to form a layer of compact and uniform SEI film, the SEI film has higher mechanical strength, can effectively prevent the silicon-containing electrode from being damaged and falling off in the charging and discharging processes, further, the electrolyte salt shown in the structural formula I can react with the sulfate compound shown in the structural formula II, thereby effectively inhibiting the decomposition of the electrolyte and further improving the cycling stability and the safety performance of the battery.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the cycle performance of silicon-lithium batteries provided in example 1 of the present invention and comparative example 1;
fig. 2 is a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image of the silicon-containing electrode provided in example 1 of the present invention after being charged and discharged 5 times;
FIG. 3 is an SEM image of a Si-containing electrode provided in comparative example 1 of the present invention after being charged and discharged for 5 cycles;
fig. 4 is a graph of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) of silicon-containing electrodes provided in example 1 of the present invention and comparative example 1 after 5 cycles of charge and discharge.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical problems, technical solutions and advantageous effects solved by the present invention more clearly apparent, the present invention is further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
The embodiment of the invention also provides an electrolyte, which comprises a solvent, electrolyte salt and an additive;
the additive comprises a sulfate compound;
the electrolyte salt includes a compound of formula i:
Figure BDA0002659332680000101
wherein R is1And R3Each independently selected from
Figure BDA0002659332680000102
R4Selected from S or Se; r5Selected from C, Si, Ge, Sn, S or Se; r2Selected from carbon chains or aromatic groups having some or all of the hydrogens replaced with other elements or groups; m1Selected from N, B, P, As, Sb or Bi; m2Selected from Li, Na, K, Mg or Al, n is selected from 1,2 or 3;
the sulfate compound is selected from one or more compounds shown as a structural formula II:
Figure BDA0002659332680000111
wherein R is6–R9Each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydrocarbyl or fluorinated hydrocarbyl of 1 to 3 carbons.
According to the electrolyte provided by the invention, the inventor finds out through a large number of experiments that the electrolyte salt shown in the structural formula I and the sulfate compound shown in the structural formula II are added into the electrolyte, so that the circulation stability of a silicon-containing electrode in a battery can be effectively improved, the battery still has higher battery capacity after multiple cycles, presumably because the electrolyte salt shown in the structural formula I and the sulfate compound shown in the structural formula II participate in the decomposition reaction of the surface of the silicon-containing electrode to form a layer of compact and uniform SEI film, the SEI film has high mechanical strength, can effectively prevent a silicon-containing electrode from being damaged and falling off in the charging and discharging processes, and further, the electrolyte salt shown in the structural formula I and the sulfate compound shown in the structural formula II can effectively inhibit the decomposition of the electrolyte, so that the cycle stability and the safety performance of the battery are improved.
In some embodiments, in the compounds of formula I, R2Selected from saturated or unsaturated carbon chains of 1-4 carbons in which some or all of the hydrogens are replaced by halogen elements or halogenated hydrocarbon groups, some of whichAn aromatic ring in which hydrogen or all hydrogen is substituted by a halogen element or a halogenated hydrocarbon group.
In a preferred embodiment, in the compounds of formula I, R2Selected from saturated or unsaturated carbon chains of 1-4 carbons with some or all of the hydrogens replaced with fluorine or a fluorocarbon group, and aromatic rings with some or all of the hydrogens replaced with fluorine or a fluorocarbon group.
In some embodiments, the electrolyte salt includes one or more of compound 1-compound 91:
Figure BDA0002659332680000112
Figure BDA0002659332680000121
Figure BDA0002659332680000131
Figure BDA0002659332680000141
Figure BDA0002659332680000151
Figure BDA0002659332680000161
in some embodiments, in the compounds of formula ii, the halogen includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
In some embodiments, in the compounds of formula II, the 1-3 carbon hydrocarbyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, and vinyl groups;
the C1-3 fluorinated hydrocarbon group includes a trifluoromethyl group, a trifluoroethyl group and a trifluorovinyl group.
In some embodiments, the sulfate-like compound comprises one or more of compound 92-compound 97:
Figure BDA0002659332680000171
in some embodiments, the additive further comprises a phosphate compound, and the phosphate compound accounts for 1-20% of the total mass of the electrolyte;
the phosphate ester compound is selected from one or more compounds shown in a structural formula III:
Figure BDA0002659332680000172
wherein R is10、R11And R12Each independently selected from
Figure BDA0002659332680000173
Or a hydrocarbon group or halogenated hydrocarbon group of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and R10、R11And R12At least one selected from
Figure BDA0002659332680000174
R13Selected from alkyl or halogenated alkyl of carbon atom 1 ~ 3.
In a preferred embodiment, the mass content of the phosphate ester compound is 10-20% based on 100% of the total mass of the electrolyte;
in some embodiments, the phosphate based compound comprises one or more of compound 98-compound 104:
Figure BDA0002659332680000175
Figure BDA0002659332680000181
the phosphate compound has certain flame retardant property in the battery. On the basis of adding the compound shown in the structural formula I and the sulfate compound shown in the structural formula II, the cycle stability and the safety performance of the battery can be improved by further adding phosphate.
In some embodiments, the electrolyte salt is present in the electrolyte solution in an amount of 0.01M to 3M.
In a preferred embodiment, the electrolyte salt is contained in an amount of 0.8M to 1.5M.
In some embodiments, the sulfate compound is contained in an amount of 0.5 to 10% by mass based on 100% by mass of the total electrolyte.
In a preferred embodiment, the mass content of the sulfate compound is 2-7% based on 100% of the total mass of the electrolyte.
In some embodiments, the solvent comprises one or more of ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, dimethyl carbonate, 1, 3-dioxolane, vinylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, propylene sulfite, and methyl propionate;
the solvent further comprises a fluorinated solvent comprising one or more of fluoroethylene carbonate, methyl 3, 3, 3-fluoroethylcarbonate, and 1,1,2, 2-tetrafluoroethyl-2 ', 2 ', 2 ' -trifluoroethyl ether.
The fluoro solvent can react with the compound shown in the structural formula I to generate a compact SEI passive film rich in LiF, and the SEI passive film has high mechanical strength and can effectively prevent the SEI film from being damaged.
In some embodiments, the electrolyte salt further comprises LiPF6、LiBF4、LiBOB、LiClO4、LiCF3SO3、LiDFOB、LiN(SO2CF3)2And LiN (SO)2F)2One or more of (a).
The embodiment of the invention also provides a battery, which comprises a positive electrode material, a negative electrode material and the electrolyte;
the cathode material and/or the anode material comprise elemental silicon or a silicon-based composite.
In some embodiments, the battery further comprises a separator between the positive electrode material and the negative electrode material.
The present invention will be further illustrated by the following examples.
Examples and comparative examples the cathode material, anode material, solvent, additives and addition amounts are shown in table 1.
Wherein EC is ethylene carbonate, EMC is ethyl methyl carbonate, FEC is fluoroethylene carbonate, LiHFDF is 1,1,2,2, 3, 3-hexafluoro-1, 3-disulfonylimide lithium, DTD is ethylene sulfate, BTFMP is bis (2,2, 2-trifluoroethyl) methyl phosphate, and LiTFSI is bis (trifluoromethanesulfonimide) lithium.
TABLE 1
Figure BDA0002659332680000191
Figure BDA0002659332680000201
Example 1
This example is used to illustrate the electrolyte and the battery disclosed in the present invention, and includes the following steps:
preparing a battery: the positive electrode adopts a silicon-carbon electrode, the theoretical capacity of the electrode is 500 mA.h/g, and the negative electrode adopts a metal Li negative electrode.
Electrolyte A: dissolving 1M lithium 1,1,2,2, 3, 3-hexafluoro-1, 3-disulfonimide into a solvent of Ethylene Carbonate (EC) and Ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC), wherein EC: EMC is 1: 1;
to the solvent was added 5 wt% of ethylene sulfate (DTD), 20 wt% of bis (2,2, 2-trifluoroethyl) methyl phosphate (BTFMP).
Examples 2 to 11
Examples 2-11, which are intended to illustrate the electrolyte and battery of the present disclosure, include most of the operating steps of example 1, except that:
the positive electrode material, negative electrode material, solvent, electrolyte salt and additive shown in examples 2 to 11 in table 1 were used.
Comparative examples 1 to 4
This comparative example, which is used for comparative illustration of the electrolyte and battery disclosed in the present invention, includes most of the operating steps of example 1, except that:
the positive electrode material, the negative electrode material, the solvent electrolyte salt and the additive shown in comparative examples 1 to 4 in table 1 were used.
Performance testing
Charge and discharge cycle test
The electrolytes of example 1 and comparative example 1 were equipped with batteries and subjected to charge-discharge cycle tests, the results of which are shown in fig. 1.
The battery of example 1 maintained a stable capacity after multiple charge and discharge cycles.
SEM characterization
The electrolytes of example 1 and comparative example 1 were charged and discharged 5 times by cycle, and then tested by SEM.
Fig. 2 is a SEM image of a silicon carbon electrode using the electrolyte of example 1, and it can be seen that, in the battery using the electrolyte of example 1, significant silicon carbon particles can be observed, which indicates that the SEI film generated on the surface of the electrode is thin, indicating that the SEI film obtained in example 1 is more stable; fig. 3 is a SEM image of a silicon-carbon electrode using the electrolyte of comparative example 1, in which the electrode surface has no significant silicon-carbon particles and is covered by a thick SEI film, indicating that the decomposition of the electrolyte cannot be prevented using the electrode of comparative example 1, and the SEI film on the electrode surface is too thick due to the continuous decomposition of the electrolyte, and is unstable, resulting in an increase in electrochemical impedance of the silicon-containing electrode.
Electrochemical impedance testing
The electrolytes of example 1 and comparative example 1 were charged and discharged 50 times by cycle, and then subjected to electrochemical impedance test, as shown in fig. 4.
As can be seen from fig. 4, the electrochemical resistance using the electrolyte of example 1 is much lower than that using the electrolyte of comparative example 1, because the electrolyte of example 1 decomposes on the surface of the silicon-containing electrode to form a dense and uniform SEI film, which can hinder the continuous decomposition of the electrolyte and reduce the electrochemical resistance of the silicon-containing electrode.
Charge and discharge test
The batteries of examples 1 to 11 and comparative examples 1 to 4 were charged and discharged, respectively, and the electrode capacities of the silicon-containing electrodes were tested 5 times, 50 times, 100 times, and 200 times for the cycles.
The results are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2
Figure BDA0002659332680000221
As can be seen from Table 2, the test data comparing examples 1-11 and comparative examples 1-4 provided by the present invention shows that the silicon-containing electrode can maintain good electrode capacity after the battery using the electrolyte provided by the present invention is charged and discharged for 200 cycles.
It can be known from comparative examples 2 to 5 and comparative examples 2 to 3 that the addition of the sulfate compound to the electrolyte and the silicon-containing electrode can maintain the high electrode capacity after 200 charge-discharge cycles, which indicates that the addition of the electrolyte salt and the sulfate compound can maintain the cycle stability of the silicon-containing electrode. It is understood from the combination of example 1 and examples 6 and 7 that the addition of the phosphate ester compound represented by the formula III to the electrolyte salt represented by the formula I and the sulfate ester compound represented by the formula II can further improve the cycle performance of the silicon-containing electrode.
As shown in comparative examples 1 to 7 and comparative example 4, the electrolyte salt shown in the structural formula I is selected as the electrolyte salt, and the electrode can still maintain higher capacity even after 200 times of charge-discharge cycles, because the electrolyte salt and the sulfate compound shown in the structural formula II inhibit the decomposition of the electrolyte, the cycle stability of the electrode containing silicon is improved.
As can be seen from the test data of comparative examples 8 to 11, in the battery according to the present invention, the cycle performance of the silicon-containing electrode gradually increased with the increase in the concentration of the electrolyte salt represented by structural formula i, and in particular, the cycle performance of the silicon-containing electrode was optimized when the concentration of the electrolyte salt represented by structural formula i was 1M.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1.一种电解液，其特征在于，包括溶剂，电解质盐以及添加剂；1. an electrolyte, is characterized in that, comprises solvent, electrolyte salt and additive; 所述添加剂包括硫酸酯类化合物；The additives include sulfate compounds; 所述电解质盐包括如结构式Ⅰ所示的化合物：The electrolyte salts include compounds of structural formula I:
Figure FDA0002659332670000011
Figure FDA0002659332670000011
 其中，R1和R3各自独立地选自
Figure FDA0002659332670000012
R4选自S或Se；R5选自C、Si、Ge、Sn、S或Se；R2选自具有部分氢或全部氢被其它元素或基团取代的碳链或芳香基团；M1选自N、B、P、As、Sb或Bi；M2选自Li、Na、K、Mg或Al，n选自1、2或3；wherein R 1 and R 3 are each independently selected from
Figure FDA0002659332670000012
R 4 is selected from S or Se; R 5 is selected from C, Si, Ge, Sn, S or Se; R 2 is selected from carbon chains or aromatic groups with part or all of hydrogen substituted by other elements or groups; M 1 is selected from N, B, P, As, Sb or Bi; M 2 is selected from Li, Na, K, Mg or Al, and n is selected from 1, 2 or 3; 所述硫酸酯类化合物选自如结构式Ⅱ所示化合物中的一种或多种：The sulfuric acid ester compound is selected from one or more of the compounds represented by the structural formula II:
Figure FDA0002659332670000013
Figure FDA0002659332670000013
 其中，R6–R9各自独立地选自氢、卤素、1-3个碳的烃基或氟代烃基。Wherein, R 6 -R 9 are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydrocarbon group of 1-3 carbons or fluorohydrocarbon group. 2.根据权利要求1所述的电解液，其特征在于，结构式Ⅰ所示的化合物中，R2选自部分氢或全部氢被卤族元素或卤代烃基取代的1-4个碳的饱和或不饱和碳链、部分氢或全部氢被卤族元素或卤代烃基取代的芳香环。2. The electrolyte according to claim 1 is characterized in that, in the compound shown in structural formula I, R 2 is selected from the saturated 1-4 carbons in which part of hydrogen or all hydrogen is substituted by halogen element or halogenated hydrocarbon group Or an aromatic ring in which an unsaturated carbon chain, part or all of the hydrogen is replaced by a halogen element or a halogenated hydrocarbon group. 3.根据权利要求2所述的电解液，其特征在于，所述电解质盐包括化合物1-化合物91中的一种或多种：3. The electrolyte according to claim 2, wherein the electrolyte salt comprises one or more of Compound 1-Compound 91:
Figure FDA0002659332670000021
Figure FDA0002659332670000021
Figure FDA0002659332670000031
Figure FDA0002659332670000031
Figure FDA0002659332670000041
Figure FDA0002659332670000041
Figure FDA0002659332670000051
Figure FDA0002659332670000051
Figure FDA0002659332670000061
Figure FDA0002659332670000061
 4.根据权利要求1所述的电解液，其特征在于，所述硫酸酯类化合物包括化合物92-化合物97中的一种或多种：4. electrolyte according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described sulfate ester compound comprises one or more in compound 92-compound 97:
Figure FDA0002659332670000071
Figure FDA0002659332670000071
 5.根据权利要求1所述的电解液，其特征在于，所述添加剂还包括有磷酸酯类化合物，以所述电解液的总质量为100％计，所述磷酸酯类化合物的质量含量为1～20％；5 . The electrolyte according to claim 1 , wherein the additive further comprises a phosphate compound, and based on the total mass of the electrolyte being 100%, the mass content of the phosphate compound is 5 . 1～20%; 所述磷酸酯类化合物选自结构式Ⅲ所示的化合物中的一种或多种：The phosphoric acid ester compound is selected from one or more of the compounds represented by the structural formula III:
Figure FDA0002659332670000072
Figure FDA0002659332670000072
 其中，R10、R11和R12各自独立地选自
Figure FDA0002659332670000073
或碳原子1～3的烃基或卤代烃基，且R10、R11和R12中至少一个选自
Figure FDA0002659332670000074
R13选自碳原子1～3的烃基或卤代烃基。wherein R 10 , R 11 and R 12 are each independently selected from
Figure FDA0002659332670000073
or a hydrocarbon group or a halogenated hydrocarbon group with 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and at least one of R 10 , R 11 and R 12 is selected from
Figure FDA0002659332670000074
R 13 is selected from a hydrocarbon group or a halogenated hydrocarbon group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. 6.根据权利要求5所述的电解液，其特征在于，所述磷酸酯类化合物包括化合物98-化合物104中的一种或多种：6. The electrolyte according to claim 5, wherein the phosphoric acid ester compound comprises one or more of compound 98-compound 104:
Figure FDA0002659332670000081
Figure FDA0002659332670000081
 7.根据权利要求5所述的电解液，其特征在于，所述电解液中，所述电解质盐的含量为0.01M～3M；7. The electrolyte according to claim 5, characterized in that, in the electrolyte, the content of the electrolyte salt is 0.01M-3M; 以所述电解液的总质量为100％计，所述硫酸酯类化合物的质量含量为0.5～10％。Based on the total mass of the electrolyte solution as 100%, the mass content of the sulfate-based compound is 0.5-10%. 8.根据权利要求1所述的电解液，其特征在于，所述溶剂包括乙二醇二甲醚、碳酸二甲酯、1,3-二氧戊环、碳酸亚乙烯酯、碳酸丙烯酯、碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸甲乙酯、亚硫酸丙烯脂和丙酸甲酯中的一种或多种；8. The electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the solvent comprises ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, dimethyl carbonate, 1,3-dioxolane, vinylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, One or more of ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, propylene sulfite and methyl propionate; 所述溶剂还包括氟代溶剂，所述氟代溶剂包括氟代碳酸乙烯酯、3，3，3-氟乙基碳酸甲酯和1,1,2,2-四氟乙基-2’,2’,2’-三氟乙醚中的一种或多种。Described solvent also includes fluorinated solvent, and described fluorinated solvent includes fluorinated ethylene carbonate, 3,3,3-fluoroethyl methyl carbonate and 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2', One or more of 2',2'-trifluoroethyl ether. 9.根据权利要求1-8任意一项所述的电解液，其特征在于，所述电解质盐还包括LiPF6、LiBF4、LiBOB、LiClO4、LiCF3SO3、LiDFOB、LiN(SO2CF3)2和LiN(SO2F)2中的一种或多种。9 . The electrolyte according to claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte salt further comprises LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiBOB, LiClO 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiDFOB, LiN(SO 2 CF 9 . 3 ) 2 and one or more of LiN(SO 2 F) 2 . 10.一种电池，其特征在于，包括正极材料、负极材料和如权利要求1-9中任意一项所述的电解液；10. A battery, characterized in that, comprising a positive electrode material, a negative electrode material and the electrolyte according to any one of claims 1-9; 所述正极材料和/或所述负极材料包括单质硅或硅基复合物。The positive electrode material and/or the negative electrode material includes elemental silicon or a silicon-based composite.
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