Background
On the basis of a full-bridge LLC bidirectional DC/DC converter, the CLLC bidirectional DC/DC converter is provided with a resonant capacitor on the secondary side, has bidirectional voltage boosting and reducing capacity, and can realize zero voltage switching-on (ZVS) of a primary switching tube and zero current switching-off (ZCS) of a secondary side rectifying tube, so that the CLLC bidirectional DC/DC converter is a good choice on occasions requiring bidirectional electric energy flow, such as a micro-grid, an energy storage system and the like.
For the CLLC bidirectional DC/DC converter, a commonly used control method is frequency modulation control (PFM), i.e. the output voltage of the converter is changed by changing the switching frequency of the switching tube on the inversion side. However, due to the operating gain characteristic of the CLLC bidirectional DC/DC converter, the effect of adjusting the output voltage by increasing the switching frequency of the inverter-side switching tube under the light load condition is not obvious.
To address this problem, phase shift control, which is capable of effectively controlling an output voltage and is closely related to a phase shift angle and a dead time, is applied to the resonant converter by many scholars.
The dead time setting ratio is large, so that the converter can still realize ZVS when the phase shift angle is large, but when the phase shift angle is small, the overlong dead time can enable the MOSFET junction capacitor to be discharged firstly and then reversely charged, so that ZVS is lost, and on the other hand, the overlarge dead time can bring longer body diode follow current time, so that the efficiency of the converter is reduced.
The dead time is set insufficiently, which can cause the ZVS of the MOSFET on the inversion side to be lost when the phase shift angle of the converter is relatively large under light load, so that the dead time is set too large or too small for a fixed dead time control strategy, which is not beneficial to the improvement of the light load efficiency of the converter.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a control method applied to the reverse light-load operation of a CLLC bidirectional DC/DC converter, which can improve the efficiency of the CLLC bidirectional DC/DC converter during the reverse light-load operation.
In order to solve the technical problem, the control method applied to the reverse light-load operation of the CLLC bidirectional DC/DC converter comprises the following steps:
(1) obtaining output junction capacitance C of MOSFET in CLLC resonant bidirectional DC/DC converter circuit by consulting documentoss;
(2) Debugging according to open loop,Measuring MOSFET driving signal V by oscilloscopegsIs decreased by the delay time Toff;
(3) Setting the maximum switching frequency fsmaxAnd an excitation inductor Lm;
(4) Confirming that the converter enters a reverse light-load operation stage through a control system;
(5) entering closed-loop control of phase-shifting dead zone control;
(6) sampling the output voltage through a control system to obtain a phase-shifting angle theta;
(7) the controller obtains the dead time t according to the phase shift angle and the related formuladead;
(8) And obtaining a PWM control signal meeting the conditions according to the phase shift angle and the dead time.
The CLLC resonant bidirectional DC/DC converter circuit comprises a full-bridge circuit on a primary side and a full-bridge circuit on a secondary side, wherein the full-bridge circuit on the primary side is connected with an energy storage battery V1The full bridge circuit of the secondary side is connected with a direct current bus V2The full-bridge circuit on the primary side and the full-bridge circuit on the secondary side are both composed of four MOSFETs, and the middle points of bridge arms of the four MOSFETs are respectively led out to be connected with two ends of the resonant cavity.
During reverse light-load operation, phase shift control of a variable dead zone is adopted, at the maximum switching frequency, an upper tube and a lower tube in MOSFETs of two bridge arms on an inversion side in a CLLC resonant bidirectional DC/DC converter circuit are conducted in a complementary mode, the duty ratios are the same, and driving signals of the MOSFETs of the two bridge arms on the inversion side are staggered.
In the step (5), when the phase shift control of the variable dead zone is adopted, the switching frequency is fixed, and the switching frequency is the maximum switching frequency set by the system.
And the MOSFET at the rectifying side in the CLLC resonant bidirectional DC/DC converter circuit provides a synchronous rectification control signal, and the duty ratio is less than or equal to that of the control signal at the inverting side.
The dead time tdeadIs set by the phase shift angle theta and the output junction capacitance C of the MOSFETossMOSFET drive signal VgsIs decreased by the delay time ToffSwitching frequency fsmaxAnd an excitation inductor LmAnd (4) jointly determining.
The correlation formula mentioned in the step (7) is as follows:
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,tdeadis dead time, theta is phase shift angle, CossOutput junction capacitance, T, for MOSFEToffFor driving signal V by MOSFETgsFall delay time of (f)smaxFor maximum switching frequency, L, of the convertermIs the excitation inductance of the transformer of the converter.
The invention has the advantages that:
when the CLLC resonant bidirectional DC/DC converter runs under reverse light load, under the maximum switching frequency, phase-shifting control of variable dead zones is adopted, each phase-shifting angle corresponds to one dead zone time, and compared with the traditional phase-shifting control of fixed dead zone time, the efficiency of the CLLC bidirectional DC/DC converter running under reverse light load can be effectively improved on the premise of not changing the circuit structure and parameters.
Detailed Description
Considering that the ZVS of the MOSFET cannot be realized when the phase-shifting angle is larger in fixed dead zone control, which can greatly reduce the light-load efficiency of the converter, the control method applied to the reverse light-load operation of the CLLC bidirectional DC/DC converter provided by the invention has the advantages that the dead zones of the upper tube and the lower tube of the same bridge arm on the inverting side in the CLLC resonant bidirectional DC/DC converter circuit are changed at different phase-shifting angles, so that the zero-voltage conduction of the MOSFET on the inverting side is realized in the full range, and the key is to obtain the proper dead zone time t corresponding to each phase-shifting angledeadAs shown in FIG. 3, the control method applied to the reverse light-load operation of the CLLC bidirectional DC/DC converter of the invention comprises the following stepsThe method comprises the following steps:
(1) obtaining output junction capacitance C of MOSFET in CLLC resonant bidirectional DC/DC converter circuit by consulting documentoss;
(2) According to open-loop debugging, an oscilloscope is used for measuring a MOSFET driving signal VgsIs decreased by the delay time Toff;
(3) Setting the maximum switching frequency fsmaxAnd an excitation inductor Lm;
(4) Confirming that the converter enters a reverse light-load operation stage through a control system;
(5) entering closed-loop control of phase-shifting dead zone control;
(6) sampling the output voltage through a control system to obtain a phase-shifting angle theta;
(7) the controller obtains the dead time t according to the phase shift angle and the related formuladead;
(8) And obtaining a PWM control signal meeting the conditions according to the phase shift angle and the dead time.
The CLLC resonant bidirectional DC/DC converter circuit is an asymmetric structure and comprises a full-bridge circuit on a primary side and a full-bridge circuit on a secondary side, wherein the full-bridge circuit on the primary side is connected with an energy storage battery V1The full bridge circuit of the secondary side is connected with a direct current bus V2The full-bridge circuit at the primary side and the full-bridge circuit at the secondary side are both composed of four MOSFETs, the middle points of bridge arms of the four MOSFETs are respectively led out and connected with two ends of the resonant cavity, as can be seen from figure 1, the left end and the right end are respectively connected with the energy storage battery V1And DC bus V2Then respectively connecting two full-bridge structure circuits, each full-bridge circuit is composed of 4 MOSFETs, S1-S4And S5-S84 bridge arm middle points ABCD lead out wiring to two ends of the resonant cavity, and the resonant cavity at the battery side is composed of a resonant inductor LrResonant capacitor Cr1The resonant cavity at the side of the DC bus consists of a resonant capacitor Cr2And (4) forming. Connecting the two resonant cavities is a high-frequency transformer T, the transformation ratio of which is set as n: 1.
when the CLLC resonant bidirectional DC/DC converter runs under reverse light load, phase shift control of a variable dead zone is adopted, at the maximum switching frequency, upper tubes and lower tubes in MOSFETs of two bridge arms on an inverting side in a CLLC resonant bidirectional DC/DC converter circuit are conducted complementarily, the duty ratios are the same, but driving signals of the MOSFETs of the two bridge arms on the inverting side are staggered by a certain angle theta, the staggered angles are different, the dead zone time of the upper tubes and the lower tubes in the two bridge arms on the inverting side are not set to be the same, when the phase shift control of the variable dead zone is adopted, the switching frequency is fixed and is the maximum switching frequency set by a system, the MOSFETs on a rectifying side in the resonant bidirectional DC/DC converter circuit provide synchronous rectification control signals, and the duty ratios are smaller than or equal to the duty ratios of the control signals on the inverting side.
Further, said dead time tdeadIs set by the phase shift angle theta and the output junction capacitance C of the MOSFETossThe falling delay time T of the MOSFET drive signal VgsoffMaximum switching frequency fs max And an excitation inductor LmThe joint decision, namely: the correlation formula in step (7) is as follows:
in the formula, tdeadIs dead time, theta is phase shift angle, CossOutput junction capacitance, T, for MOSFEToffFor driving signal V by MOSFETgsFall delay time of (f)smaxFor maximum switching frequency, L, of the convertermIs the excitation inductance of the transformer of the converter.
The theoretical analysis is as follows:
under the working condition of light-load operation, the current flowing through the resonant capacitor is small, so that the voltage drop is not large, the voltage drop of the resonant capacitor can be considered to be zero, and the power supply voltage V is2Directly loaded to the exciting inductance LmThe above.
Phase shift angle theta and phase shift duty cycle DyThe relationship of (A) is as follows:
and due to the rise time Deltat and the phase-shift duty cycle DyThe relationship of (1):
wherein t isdeadIs the dead time.
The relationship between the phase shift angle θ and the rise time Δ t can be obtained by bringing the formula (1) into the formula (2):
at 0.5 (1-D)y)TsIn time, the excitation inductance LmThe voltage across can be approximately seen as V2Then, the rising slope of the excitation current is:
and the maximum value of the excitation current can be approximately calculated by the following formula:
by bringing formulae (3) and (4) into formula (5):
in CLLC phase shift control, zero voltage switching-on of a MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor) of a lagging bridge arm is difficult to lead the leading bridge arm, namely, the leading bridge arm can realize ZVS as long as the lagging bridge arm is ensured to realize ZVS, and the condition that the lagging bridge arm realizes ZVS is that a resonant current iCr2The hysteresis bridge arm can be charged and discharged within the dead time, namely:
iCr2·tdead≥2CossV2 (7)
closer to the actual condition, the switch tube is not turned off ideally, and it has a turn-off delay time ToffThe data can be measured according to the actual MOSFET driving waveform, and in consideration of the factor, the realization condition of the hysteresis bridge arm ZVS can be corrected to obtain:
icr2·(tdead-Toff)≥2CossV2 (8)
and iCr2At the moment when the lagging leg enters the dead zone is equal to the field current IPNamely:
Ip=iCr2(t)|t=tdead_Start (9)
resonant current iCr2In the dead time is falling, and in the worst case iCr2And drops to 0 just at the end of the dead band. To simplify the analysis, consider the current iCr2There is a linear drop in the dead time. The ZVS implementation conditions are therefore:
formula (6) is substituted for formula (10) to obtain:
it can be seen that the expression (11) relates to the dead time tdeadA second inequality of the first one, t is obtained by using the root-finding formuladeadAs shown in equation (12):
in the phase-shifting control stage, the controller calculates the minimum value t of the dead time in real time according to the phase-shifting angle theta and the known conditionsdead_minThis minimum value is then passed to the PWM generator as the dead time of the control signal.
In order to verify the feasibility and the advancement of the control method, a 2.4kW test circuit is built. The switching frequency in the dead zone phase shift control stage in the test was 200 kHz. Under the light-load working condition of 3% -10% of rated load, a comparison test of a traditional fixed dead zone control strategy and the variable dead zone control strategy provided by the invention is carried out, so that the superiority and the practicability of the control method are proved.
The specific test parameters are as follows: primary side voltage V1Is in the range of 180V-216V, the secondary side voltage V2The range of (1) is 370V-400V, the inductance of the primary side of the transformer is 45.5 muH, the inductance of the secondary side of the transformer is 174.8 muH, and the excitation inductance LmIs 8.6. mu.H, Cr1Has a value of 326.5nF, Cr2Is 132 nF. The measured MOSFET drive signal fall delay time is 70ns, and the MOSFET equivalent output junction capacitance CossTake 120 pF.
Efficiency comparison tests of reverse light-load fixed dead zone phase-shift control and variable dead zone phase-shift control are carried out, wherein the highest input voltage is 400V, and the voltage is reduced to 180V, and the rated power is 3% -10%, so that the high efficiency of the control strategy in reverse light-load operation is reflected. The driving waveforms for the variable-dead-zone phase shift control are shown in fig. 3.
Under the condition of 3% -10% of rated load, the test efficiency ratio of dead zone phase-shift control and variable dead zone phase-shift control is shown in fig. 5, and the test result shows that under the light load working condition of 3% -10% of rated load, the variable dead zone phase-shift control is improved by about 0.5% compared with the fixed dead zone phase-shift control efficiency, and the efficiency of reverse light load operation of the converter is improved.