CN114109807A - Compressor piston and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Compressor piston and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN114109807A CN114109807A CN202111440470.6A CN202111440470A CN114109807A CN 114109807 A CN114109807 A CN 114109807A CN 202111440470 A CN202111440470 A CN 202111440470A CN 114109807 A CN114109807 A CN 114109807A
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- piston
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B53/00—Component parts, details or accessories not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F04B1/00 - F04B23/00 or F04B39/00 - F04B47/00
- F04B53/14—Pistons, piston-rods or piston-rod connections
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
- B23P15/00—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass
- B23P15/10—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass pistons
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/02—Alloys based on aluminium with silicon as the next major constituent
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D11/00—Electrolytic coating by surface reaction, i.e. forming conversion layers
- C25D11/02—Anodisation
- C25D11/04—Anodisation of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C25D11/06—Anodisation of aluminium or alloys based thereon characterised by the electrolytes used
- C25D11/08—Anodisation of aluminium or alloys based thereon characterised by the electrolytes used containing inorganic acids
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
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- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
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- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Compressors, Vaccum Pumps And Other Relevant Systems (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a compressor piston and a preparation method and application thereof, wherein the compressor piston comprises a piston seat and a piston cylinder, and the piston seat is made of a first aluminum alloy; the piston cylinder is made of a second aluminum alloy; aiming at the different application characteristics of the two parts, the invention selects different materials, thereby reducing the production cost; the preparation method adopts the friction stir welding technology to weld the dissimilar alloy, simplifies the process flow, ensures the welding quality, greatly improves the production efficiency and is beneficial to industrial production.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of compressors, and particularly relates to a compressor piston and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
The piston is the core part of the swash plate compressor, and the piston does reciprocating linear motion in a cylinder body, and compressed gas is mainly completed by dynamic sealing of an oil film between a piston cylinder and a cylinder wall on the premise of no piston ring. Therefore, the piston cylinder is required to have higher adsorption to lubricating oil, and the adsorption is mainly solved by increasing an annular groove on the outer circle of the piston cylinder or increasing a point-shaped pit on the outer circle surface in a mechanical processing mode at present. In addition, the piston cylinder is not in direct contact with the cylinder block wall most of the time during operation, so that the requirement on the wear resistance of the piston cylinder is not high, and the wear resistance of the piston cylinder mainly depends on the raw material or the outer circumferential surface coating and the like. In order to reduce the energy consumption of the piston in the reciprocating motion process, the piston is made of aluminum alloy materials with higher strength, and the piston seat needs to slide to accommodate a sliding shoe, so that the piston seat needs to have high enough wear resistance and strength. The improvement of wear resistance requires the guarantee that the content of silicon in the aluminum alloy is not less than 6.5 weight percent, and the improvement of strength requires the guarantee that the content of copper in the aluminum alloy is not less than 1 weight percent. At present, in order to facilitate the weld forming of piston seat and piston cylinder and guarantee welding strength, the industry adopts the aluminum alloy of the same trade mark with piston cylinder and piston seat mostly, has greatly improved manufacturing cost.
For the piston cylinder, if the content of silicon is more than 1.65 weight percent, eutectic silicon is generated, and the plasticity of the eutectic structure is poor, so that the plastic processing and forming of the piston cylinder are not facilitated. In addition, when the copper and silicon content is high, inconvenience is brought to surface treatment of the piston cylinder, for example, during anodic oxidation, current is often concentrated at the copper and silicon segregation position, and burning loss and scrapping of products are easily caused. Therefore, how to improve the above phenomenon is a problem to be solved at present.
CN203098195U discloses a piston of a swash plate compressor, which includes a piston barrel and a piston seat, the piston seat has a slot matching with the swash plate, the piston seat is provided with two opposite inner end faces in the slot, each inner end face is provided with a small hole, the two inner end faces are provided with an insert in opposite directions, one side of the insert is provided with a ball hole for accommodating the shoe, the other side is provided with a plane and a boss, the boss is embedded in the small hole to play a role of positioning and prevent the insert from moving. This solution improves the strength and makes it easy to process by optimizing the piston structure, but cannot solve the existing problems.
Therefore, it is important to provide a compressor piston that can reduce the cost and improve the above problems according to the use characteristics of each part of the piston.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention aims to provide a compressor piston and a preparation method and application thereof, wherein the compressor piston is made of a proper material, so that the raw material composition of the piston is optimized, and the production cost is reduced; the preparation method adopts the friction stir welding technology to weld the dissimilar alloys, ensures the welding quality and is beneficial to industrial production.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
in a first aspect, the invention provides a compressor piston, which comprises a piston seat and a piston cylinder, wherein the piston seat is made of a first aluminum alloy; the piston cylinder is made of a second aluminum alloy.
According to the invention, the compressor piston is made of different aluminum alloy materials according to the application characteristics of the piston seat and the piston cylinder, so that the production cost is reduced, and the large-scale production is facilitated.
The following technical solutions are preferred technical solutions of the present invention, but not limited to the technical solutions provided by the present invention, and technical objects and advantageous effects of the present invention can be better achieved and achieved by the following technical solutions.
As a preferred technical scheme of the invention, the composition of the first aluminum alloy comprises, by weight, Si ≥ 6.5 wt%, such as 6.5 wt%, 7 wt%, 7.5 wt%, 8 wt%, 8.5 wt% or 9 wt%; cu.gtoreq.1 wt%, for example 1 wt%, 1.5 wt%, 2 wt%, 2.5 wt%, 3 wt% or 3.5 wt%, and the balance being aluminum, the selection of the above numerical values is not limited to the enumerated values, and other numerical values not enumerated within the respective numerical values are also applicable.
According to the invention, after the piston seat adopts the silicon copper with the content, the wear resistance and the strength of the piston seat can be effectively ensured.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the composition of the second aluminum alloy comprises, in weight percent, Si ≦ 1.65 wt%, such as 1 wt%, 1.1 wt%, 1.2 wt%, 1.4 wt%, 1.5 wt%, or 1.65 wt%; cu.ltoreq.1 wt.%, for example 0.2 wt.%, 0.4 wt.%, 0.6 wt.%, 0.8 wt.% or 1 wt.%, and the balance aluminum, and the above-mentioned values are not limited to the recited values, and other values not recited in the respective numerical ranges are also applicable.
In the invention, after the piston cylinder adopts the silicon and copper content, because the silicon and copper content is less than the solid solubility (the solid solubility of silicon is 1.65 and the solid solubility of copper is 5.6), eutectic structures do not exist, the piston cylinder is favorable for plastic forming, and the production cost can be effectively reduced. In addition, along with the reduction of the content of copper and silicon, the segregation situation can be effectively improved, and the surface treatment is facilitated. For example, the surface of the piston cylinder is treated by anodic oxidation, the surface of the treated piston cylinder forms a micro-hole structure vertical to the outer circular surface of the cylinder, the micro-holes can just adsorb lubricating oil, thereby effectively reducing wear and improving dynamic sealing effect, and in addition, the surface of the treated piston cylinder forms a layer of Al2O3The hardness of the hardened film is far higher than that of the matrix, so that the wear resistance of the piston cylinder is further improved. Because the anodic oxidation has the two characteristics, the outer surface of the piston cylinder at the later stage does not need to depend on mechanical processing to increase the characteristic structures (annular grooves or point-shaped pits and the like) for adsorbing oil; further, the surface wear resistance is greatly improved after the anodic oxidation, so that the surface coating does not need to be added on the outer circle surface of the piston cylinder. Thereby simplifying the manufacturing process, reducing the manufacturing cost and improving the reliability of the piston cylinder.
As a preferable technical scheme of the invention, the piston seat is provided with a slot matched with the swash plate and the slipper.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the piston cylinder has a cylindrical shape.
In a second aspect, the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a piston for a compressor according to the first aspect, the method comprising the steps of:
(1) cold forging the second aluminum alloy blank, and then cutting and processing the second aluminum alloy blank into a piston cylinder semi-finished product;
(2) welding the semi-finished piston cylinder and the semi-finished piston seat in the step (1), and then cutting, processing and forming to obtain a semi-finished piston;
(3) and (3) carrying out anodic oxidation on the piston cylinder part of the piston semi-finished product in the step (2) to obtain the compressor piston.
According to the invention, the preparation method greatly simplifies the whole preparation process of the compressor piston by improving the preparation process of the piston cylinder, and compared with the preparation process of the piston cylinder in the prior art, namely blank heating (T > recrystallization temperature) → die heating → hot forging forming → heat treatment (T6) strengthening → cutting processing → welding → cutting processing → surface spraying (PTFE and the like) → cutting processing → finishing detection, the preparation method reduces blank heating, die heating, heat treatment (T6) and last cutting processing, effectively improves the production efficiency, reduces the production cost and has better economic benefit.
In the present invention, the piston seat semi-finished product is obtained by conventional processing, and will not be described herein.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the temperature of the cold forging in the step (1) is 20 to 30 ℃ such as 20 ℃, 22 ℃, 24 ℃, 26 ℃, 28 ℃ or 30 ℃, but is not limited to the above-mentioned values, and other values not shown in the above-mentioned range are also applicable.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the welding in step (2) is friction stir welding.
As a preferable technical scheme of the invention, the anode in the step (3) is oxidized and then dried.
In the present invention, the anodic oxidation is sulfuric acid anodic oxidation, which belongs to the conventional technical means in the field and is not described herein again.
In a third aspect, the present invention provides the use of a compressor piston of the first aspect for a swash plate compressor.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) the compressor piston provided by the invention respectively adopts different aluminum alloy materials according to the application characteristics of the piston seat and the piston cylinder, so that the production cost of a single set of compressor is reduced by more than 15 yuan;
(2) the preparation method adopts the friction stir welding technology, realizes the welding of dissimilar alloys under the condition of ensuring the welding quality, simplifies the process flow and is beneficial to industrial production.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a compressor piston provided in embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to better illustrate the present invention and facilitate the understanding of the technical solutions of the present invention, the present invention is further described in detail below. However, the following examples are only simple examples of the present invention and do not represent or limit the scope of the present invention, which is defined by the claims.
The following are typical but non-limiting examples of the invention:
example 1:
the embodiment provides a compressor piston and a preparation method thereof, wherein the compressor piston comprises a piston seat 1 and a piston cylinder 2, and the piston seat 1 is made of a first aluminum alloy; the piston cylinder 2 is made of a second aluminum alloy. The schematic structure of the compressor piston is shown in fig. 1.
The first aluminum alloy comprises, by weight, 6.5% of Si, 1% of Cu, and the balance of aluminum.
The second aluminum alloy comprises, by weight, 1.4% Si, 0.6% Cu, and the balance aluminum.
The piston seat 1 is provided with a slot 3 matched with the swash plate and the sliding shoe; the piston cylinder 2 is cylindrical.
The preparation method of the compressor piston comprises the following steps:
manufacturing a piston seat semi-finished product:
firstly, heating a first aluminum alloy blank to 400 ℃ for heat preservation, heating a die to 200 ℃ for heat preservation, and performing hot forging forming under the condition;
secondly, preserving the heat of the blank processed in the first step for 2 hours at 480 ℃, performing water quenching, heating to 170 ℃, preserving the heat for 6 hours, and then performing cutting processing to obtain a semi-finished product of the piston seat;
(1) cold forging the second aluminum alloy blank at 25 ℃, and then cutting and processing the second aluminum alloy blank into a piston cylinder semi-finished product;
(2) performing friction stir welding on the semi-finished product of the piston cylinder and the semi-finished product of the piston seat in the step (1), and then cutting, processing and forming to obtain a semi-finished product of the piston;
(3) and (3) carrying out sulfuric acid anodic oxidation on the piston cylinder part in the piston semi-finished product in the step (2) to generate a film with the thickness of 2 microns on the surface, and obtaining the compressor piston.
Example 2:
the embodiment provides a compressor piston and a preparation method thereof, wherein the compressor piston comprises a piston seat 1 and a piston cylinder 2, and the piston seat 1 is made of a first aluminum alloy; the piston cylinder 2 is made of a second aluminum alloy.
The first aluminum alloy comprises, by weight, 8% of Si, 1.5% of Cu, and the balance of aluminum.
The second aluminum alloy comprises, by weight, 1.65% of Si, 1% of Cu, and the balance of aluminum.
The piston seat 1 is provided with a slot 3 matched with the swash plate and the sliding shoe; the piston cylinder 2 is cylindrical.
The preparation method of the compressor piston comprises the following steps:
manufacturing a piston seat semi-finished product:
heating a first aluminum alloy blank to 380 ℃ for heat preservation, heating a die to 170 ℃ for heat preservation, and performing hot forging forming under the condition;
secondly, preserving the heat of the blank processed in the first step for 2 hours at 500 ℃, performing water quenching, heating to 190 ℃, preserving the heat for 7 hours, and then performing cutting processing to obtain a semi-finished product of the piston seat;
(1) cold forging the second aluminum alloy blank at 28 ℃, and then cutting and processing the second aluminum alloy blank into a piston cylinder semi-finished product;
(2) performing friction stir welding on the semi-finished product of the piston cylinder and the semi-finished product of the piston seat in the step (1), and then cutting, processing and forming to obtain a semi-finished product of the piston;
(3) and (3) carrying out sulfuric acid anodic oxidation on the piston cylinder part in the piston semi-finished product in the step (2) to generate a film with the thickness of 4 microns on the surface, and obtaining the compressor piston.
Example 3:
the embodiment provides a compressor piston and a preparation method thereof, wherein the compressor piston comprises a piston seat 1 and a piston cylinder 2, and the piston seat 1 is made of a first aluminum alloy; the piston cylinder 2 is made of a second aluminum alloy.
The first aluminum alloy comprises, by weight, 7% of Si, 2% of Cu, and the balance of aluminum.
The second aluminum alloy comprises, by weight, 1 wt% of Si, 0.3 wt% of Cu, and the balance of aluminum.
The piston seat 1 is provided with a slot 3 matched with the swash plate and the sliding shoe; the piston cylinder 2 is cylindrical.
The preparation method of the compressor piston comprises the following steps:
manufacturing a piston seat semi-finished product:
firstly, heating a first aluminum alloy blank to 420 ℃, preserving heat, heating a die to 250 ℃, preserving heat, and carrying out hot forging forming under the condition;
secondly, preserving the heat of the blank processed in the first step for 2 hours at 460 ℃, performing water quenching, heating to 180 ℃, preserving the heat for 6 hours, and then performing cutting processing to obtain a semi-finished product of the piston seat;
(1) cold forging the second aluminum alloy blank at 22 ℃ to form, and then cutting and processing the second aluminum alloy blank into a piston cylinder semi-finished product;
(2) performing friction stir welding on the semi-finished product of the piston cylinder and the semi-finished product of the piston seat in the step (1), and then cutting, processing and forming to obtain a semi-finished product of the piston;
(3) and (3) carrying out sulfuric acid anodic oxidation on the piston cylinder part in the piston semi-finished product in the step (2) to generate a film with the thickness of 3 microns on the surface, and thus obtaining the compressor piston.
Comparative example 1:
the present comparative example provides a compressor piston and a preparation method thereof, the compressor piston comprises a piston seat 1 and a piston cylinder 2, the piston seat 1 and the piston cylinder 2 are made of aluminum alloy, and the materials are as follows by weight percentage: including 6.5 wt% Si, 1 wt% Cu, and the balance aluminum.
The piston seat 1 is provided with a slot 3 matched with the swash plate and the sliding shoe; the piston cylinder 2 is cylindrical.
The preparation method of the compressor piston comprises the following steps:
the method of preparing the semi-finished piston seat is the same as that of example 1;
(1) heating an aluminum alloy blank to 400 ℃ for heat preservation, heating a die to 200 ℃ for heat preservation, and performing hot forging forming under the condition;
(2) preserving heat of the blank treated in the step (1) at 480 ℃ for 2h, performing water quenching, heating to 170 ℃ and preserving heat for 6h, and then performing cutting processing to obtain a semi-finished piston cylinder;
(2) performing friction stir welding on the semi-finished product of the piston cylinder and the semi-finished product of the piston seat in the step (1), and then cutting, processing and forming to obtain a semi-finished product of the piston;
(3) and (3) spraying polytetrafluoroethylene on the piston cylinder part of the piston semi-finished product in the step (2), and then cutting to obtain the compressor piston.
The pistons obtained in examples 1 to 3 and comparative example 1 were subjected to a conventional overall durability test, and the results are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1
| Durability test of the entire machine | |
| Example 1 | Meets the standard |
| Example 2 | Meets the standard |
| Example 3 | Meets the standard |
| Comparative example 1 | Meets the standard |
Aiming at the application characteristics of the two parts, the invention optimizes the raw material composition of the piston cylinder part, further simplifies the preparation process flow, reduces the cost of a single set of compressor by more than 15 yuan, but does not reduce the durability compared with the traditional process in the comparative example 1.
By combining the embodiment and the comparative example, the compressor piston provided by the invention respectively adopts different aluminum alloy materials according to the application characteristics of the piston seat and the piston cylinder, so that the production cost of a single set of compressor is reduced by more than 15 yuan; the preparation method adopts the friction stir welding technology, simplifies the process flow when realizing the welding of the dissimilar alloy under the condition of ensuring the welding quality, and is beneficial to industrial production.
The applicant states that the present invention is illustrated by the above examples to show the products and detailed methods of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the above products and detailed methods, i.e. it is not meant that the present invention must rely on the above products and detailed methods to be carried out. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that any modifications to the present invention, equivalents thereof, additions of additional operations, selection of specific ways, etc., are within the scope and disclosure of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The compressor piston comprises a piston seat and a piston cylinder, and is characterized in that the piston seat is made of a first aluminum alloy; the piston cylinder is made of a second aluminum alloy.
2. The compressor piston of claim 1, wherein the composition of the first aluminum alloy includes, in weight percent, Si ≥ 6.5%, Cu ≥ 1%, and the balance aluminum.
3. The compressor piston of claim 1 or 2, wherein the composition of the second aluminum alloy comprises, in weight percent, Si ≦ 1.65 wt.%, Cu ≦ 1 wt.%, and the balance aluminum.
4. A compressor piston according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein said piston seat is provided with a slot for cooperation with a swash plate and a shoe.
5. The compressor piston of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein said piston cylinder is cylindrical.
6. A method for manufacturing a compressor piston according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it comprises the steps of:
(1) cold forging the second aluminum alloy blank, and then cutting and processing the second aluminum alloy blank into a piston cylinder semi-finished product;
(2) welding the semi-finished piston cylinder and the semi-finished piston seat in the step (1), and then cutting, processing and forming to obtain a semi-finished piston;
(3) and (3) carrying out anodic oxidation on the piston cylinder part of the piston semi-finished product in the step (2) to obtain the compressor piston.
7. The production method according to claim 6, wherein the temperature of the cold forging forming in the step (1) is 20 to 30 ℃.
8. The method for preparing the alloy material according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the welding in the step (2) is performed by friction stir welding.
9. The method according to any one of claims 6 to 8, wherein the step (3) of anodizing is followed by baking.
10. Use of a compressor piston according to any one of claims 1-3, characterised in that the compressor piston is used in a swash plate compressor.
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| CN202111440470.6A CN114109807B (en) | 2021-11-30 | 2021-11-30 | Compressor piston and preparation method and application thereof |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111440470.6A CN114109807B (en) | 2021-11-30 | 2021-11-30 | Compressor piston and preparation method and application thereof |
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| CN114109807A true CN114109807A (en) | 2022-03-01 |
| CN114109807B CN114109807B (en) | 2024-01-05 |
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| CN1916414A (en) * | 2006-07-14 | 2007-02-21 | 应泉乐 | Hollow piston in compressor and its manufacturing method |
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| CN102686763A (en) * | 2009-10-16 | 2012-09-19 | 昭和电工株式会社 | Process for producing brake piston |
| CN104805339A (en) * | 2015-05-11 | 2015-07-29 | 山东汇川汽车部件有限公司 | Automobile air conditioner compressor hollow piston and production method thereof |
| KR20170119867A (en) * | 2016-04-20 | 2017-10-30 | (주)씨앤지 | Device for piston used in air conditioner compressor of vehicle and method for manufacturing the same |
| JP2019019373A (en) * | 2017-07-15 | 2019-02-07 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | Manufacturing method of aluminum alloy-made piston of compressor, and the aluminum alloy for piston |
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2021
- 2021-11-30 CN CN202111440470.6A patent/CN114109807B/en active Active
Patent Citations (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2003343423A (en) * | 2002-05-24 | 2003-12-03 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Swash plate type fluid pump/motor |
| JP2004277786A (en) * | 2003-03-14 | 2004-10-07 | Nippon Light Metal Co Ltd | Method of producing heat-treated aluminum alloy material for cold working with excellent machinability |
| CN1580562A (en) * | 2003-08-08 | 2005-02-16 | 上海三电贝洱汽车空调有限公司 | Piston of sloping cam plate compressor |
| CN1916414A (en) * | 2006-07-14 | 2007-02-21 | 应泉乐 | Hollow piston in compressor and its manufacturing method |
| JP2008127579A (en) * | 2006-11-16 | 2008-06-05 | Toyama Gokin Kk | Aluminum alloy |
| CN101775550A (en) * | 2009-01-14 | 2010-07-14 | 常州朗锐活塞有限公司 | Piston top material of combined piston for big cylinder-diameter diesel engine |
| CN102686763A (en) * | 2009-10-16 | 2012-09-19 | 昭和电工株式会社 | Process for producing brake piston |
| CN104805339A (en) * | 2015-05-11 | 2015-07-29 | 山东汇川汽车部件有限公司 | Automobile air conditioner compressor hollow piston and production method thereof |
| KR20170119867A (en) * | 2016-04-20 | 2017-10-30 | (주)씨앤지 | Device for piston used in air conditioner compressor of vehicle and method for manufacturing the same |
| JP2019019373A (en) * | 2017-07-15 | 2019-02-07 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | Manufacturing method of aluminum alloy-made piston of compressor, and the aluminum alloy for piston |
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| CN114109807B (en) | 2024-01-05 |
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