CN114065411B - A method for creating a drawing blank surface based on a parametric mesh surface - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for creating a drawing and pressing surface based on a parameterized grid curved surface, and belongs to the technical field of stamping methods. Setting a reference plane and a reference point in common three-dimensional modeling software, creating an orthogonal section curve group required by parameterizing a grid curved surface by using a parameterization sketch module method, and obtaining a single dough sheet pressing surface with parameterization characteristics from the orthogonal section curve group through grid commands. The invention has the advantages that the invention can be completed by any common three-dimensional industrial design software at present, only uses common simple modeling commands such as a datum plane, a sketch, a datum point, a grid, a rounding and the like, provides simple and efficient operation steps, and is suitable for high-efficiency and high-quality design of drawing press surfaces of various stamping covering parts.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for creating a drawing and pressing surface based on a parameterized grid curved surface, and belongs to the technical field of stamping methods.
Background
The design of large-scale stamping covering parts and stamping and drawing technology adopts a three-dimensional design method at present. The process design steps of the drawing part generally comprise the following main steps of determining the drawing direction based on a three-dimensional product digital model, filling the internal hole of the product, creating a process extension surface (comprising flanging and unfolding of a shaping area) of the product, creating a pressing surface and a convex die contour line, generating a pressing surface, producing a convex die fillet, generating a concave die fillet and drawing ribs, and the like, wherein the design of the pressing surface is a key design step, and the good drawing pressing surface comprises the following main characteristics of (1) simple shape and smooth surface, and is convenient for the material to uniformly flow into the center of the product, and (2) along the drawing convex die contour line, the pressing surface ensures that the process supplement part of the drawing part uniformly changes along with the shape of the product, so that the material flow speed is relatively uniform during drawing, and wrinkling is avoided. (3) Along the drawing height direction, the whole position of the pressing surface is required to ensure moderate drawing deformation degree during stamping, so that drawing cracking and insufficient plastic deformation and wrinkling are avoided. In order to meet the requirements, the design of the drawing press surface is designed as much as possible by adopting a parameterized design method, and the drawing press surface is designed as single sheet body as much as possible or is formed by stitching as few sheet bodies as possible under the condition of allowing the condition, so that the complex relevance among a plurality of sheet bodies caused by stitching of a plurality of sheet bodies is reduced, and the stitching tolerance and the fairing continuity (G1 and above continuity) among the sheet bodies are ensured.
At present, when the drawing and pressing surface of a large stamping part is designed in the stamping industry, a multi-surface splicing method is mostly adopted, namely, an independent local pressing surface is firstly generated, and then the surfaces are subjected to transitional connection or splicing (stitching) to form a complete pressing surface. In practical modeling work, the traditional method often adopts a non-full parameterization design method, so that the obtained press surface is a multi-piece sewing surface, and in order to ensure the smoothness of the sewing surface, the smoothness of all partial press surfaces is required to be maintained, so that the design and modification efficiency is low.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for creating a drawing material pressing surface based on a parameterized grid curved surface, which comprises the steps of drawing a section curve group required by creating the parameterized grid curved surface by using a parameterization function of a sketch in common three-dimensional modeling software, and generating the material pressing surface with parameterization characteristics by the section curve group; the pressing surface is composed of a single dough sheet, can realize parameterization design and adjustment, is beneficial to improving the design efficiency and quality of the drawing pressing surface of various stamping covering parts, can be finished by means of any common three-dimensional industrial design software at present, only uses common simple modeling commands such as a reference plane, a sketch, a reference point, a grid, rounding and the like, provides simple and efficient operation steps, can be suitable for high-efficiency and high-quality design of the drawing pressing surface of various stamping covering parts, and effectively solves the problems in the background art.
The technical scheme of the invention is that the method for creating the drawing and pressing surface based on the parameterized grid curved surface comprises the following steps:
(1) A drawing and pressing surface is designed by adopting a single grid sheet body;
(2) Generating a pressing surface by two groups of orthogonal parameterized sketch section lines which are orthogonal and approach to the outer contour or the inner contour of the product, namely generating the pressing surface by two groups of orthogonal section lines in the U and V directions, and enabling the pressing surface to be matched with the contour of the product;
(3) The shape and the height of a section line group of the grid surface are controlled by setting parameterized reference planes, sketches, association points and height parameters of the pressing surface, so that the overall height of the pressing surface is controlled to ensure the deformation degree of drawing;
(4) And an alignment datum point is arranged in the sketch section line group, so that two orthogonal section line groups are intersected with zero tolerance, and the generation precision of the pressing surface is ensured.
In the step (2), in order to better enable the pressing surface to be matched with the contour of a matched product, a middle section contour shape control line is added in the X direction and the Y direction, the single-sided sheet pressing surface generated by the orthogonal section lines better matches the contour of the product, the uniformity of drawing deformation is ensured, and the drawing defects such as cracking, wrinkling and the like are eliminated.
In the step (3), 8-10 datum planes are defined as design references for generating a sketch section line group of the pressing surface in order to parameterize and control the shape and the position of the pressing surface;
Firstly, 3 orthogonal datum planes X0, Y0 and Z0 are designed according to a drawing process datum and coincide with the drawing process datum, 4 upright datum planes X1, X2, Y1 and Y2 are respectively designed based on the datum planes X0 and Y0 to serve as left, right, front and back boundary control surfaces of a pressing surface and serve as working planes for drawing a sketch section line of the pressing surface;
in the step (3), the height of the section line of the sketch is controlled by controlling the height parameter to adjust the height of the position of the pressing surface, so that the drawing depth is moderate;
Setting a constant variable H0, and establishing a reference plane Z1 with an upward or downward offset of H0 relative to an absolute horizontal plane reference Z0 in the drawing height direction, wherein the reference plane Z1 is used as a height reference of each sketch section line, and the setting of H0 is used for ensuring that the position of each sketch section line is above or below the reference plane Z1 as much as possible so as to ensure that the generation or adjustment of a pressing surface is not ambiguous.
In the step (3), the drawing uniformity of the pressing surface is ensured by controlling the geometric structure of the parameterized sketch section line group, the parameterized sketch section lines for generating the pressing surface are all formed by straight lines and circular arcs, the order of each section curve section is less than or equal to 2, the geometric rigidity of the section line group is reduced, and the integral smoothness of the drawing pressing surface is naturally ensured.
In the step (3), according to design specifications and experience, the minimum radius of curvature of the pressing surface is controlled to be larger than or equal to the minimum radius of the round angle in the sketch by controlling the size of the round angle radius in the sketch.
In the step (4), in order to ensure that the left, right, front, rear and middle blank pressing surface generating section line groups are intersected and matched at the geometric zero tolerance of the four outer contour angular points and the middle position, two points can be defined by associating two end points of the sketch section line groups which are drawn in advance, and when the sketch section line groups which are orthogonal to the two end points are drawn, the outline end points of the sketch section line groups are respectively overlapped with the two points defined in correspondence or are intersected and matched at the middle position, namely, the generating precision of the blank pressing surface is ensured through the zero tolerance intersection of the orthogonal section line groups.
The invention has the advantages that in common three-dimensional modeling software, a parameterization function of a sketch is used for drawing a section curve group required for creating a parameterized grid curved surface, and a section curve group is used for generating a pressing surface with parameterization, the pressing surface is composed of a single surface sheet, thus parameterization design and adjustment can be realized, the design efficiency and quality of drawing the pressing surface of various stamping covering parts can be improved, the drawing can be completed by means of any common three-dimensional industrial design software at present, and only common simple modeling commands such as a datum plane, the sketch, the datum point, a grid, rounding and the like are used, simple and efficient operation steps are provided, and the drawing device is applicable to high-efficiency and high-quality design of drawing pressing surfaces of various stamping covering parts.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a digital-to-analog diagram of an original product of the background art of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a digital-to-analog diagram of a drawing process using a single-sided sheet mesh surface as a press surface in the invention;
FIG. 3 is a drawing member process complementary terminology explanatory view of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a two-dimensional stamping process diagram of a drawing member of the present invention;
FIG. 5-1 is a digital-to-analog diagram of the truck back wall original product;
fig. 5-2 is a digital-analog diagram of the original product of the hood 1;
Fig. 5-3 are digital-to-analog diagrams of the original product of the hood 2;
FIGS. 5-4 are drawings of a prior art truck back wall lower draw press face in a conventional manner;
FIGS. 5 to 5 are drawings showing the drawing-down press face of the hood 1 according to the conventional method of the related art;
FIGS. 5-6 are drawings showing the drawing and pressing surface of the hood 2 according to the conventional method of the related art;
FIGS. 5-7 are drawings of a truck back-end draw swage face under the method of the present invention;
FIGS. 5-8 are drawings of drawing and pressing surfaces of the hood 1 according to the method of the invention;
FIGS. 5-9 are drawings of drawing and pressing surfaces of the hood 2 in the method of the invention;
FIG. 6 is a plan view of the present invention with 8 references;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a punch process according to the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a single sketch cross-sectional line drawing of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional line set of two orthogonal sketches completed by the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a press face diagram of the present invention;
FIG. 11 is an extracted male mold profile of the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a diagram of a die fillet and bead ring produced in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 13 is a diagram of a hood molding surface generated based on an intermediate sketch section set in accordance with the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more clear, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments, and it is apparent that the described embodiments are a small part of the embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments, and all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without making creative efforts based on the embodiments of the present invention are included in the protection scope of the present invention.
A method for creating a drawing press surface based on a parameterized grid curved surface adopts a single grid sheet body to design the drawing press surface, and comprises the following steps:
(1) Generating a pressing surface by adopting two groups of orthogonal parameterized sketch section lines which approach to the outer contour or the inner contour of the product, namely matching the pressing surface with the contour of the product by two groups of orthogonal section lines in the U and V directions;
(2) The shape and the height of a section line group of the grid surface are controlled by setting parameterized reference planes, sketches, association points and height parameters of the pressing surface, so that the overall height of the pressing surface is controlled to ensure the deformation degree of drawing;
(3) And an alignment datum point is arranged in the sketch section line group, so that two orthogonal section line groups are intersected with zero tolerance, and the generation precision of the pressing surface is ensured.
In the step (1), in order to better enable the pressing surface to be matched with the contour of a matched product, a middle section contour shape control line is added in the X direction and the Y direction, the single-sided sheet pressing surface generated by the orthogonal section lines better matches the contour of the product, the uniformity of drawing deformation is ensured, and the drawing defects such as cracking, wrinkling and the like are eliminated.
In the step (2), 8-10 datum planes are defined as design references for generating a sketch section line group of the pressing surface in order to parameterize and control the shape and the position of the pressing surface;
Firstly, 3 orthogonal datum planes X0, Y0 and Z0 are designed according to a drawing process datum and coincide with the drawing process datum, 4 upright datum planes X1, X2, Y1 and Y2 are respectively designed based on the datum planes X0 and Y0 to serve as left, right, front and back boundary control surfaces of a pressing surface and serve as working planes for drawing a sketch section line of the pressing surface;
in the step (2), the height of the section line of the sketch is controlled by controlling the height parameter to adjust the height of the position of the pressing surface, so that the drawing depth is moderate;
Setting a constant variable H0, and establishing a reference plane Z1 with an upward or downward offset of H0 relative to an absolute horizontal plane reference Z0 in the drawing height direction, wherein the reference plane Z1 is used as a height reference of each sketch section line, and the setting of H0 is used for ensuring that the position of each sketch section line is above or below the reference plane Z1 as much as possible so as to ensure that the generation or adjustment of a pressing surface is not ambiguous.
In the step (2), the drawing uniformity of the pressing surface is ensured by controlling the geometric structure of the parameterized sketch section line group, the parameterized sketch section lines for generating the pressing surface are all formed by straight lines and circular arcs, the order of each section curve section is less than or equal to 2, the geometric rigidity of the section line group is reduced, and the integral smoothness of the drawing pressing surface is naturally ensured.
In the step (2), according to design specifications and experience, the minimum radius of curvature of the pressing surface is controlled to be larger than or equal to the minimum radius of the round angle in the sketch by controlling the size of the round angle radius in the sketch.
In the step (3), in order to ensure that the left, right, front, rear and middle blank pressing surface generating section line groups are intersected and matched in geometric zero tolerance at four outer contour angular points and a middle position, two points can be defined by associating two end points of a sketch section line group which is drawn in advance, and when the sketch section line group which is orthogonal to the two end points is drawn, the outline end points of the sketch section line group are respectively overlapped with the two points defined in correspondence or are intersected and matched in the middle position, namely, the generating precision of the blank pressing surface is ensured through zero tolerance intersection of the orthogonal section line group.
1. Terms related to the method of this patent
To better describe the method of the present patent, the primary terminology involved in the design of a draw-press face will be described in terms of the process design steps of the draw.
1) Product digital-analog-customer provided three-dimensional digitally defined product (as in fig. 1, 5-1 through 5-3).
2) Drawing process digital-to-analog, three-dimensional digital model (as in figure 2) for expressing drawing piece
3) Internal hole filling, namely, filling holes which are needed to be filled for drawing the digital model (as shown in figure 3)
4) Process extension-to meet the subsequent process, the smooth extension of the original product face (including the development of the flanging and shaping-like structural shape) (see fig. 3).
5) The process wall portion, the drawing member, forms an auxetic elevation (see fig. 3).
6) Punch fillet, the rounded portion of the process extension and the process vertical wall (as in fig. 3).
7) The material pressing surface is a curved surface used for pressing during drawing and forming, and becomes an annular curved surface-blank holder after the material pressing surface is subjected to the following rounding operation (as shown in figure 3).
8) The male die contour line is the intersection line of the technological vertical wall part and the material pressing surface (the intersection line becomes a virtual intersection line after the back rounding operation), and is extracted before the edge pressing ring is generated (as shown in figure 3).
9) Edge pressing ring, namely, the annular curved surface formed after the material pressing surface and the technological vertical wall are rounded (as shown in figure 3).
10 Round angle of die, round part of technological vertical wall and pressing surface (figure 3)
11 Center line of the drawing bead, namely a center position line (equivalent bead for generating forming simulation and die drawing physical bead) required by constructing the drawing bead on a pressing surface (as shown in figure 3).
2. Traditional drawing and pressing surface design method and characteristic introduction
1. There are two methods for conventional drawing press face designs.
1) Three-dimensional modeling method for drawing and pressing surface based on stamping method
Firstly, a two-dimensional stamping method diagram (shown in fig. 4) of a drawing piece is completed by an experienced craftsman, the two-dimensional stamping method diagram of the drawing piece comprises 4 outer boundaries (namely front, back, left and right material pressing surface lines) of a material pressing surface to restrain the outer contour of the material pressing surface, then a three-dimensional molding person follows the design principle of the material pressing surface in the technical background, the two-dimensional stamping method diagram of the drawing piece is used as a molding constraint reference, the shape and the position of the material pressing surface lines are designed and adjusted in three-dimensional software, a plurality of partial material pressing surface pieces are completed, and then the whole design of the material pressing surface is completed through stitching and transitional connection. The finished pressed dough is formed by stitching a plurality of sheets as shown in fig. 5-4, 5-5 and 5-6 of fig. 5.
2) Three-dimensional modeling method for directly completing pressing surface of drawing piece based on original product digital-analog
According to the method, a two-dimensional stamping method diagram of a drawing piece is omitted, a skilled craftsman follows the design principle of the material pressing surface in the technical background, a plurality of partial material pressing surface sheets are directly finished in three-dimensional design software, and then the whole material pressing surface design is finished through stitching and transitional connection. The finished pressed dough is formed by stitching a plurality of sheets as shown in fig. 5-4, 5-5 and 5-6 of fig. 5.
2. Characteristics and disadvantages of the traditional drawing press surface design method
1) The traditional drawing press surface design method rarely adopts a sketch module to draw a production section line of the press surface, generally adopts a non-parameterization method to generate a plurality of surface pieces, and then uses a splicing method to obtain the press surface, so that the connection tolerance precision of the obtained surface boundary and the smoothness of the surface are not well controlled.
2) When the surface boundary connection tolerance precision of the press surface of the multi-surface sheet is insufficient or the surface boundary connection smoothness is poor, the generation of the 3-dimensional draw beads is difficult or failed.
3) Because of the non-parametric design, the minimum radius of curvature of the pressing surface cannot be controlled in a display manner (the minimum radius of curvature of the pressing surface produced by the method depends on the minimum radius of fillets in the section line group, and the minimum radius of curvature of the pressing surface can be controlled to be more than or equal to the minimum radius of fillets in the sketch by controlling the size of the sketch).
4) The traditional method has the defects of more steps and modeling commands, very complicated design and adjustment and low efficiency.
3. Implementation procedure of the invention
After the stamping direction and orientation are determined, the process is performed in the following sequence of internal hole filling, process extension (comprising flanging and unfolding of the shaping area), process vertical wall parts, convex die fillets, material pressing surfaces, convex die contour lines, concave die fillets, draw bead center lines and the like. Taking a certain automobile engine hood outer plate as an example, assuming that the design steps before the material pressing surface are completed, namely the male die process supplement (shown in fig. 7) is completed, the material pressing surface design steps of the invention are introduced as follows:
1) Defining 8-10 datum planes as the design datum of the pressing surface
Firstly, 3 orthogonal datum planes X0, Y0 and Z0 are designed according to drawing process datum. Based on the reference planes X0 and Y0, 4 upright reference planes X1, X2, Y1 and Y2 are respectively designed to be used as boundary control surfaces of left, right, front and back of the pressing surface and are used as working planes for drawing sketch section lines of the pressing surface. When the product is symmetrical left and right or front and back, only the plane X1 or X2, Y1 or Y2 can be drawn by using the symmetry. If it is desired to add a drawing plane of the intermediate control section line between the front and rear directions and/or the left and right directions of the pressing material, planes X0 and/or Y0 (as shown in fig. 6 and 13) are generally selected.
In order to parametrically define a reference plane for controlling the height of a drawing press surface, a constant variable H0 is firstly set, and a reference plane Z1 with an upward or downward offset of H0 is established relative to an absolute horizontal plane reference Z0 in the drawing height direction. Z1 is used as a height marking reference for drawing a sketch section line of the pressing surface.
2) Drawing 4-6 sketch section line groups (as shown in figures 8 and 9)
And drawing a sketch section line group on each sketch placement surface, wherein the sequence of the sketch section line groups can be selected by a designer, reference points are arranged at two ends of the sketch section line group which is drawn firstly, and then the end points of the sketch section line group which is drawn orthogonally to the sketch section line group are coincident with the set reference points, so that the geometric zero tolerance precision requirement when a grid surface is generated is ensured. In addition, each sketch section group line is matched with the front, back, left and right (which can contain middle) outline of the product as far as possible. The method comprises the following specific steps:
a. And drawing a sketch section group line on a reference plane X1 to serve as a left pressing surface boundary control line by taking Z1 as a sketch height reference. For parameterization control of the drawing depth, H0 is used as a driving parameter to control the overall height position of the left charge level boundary line (see fig. 8).
B. And c, drawing a right press surface boundary line in the same step a. If the product is symmetrical left and right, the reference plane X0 is taken as a mirror plane, the left pressing surface boundary line is mirrored to obtain the right pressing surface boundary line, or the left pressing surface boundary line is projected on the reference plane X2 to obtain the right pressing surface section line.
C. this step controls the shape of the X-direction intermediate position as an option (refer to fig. 13).
With Z1 as a height reference, an intermediate press surface sketch control line group is added between the left and right press surface boundary lines, and the sketch is generally drawn on a reference surface X0, and the shape is matched with the X0 cross-section shape of the product. And H0 is used as a driving parameter to control the overall height position of the section line group of the middle pressing surface.
D. And drawing a sketch section line set on a reference plane Y1 by taking Z1 as a height reference as a front pressing surface section line set (Y positive direction). In order to parametrically control the drawing depth, H0 is used as a driving parameter to control the height position of the left blank holder side section line group, and two ends of the sketch line group are anastomosed to the end points of the left blank holder boundary line and the right blank holder boundary line to intersect with the orthogonal section line group (0 tolerance).
E. And drawing a sketch section line set on a reference plane Y2 by taking Z1 as a height reference as a rear pressing surface section line set (Y negative direction). In order to parametrically control the drawing depth, H0 is used as a driving parameter to control the height position of the left blank holder section line set, and two ends of the sketch line set are anastomosed to the endpoints of the left blank holder section line set and the right blank holder section line set. If the product is symmetrical from front to back, the boundary line of the rear pressing surface can be obtained by utilizing a symmetrical method
F. This step is used as an option to control the shape of the set of intermediate section lines in the Y-direction of the press face.
And c, adding a middle material pressing surface sketch control line group between the front material pressing surface side section line group and the rear material pressing surface side section line group by taking Z1 as a height standard, wherein the sketch is generally drawn on a reference surface Y0, and the shape and the product are matched with the Y0 section shape. And H0 is used as a driving parameter to control the overall height of the middle pressing surface section line group, and two ends of the sketch section line group are anastomosed to the endpoints of the left pressing surface section line group and the right pressing surface section line group.
The completed sketch line set is shown in fig. 9, and if an intermediate sketch section line set needs to be added, reference can be made to fig. 13.
3) Generating parameterized press face by mesh command
And generating a parameterized press surface by using a mesh generation command which is common to conventional software. Different software operating steps may be different. The resulting press face is shown in fig. 10.
4) And adjusting sketch parameters to control the coincidence degree of the pressing surface and the product contour.
And (3) adjusting sketch parameters to ensure that a pressing surface generated by a sketch curve meets drawing uniformity and control wrinkling and cracking.
5) And adjusting the whole depth of the drawing piece by using a parameter H0 of a pressing surface position control surface.
The set value of H0 is regulated, and the overall height position of the pressing surface is changed, so that the overall depth of a proper drawing piece is obtained, necessary rigidity, strength and plasticity are ensured to be frozen, and no cracking risk is ensured.
6) Minimum surface radius control of parameterized press face
And adjusting the size of the round angle in the sketch section line group to meet the condition that the radius of the curved surface on the blank holder surface is larger than a minimum required value (such as enterprise specification or experience value).
7) The outline of the punch (drawing punch and bead ring for lower die parting design) is extracted as shown in fig. 11.
8) Generating a blank holder
And (3) chamfering the material pressing surface and the technological vertical surface to obtain a die fillet and an annular blank holder surface (as shown in figure 12).
9) And generating the center line of the draw bead on the blank holder.
After the design is finished, simulation analysis of the drawing process can be performed, if defects or shortages of the drawing press surface design are found, relevant parameters can be adjusted according to the steps to obtain a new press surface process scheme, simulation analysis of the drawing process is performed again as required, and the relevant parameters are continuously adjusted until an ideal press surface is obtained.
Sixth, the technical characteristics of the patent
1. The special design has simple steps, only needs to use basic modeling commands such as plane, sketch, grid, rounding and the like, and the design of the pressing surface is fully parameterized. The optimized pressing surface is convenient to design and adjust quickly, and the efficiency is high.
2. The single-piece (patch) is generated by using grid commands in common industrial software as a pressing surface, the operation is simple, the smoothness and tolerance precision of the inside of the obtained piece are easy to ensure, the problem that the surface boundary connection tolerance precision of the multi-piece pressing surface is insufficient or the surface boundary connection smoothness is poor is avoided, the design quality of the pressing surface is improved, and the stable generation of the subsequent 3-dimensional drawing beads is also ensured.
3) The minimum radius of curvature of the press face is "displayed" controlled by the parameterized sketch design. The pressing surface produced by the method is a grid surface of a single surface piece, and the minimum curvature radius of the pressing surface is dependent on the minimum radius of a fillet in a section line group for generating the pressing surface, so that the minimum curvature radius of the pressing surface is more than or equal to the minimum radius of the fillet in the section line group of the sketch through controlling the radius of the arc in the sketch according to design specifications and experience.
4) The method is suitable for rapid design and process verification of drawing and pressing surface schemes of most covering part drawing processes.
Claims (6)
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| CN116933442B (en) * | 2023-08-15 | 2024-02-09 | 广州知元科技有限责任公司 | Stamping process simulation model modeling method and related device |
| CN119150488B (en) * | 2024-11-14 | 2025-02-28 | 大捷智能科技(广东)有限公司 | A cross-section line generation method, device and storage medium for intelligent design process |
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| CN101937579A (en) * | 2010-09-20 | 2011-01-05 | 南京大学 | A Method of Creating 3D Surface Model Using Perspective Sketch |
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| CN101937579A (en) * | 2010-09-20 | 2011-01-05 | 南京大学 | A Method of Creating 3D Surface Model Using Perspective Sketch |
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