CN114031937B - PA66 composition and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
PA66 composition and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN114031937B CN114031937B CN202111272775.0A CN202111272775A CN114031937B CN 114031937 B CN114031937 B CN 114031937B CN 202111272775 A CN202111272775 A CN 202111272775A CN 114031937 B CN114031937 B CN 114031937B
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- 229920002302 Nylon 6,6 Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 59
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexaphenoxy-1,3,5-triaza-2$l^{5},4$l^{5},6$l^{5}-triphosphacyclohexa-1,3,5-triene Chemical compound N=1P(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP=1(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OC1=CC=CC=C1 RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- ZQKXQUJXLSSJCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N melamine cyanurate Chemical compound NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1.O=C1NC(=O)NC(=O)N1 ZQKXQUJXLSSJCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- BDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCC(O)=O BDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sebacic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- BTZVDPWKGXMQFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentadecanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O BTZVDPWKGXMQFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- NAQMVNRVTILPCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane-1,6-diamine Chemical compound NCCCCCCN NAQMVNRVTILPCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920006152 PA1010 Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- RKISUIUJZGSLEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[2-(octadecanoylamino)ethyl]octadecanamide Chemical group CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)NCCNC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC RKISUIUJZGSLEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- QFGCFKJIPBRJGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 12-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy]-12-oxododecanoic acid Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QFGCFKJIPBRJGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- -1 carboxylic acid compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- DXNCZXXFRKPEPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tridecanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O DXNCZXXFRKPEPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 25
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 abstract description 15
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 19
- 229920003188 Nylon 3 Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011056 performance test Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001007 Nylon 4 Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- SYECJBOWSGTPLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane-1,1-diamine Chemical compound CCCCCC(N)N SYECJBOWSGTPLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L77/00—Compositions of polyamides obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L77/06—Polyamides derived from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2201/00—Properties
- C08L2201/02—Flame or fire retardant/resistant
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2201/00—Properties
- C08L2201/08—Stabilised against heat, light or radiation or oxydation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
- C08L2205/02—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing two or more polymers of the same C08L -group
- C08L2205/025—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing two or more polymers of the same C08L -group containing two or more polymers of the same hierarchy C08L, and differing only in parameters such as density, comonomer content, molecular weight, structure
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a PA66 composition, a preparation method and application thereof. The PA66 composition comprises the following components in parts by weight: 100 parts of PA66 resin; 4-12 parts of low-melting polyamide; 6-8 parts of melamine cyanurate; 0.2-0.4 part of flame retardant stabilizer. According to the invention, a certain amount of low-melting polyamide is added into the MCA flame-retardant PA66 resin system, so that the prepared PA66 composition has high heat resistance, little or no mold scale is formed in the injection molding process, the problem that the mold needs to be cleaned frequently due to serious injection mold scale of the MCA flame-retardant PA66 material in the prior art is solved, and the stable and quantitative production of the MCA flame-retardant PA66 material can be realized in industrial mass production.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of high polymer materials, in particular to a PA66 composition and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
Nylon 66 (PA 66) has excellent comprehensive properties (such as good mechanical properties, heat resistance, wear resistance, chemical corrosion resistance, etc.), but has poor flame retardant property, and in practical application, the nylon 66 is often required to be subjected to flame retardant modification to meet the use requirements. The nylon 66 flame-retardant through the MCA in the prior art has excellent electrical property and mechanical property, has the characteristics of no halogen and no phosphorus, and has wide application in the fields of electronics and electrics, particularly in the aspects of connectors, circuit breakers and the like.
However, with the use of MCA flame retardant nylon 66 materials, there is a significant problem in injection molding: due to the fact that the MCA is poor in thermal stability, the MCA is easy to decompose and separate out in the high-temperature processing process, a large amount of mold scales are formed by depositing the precipitate in the mold, in addition, the compatibility of the MCA and nylon 66 is poor, the MCA is easy to separate out, the formation of the mold scales is increased, and therefore the mold is required to be cleaned frequently in the large-scale injection molding production process of the material, the production efficiency is greatly reduced, and the production cost is increased. The above problems limit the stable mass production of MCA flame retardant nylon 66 products. Therefore, research on how to reduce precipitation of the MCA flame-retardant nylon 66 material in the injection molding process and reduce formation of mold deposit is of great significance in industrial mass production.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects in the prior art, the invention aims to provide a PA66 composition which has the advantages of high heat resistance and less injection molding scale.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a process for the preparation of the above PA66 composition.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
the PA66 composition comprises the following components in parts by weight:
100 parts of PA66 resin;
5-10 parts of low-melting polyamide;
6-8 parts of melamine cyanurate;
0.2-0.4 part of flame retardant stabilizer;
the melting point of the low-melting polyamide is 180-200 ℃.
According to the invention, a certain amount of low-melting polyamide is added into the MCA flame-retardant PA66 resin system, so that the low-melting polyamide can perform a coating function on the MCA flame retardant, the stability of the MAC flame retardant is improved, and meanwhile, the compatibility between the MCA flame retardant and a PA66 resin matrix is increased, so that the generation of mold deposit in the injection molding process can be remarkably reduced, and the material has excellent heat resistance.
Preferably, the low melting polyamide has a melting point of 190℃to 195 ℃.
Preferably, the low melting point polyamide is added in an amount of 7 to 9 parts.
In particular, suitable low melting polyamides may be selected from any one or more of PA1010, PA1012 or PA 1212.
The invention is not limited to PA66 resin, and proper injection molding grade PA66 resin can be selected according to actual processing requirements, and the effects of the invention can be realized. The invention preferably provides PA66 resins with a relative viscosity of 2.0 to 2.8.
The flame retardant stabilizer is selected from any one or more of C8-C18 long carbon chain binary saturated carboxylic acid compounds. Specifically, the flame retardant stabilizer is selected from any one or more of azelaic acid, sebacic acid, dodecanedioic acid, tridecanedioic acid, pentadecanedioic acid and octadecanoic acid; azelaic acid is preferred.
According to the material performance requirement, the PA66 composition also comprises 0.3-1 part of lubricant according to parts by weight; 0.1-0.2 part of antioxidant.
Suitable lubricants may be selected from ethylene bis stearamide; suitable antioxidants may be selected from N, N' -bis- (3, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionyl) hexanediamine. The skilled person can choose the antioxidant and the lubricant to be added according to the actual situation.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the PA66 composition, which comprises the following steps:
according to the proportion, the components are put into a high-speed mixer to be mixed uniformly, then are added into a double-screw extruder, and are extruded and granulated to prepare the PA66 composition; wherein the extrusion temperature is 160-280 ℃; the rotation speed of the screw is 300-400 rpm.
The invention also provides application of the PA66 composition in preparing connectors or circuit breakers in the field of electronics and electrics.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
according to the invention, a certain amount of low-melting polyamide is added into the MCA flame-retardant PA66 resin system, so that the prepared PA66 composition has high heat resistance, little or no mold scale is formed in the injection molding process, the problem that the mold needs to be cleaned frequently due to serious injection mold scale of the MCA flame-retardant PA66 material in the prior art is solved, and the stable and quantitative production of the MCA flame-retardant PA66 material can be realized in industrial mass production.
Drawings
Fig. 1 to 4 are schematic diagrams of scale conditions in a mold after material injection molding.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to specific examples. The following examples will assist those skilled in the art in further understanding the present invention, but are not intended to limit the invention in any way. It should be noted that variations and modifications could be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the inventive concept. These are all within the scope of the present invention.
The raw materials used in the examples and comparative examples of the present invention are described below, but are not limited to these materials:
PA66 resin 1: PA66 EP-158, zhejiang Huafeng group, relative viscosity 2.7;
PA66 resin 2: PA66 EPR24, a stock company of the godet practice, with a relative viscosity of 2.4;
low melting polyamide 1: PA1012 with a melting point of 190 ℃ is manufactured by New Material technology Co., ltd;
low melting polyamide 2: PA1010, melting point 195 ℃, new material science and technology limited in eastern chen ruisen;
low melting polyamide 3: PA1212, melting point 184 ℃, new material science and technology company, eastern chen ruisen;
polyamide 4: PA12 with a melting point of 177 ℃ is manufactured by new material technology Co.Ltd;
polyamide 5: PA612, melting point 212 ℃, new material science and technology company, eastern chen ruisen;
melamine cyanurate: MCA, shouguang Wei Dong chemical Co., ltd;
flame retardant stabilizer 1: azelaic acid, commercially available;
flame retardant stabilizer 2: sebacic acid, commercially available;
an antioxidant: n, N' -bis- (3, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionyl) hexamethylenediamine, commercially available;
and (3) a lubricant: ethylene bis-stearamide, commercially available.
Preparation methods of examples and comparative examples:
according to the proportion, the components are put into a high-speed mixer to be mixed uniformly, then are added into a double-screw extruder, and are extruded and granulated to prepare the PA66 composition; wherein the extrusion temperature is set to 160 ℃ in the first region, 260 ℃ in the second region, 260 ℃ in the third region, 265 ℃ in the fourth region, 275 ℃ in the fifth region, 280 ℃ in the sixth region, 280 ℃ in the seventh region, 280 ℃ in the eighth region, 280 ℃ in the ninth region; the screw speed was 400 rpm.
The performance test method comprises the following steps:
(1) Heat distortion temperature: testing with reference to standard GB/T1634.2-2019;
(2) The mold scale evaluation method comprises the following steps: adopting square plate die as mould scale evaluation mould, can seeing the mould scale condition through the gas vent, 200 moulds of continuous injection moulding, observe the mould scale condition, score 0-10 score: the scale is basically absent in the scale of 0, the scale is very serious in the scale of 10, and the higher the scale is, the more serious the scale is; as shown in fig. 1-4, the mold scale conditions of 0, 3, 6 and 9 minutes are respectively shown (the white substance in the rectangular cavity of the mold is mold scale, and the more serious the white substance is).
Table 1: examples 1 to 12 the proportions (in parts by weight) of the components and the results of the performance test
Example 1 | Example 2 | Example 3 | Example 4 | Example 5 | Example 6 | |
PA66 resin 1 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
PA66 resin 2 | ||||||
Low-melting polyamide 1 | 5 | 8 | 10 | |||
Low melting polyamide 2 | 5 | 8 | 10 | |||
Low melting polyamide 3 | ||||||
Melamine cyanurate | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
Flame retardant stabilizer 1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
Flame retardant stabilizer 2 | ||||||
Antioxidant | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
Lubricant | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
Heat distortion temperature HDT/°c | 237 | 236 | 235 | 238 | 237 | 236 |
Scale condition scoring | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
Table 1:
example 7 | Example 8 | Example 9 | Example 10 | Example 11 | Example 12 | |
PA66 resin 1 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | ||
PA66 resin 2 | 100 | 100 | ||||
Low-melting polyamide 1 | 6 | 8 | ||||
Low melting polyamide 2 | 9 | |||||
Low melting polyamide 3 | 5 | 8 | 10 | |||
Melamine cyanurate | 8 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 8 |
Flame retardant stabilizer 1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | |
Flame retardant stabilizer 2 | 0.4 | |||||
Antioxidant | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | / | 0.2 | / |
Lubricant | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | / | 0.5 | / |
Heat distortion temperature HDT/°c | 227 | 225 | 222 | 232 | 235 | 236 |
Scale condition scoring | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Table 2: comparative examples 1 to 10 Each component ratio (in parts by weight) and Performance test results
Comparative example 1 | Comparative example 2 | Comparative example 3 | Comparative example 4 | Comparative example 5 | Comparative example 6 | Comparative example 7 | Comparative example 8 | Comparative example 9 | Comparative example 10 | |
PA66 resin 1 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
PA66 resin 2 | 100 | |||||||||
Low-melting polyamide 1 | 4 | 12 | ||||||||
Low melting polyamide 2 | 4 | 12 | ||||||||
Low melting polyamide 3 | 4 | 12 | ||||||||
Polyamide 4 | 8 | |||||||||
Polyamide 5 | 8 | |||||||||
Melamine cyanurate | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 6 |
Flame retardant stabilizer 1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
Flame retardant stabilizer 2 | 0.4 | |||||||||
Antioxidant | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | / |
Lubricant | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | / |
Heat distortion temperature HDT/°c | 238 | 165 | 238 | 160 | 228 | 155 | 182 | 238 | 240 | 240 |
Scale condition scoring | 6 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 10 | 10 |
As can be seen from the above examples and comparative examples, the present invention can significantly improve the problem of mass scale generation of materials during injection molding while maintaining high heat resistance of the materials by adding a certain amount of low melting point polyamide to the MCA flame retardant PA66 resin system.
In comparative example 1/3/5, the addition amount of the low-melting polyamide is too small, the problem of scale of the injection molding of the material is not well improved, and the injection molding process still generates more scale.
In comparative example 2/4/6, the addition amount of the low melting point polyamide is too large, so that the material hardly generates mold scale in the injection molding process, however, the heat distortion temperature of the material is greatly reduced, the heat resistance is poor, and the use requirement cannot be met.
In comparative example 7, the addition of polyamide having a melting point lower than 180℃has a great effect of improving the problem of mold deposit of the material, but has a great effect on the heat resistance of the material. In comparative example 8, the addition of polyamide having a melting point higher than 200℃does not reduce the scale of the injection molding of the material well.
Comparative example 9/10, where the low melting point polyamide required by the present invention was not added, the material was severely molded.
Claims (9)
1. The PA66 composition is characterized by comprising the following components in parts by weight:
100 parts of PA66 resin;
5-10 parts of low-melting polyamide;
6-8 parts of melamine cyanurate;
0.2-0.4 part of flame retardant stabilizer;
the melting point of the low-melting-point polyamide is 180-200 ℃, and the low-melting-point polyamide is selected from any one or more of PA1010, PA1012 or PA 1212.
2. PA66 composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the low-melting polyamide has a melting point of 190 ℃ to 195 ℃.
3. PA66 composition according to claim 1, characterized in that said low melting polyamide is 7-9 parts.
4. PA66 composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the PA66 resin has a relative viscosity of 2.0-2.8.
5. The PA66 composition of claim 1, wherein the flame retardant stabilizer is selected from any one or more of C8-C18 long carbon chain binary saturated carboxylic acid compounds.
6. The PA66 composition according to claim 5, wherein said flame retardant stabilizer is selected from any one or more of azelaic acid, sebacic acid, dodecanedioic acid, tridecanedioic acid, pentadecanedioic acid, and octadecanoic acid.
7. The PA66 composition according to claim 1, further comprising 0.3-1 parts by weight of a lubricant; 0.1-0.2 part of antioxidant; the lubricant is selected from ethylene bis stearamide; the antioxidant is selected from N, N' -bis- (3, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionyl) hexamethylenediamine.
8. The method for preparing a PA66 composition according to any one of claims 1-7, comprising the steps of:
according to the proportion, the components are put into a high-speed mixer to be mixed uniformly, then are added into a double-screw extruder, and are extruded and granulated to prepare the PA66 composition; wherein the extrusion temperature is 160-280 ℃; the rotation speed of the screw is 300-400 rpm.
9. Use of the PA66 composition according to any of claims 1-7 for the preparation of connectors or circuit breakers in the electrical and electronic field.
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