CN113981348A - Method for reducing residual stress of titanium alloy plate - Google Patents
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 claims description 13
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- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
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- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
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- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
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- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 65
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910000883 Ti6Al4V Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/16—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of other metals or alloys based thereon
- C22F1/18—High-melting or refractory metals or alloys based thereon
- C22F1/183—High-melting or refractory metals or alloys based thereon of titanium or alloys based thereon
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B27/00—Other grinding machines or devices
- B24B27/033—Other grinding machines or devices for grinding a surface for cleaning purposes, e.g. for descaling or for grinding off flaws in the surface
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/0081—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for slabs; for billets
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/02—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working in inert or controlled atmosphere or vacuum
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for reducing residual stress of a titanium alloy plate, which comprises the following steps: step 1: recrystallization heat treatment; step 2: treating the surface of the plate; and step 3: performing vacuum creep treatment; and 4, step 4: and removing the micro-oxidation layer. The invention can effectively reduce the residual stress of the plate to the range of minus 50MPa to 50MPa by a method combining recrystallization heat treatment and vacuum creep treatment. The recrystallization heat treatment can effectively reduce the internal stress caused by large plastic deformation in the rolling process, and the deformation stress is eliminated by the nucleation and growth process of the recrystallization structure. The vacuum creep treatment can effectively eliminate residual deformation stress, heat treatment stress and residual stress introduced in the surface treatment process. The invention is suitable for titanium alloy plates with different thicknesses and different surface states. The method is suitable for small-batch experiments and is also suitable for batch and engineering preparation of titanium alloy plates.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of metal material processing, in particular to a method for reducing residual stress of a titanium alloy plate.
Background
Titanium and titanium alloy plates are widely applied to the field of aerospace and navigation due to excellent specific strength, corrosion resistance and formability and better comprehensive mechanical properties. However, local non-uniform plastic deformation and temperature gradient fields inevitably occur in the sheet material during the rolling forming and preparation processes, so that residual stress is formed. Residual stresses can cause the strength of the material to decrease, affecting the fatigue limit, causing stress corrosion and brittle fracture. In addition, residual stress can affect the forming and application of titanium alloy sheet materials. The sheet is usually formed by sheet metal or hot press, and the phenomenon of local warping, distortion and the like of the sheet occurs due to uneven release of residual stress caused by the asymmetry of cutting and blanking. The thick plate is easy to deform the component due to the relaxation of residual stress in the machining and forming process, and the dimensional accuracy of the component is influenced. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce and eliminate the residual stress of the titanium alloy sheet, and a great deal of research on the technology for reducing the residual stress of the titanium alloy sheet has been conducted by the insiders and outsiders.
The Wuhan science and technology university provides a method for reducing the residual stress of a plate by controlling a rolling mode in the invention with the publication number of CN110527809A, the online regulation and control of the residual stress are realized by controlling the rapid cooling after rolling of a hot rolling unit, a continuous cooling section of high-strength strip steel is sequentially divided into an incremental cooling section, a constant-speed cooling section and a fine-adjustment cooling section, the incremental cooling section is cooled at an incremental cooling rate, and the constant-speed cooling section is cooled at a constant cooling rate. The key point of the invention is to accurately control the cooling rate of the plate, but the preparation process of the titanium alloy plate is limited by rolling equipment, a rapid cooling system is not generally prepared, and the accurate control of the cooling rate of the plate after hot rolling is difficult to realize. Furthermore, the control of the residual stress by rolling does not avoid the residual stress introduced by subsequent treatments such as heat treatment, surface treatment, etc.
Shanxi Macro-distance aeroforging Limited liability company provides a method for reducing the residual stress of a titanium alloy component through heat treatment in the invention with the publication number of CN 110964996A. The main method is that the temperature of the component is raised to 730-790 ℃ along with the furnace, the heat preservation time is more than or equal to 1 hour, and then the component is slowly cooled (firstly, the temperature is cooled to below 450 ℃ at the speed of less than or equal to 1 ℃/minute, and then the component is taken out of the furnace for air cooling). The method can effectively reduce the residual stress of the titanium alloy, avoid the deformation of parts after machining, reduce stress relief annealing between machining processes, but the surface of the plate can form a serious oxide layer in the high-temperature long-time heat preservation process, increase the surface treatment difficulty and reduce the utilization rate of the plate.
The Lanzhou university of transportation in the invention with publication number CN212426135U proposes a system for stress relief by the combination of ultrasonic aging and vibration aging. The ultrasonic frequency spectrum harmonic vibration aging is an effective method for eliminating residual stress, and the technology comprises the steps of carrying out frequency spectrum analysis on a metal component by a Fourier analysis method, finding out the optimal harmonic frequency of a workpiece, applying enough energy to carry out vibration treatment, generating multi-directional vibration stress and residual stress in multi-dimensional distribution to be superposed, forcing dislocation to slide or twins when the yield limit of a material is reached, generating tiny plastic deformation, and achieving the purpose of releasing the residual stress. The method is effective for eliminating the residual stress of the fine member, but is less effective for batch processing of the residual stress of the plate material and has higher processing cost.
The residual stress can be reduced by a controlled rolling and cooling technology, heat treatment and frequency spectrum harmonic vibration aging, but the problems of high control difficulty, high cost, low efficiency and the like cannot be applied to engineering in the preparation process of the titanium alloy plate. Therefore, it is important to invent a high-efficiency residual stress eliminating method suitable for batch processing of plates.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the above-mentioned defects of the prior art, the present invention provides a method for reducing residual stress of a titanium alloy sheet material.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
a method for reducing residual stress of a titanium alloy sheet material comprises the following steps:
step 1: recrystallization heat treatment
And (3) carrying out recrystallization annealing on the plate rolled to the finished product thickness, wherein the heat treatment temperature is 650-925 ℃ (determined according to the recrystallization temperature of different alloys), and the temperature is kept for 30-180 min (the temperature keeping time is that the thin plate (less than 25mm) is 30-60 min, and the thick plate (more than or equal to 25mm) is approximately equal to the thickness multiplied by 2.5 min). In the heat treatment process, after the furnace temperature is increased to the target temperature, the plate is loaded, and after the furnace temperature is recovered to the set temperature, the heat treatment time is calculated; taking out the plate for air cooling after heat treatment and heat preservation are finished;
step 2: surface treatment of sheet material
Firstly, removing a heat treatment oxidation layer and a coating layer on the surface of a plate, adopting a machining, grinding or abrasive belt sanding process according to the product requirement, ensuring that the oxidation layer and the pollution layer on the surface of the plate are completely removed, and ensuring that the thickness of the plate is uniform; then cleaning the surface of the plate to remove dirt, oil stain, water scale and the like;
and step 3: vacuum creep treatment
Stacking plates into a vacuum creep furnace in a stacking manner, wherein four edges of the plates need to be aligned; vacuumizing the vacuum creep furnace to 102-104 Pa, heating to 550-700 ℃ in a gradient manner, and preserving heat for 2-6 hours after the furnace temperature of the vacuum creep furnace is raised to a target temperature; after the heat preservation is finished, the plate is cooled to room temperature (less than 80 ℃) along with the furnace and taken out;
the specific processes of gradient heating and cooling of the vacuum creep furnace are as follows: heating the temperature of the vacuum creep furnace from room temperature to 300 ℃ at the heating rate of 2 ℃/min, and keeping the temperature for 1 h; continuously heating the temperature of the vacuum creep furnace to a target temperature (550-700 ℃) at the heating rate of 1 ℃/min, and keeping the temperature for 2-6 h; then cooling, and controlling the cooling speed to be 20 ℃/h through a water cooling system;
and 4, step 4: removing micro-oxide layer
And polishing or acid washing the surface of the plate, and removing a micro oxidation layer generated in the vacuum creep deformation treatment process to meet the surface quality requirement of product delivery.
The invention has the technical effects and advantages that:
1. the residual stress of the plate can be effectively reduced to the range of-50 MPa to 50MPa (as shown in figures 1 to 3) by a method combining recrystallization heat treatment and vacuum creep treatment. The recrystallization heat treatment can effectively reduce the internal stress caused by large plastic deformation in the rolling process, and the deformation stress is eliminated by the nucleation and growth process of the recrystallization structure. The vacuum creep treatment can effectively eliminate residual deformation stress, heat treatment stress and residual stress introduced in the surface treatment process.
2. The invention is suitable for titanium alloy plates with different thicknesses and different surface states. As can be seen from the graphs 1 to 3, the method has a good control effect on the residual stress of the plate with the thickness of 2-70 mm and different surface states (machining, grinding and sanding surfaces).
3. The method is suitable for small-batch experiments and is also suitable for batch and engineering preparation of titanium alloy plates. The invention defines the detail processes of heating temperature, heating rate, heat preservation time, cooling mode, cooling rate and the like of recrystallization heat treatment and vacuum creep treatment, and can ensure the batch preparation and the stability of residual stress of plate products.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a comparison of residual stress improvement before and after machining of a 70mm thick sheet.
FIG. 2 is a comparison of residual stress improvement before and after grinding of a 45mm thick plate (ground surface).
FIG. 3 is a comparison of residual stress improvement before and after 2.5mm thick boards (sanded surfaces).
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The titanium alloys used in the three groups of embodiments provided by the invention are Ti-6Al-4V alloys, and plates (with the width of 1000mm and the length of 2000-2500 mm) with the thicknesses of 70mm, 45mm and 2.5mm are obtained in a rolling mode. And respectively carrying out recrystallization heat treatment, surface treatment, vacuum creep treatment and micro-oxidation layer removal on the three plates, wherein the internal stress of the plates is gradually reduced in the treatment process, and finally the finished plates with lower residual stress (-50 MPa) are obtained.
Example one
The specific process of this embodiment is:
step 1: and (4) recrystallization heat treatment. The plate rolled to 74mm thickness (1000mm width. times.2500 mm length) was subjected to recrystallization heat treatment in a resistance furnace at 800 ℃. + -. 10 ℃ for 180 min. And (4) charging at the temperature, and timing when the furnace temperature is restored to 800 ℃ after charging. And after the heat preservation is finished, taking out the plate for air cooling.
Step 2: and (6) surface treatment of the plate. In order to remove the oxide layer formed during the rolling and heat treatment, a 74mm thick plate was subjected to surface milling, and 2mm was removed from each of the upper and lower surfaces to obtain a 70mm thick plate.
And step 3: and (4) performing vacuum creep treatment. And (4) removing oil stains and dust on the surface of the plate, and putting the plate into a vacuum creep furnace. Vacuumizing the vacuum creep furnace to 5000Pa, heating the furnace temperature of the vacuum creep furnace from room temperature to 300 ℃ at the heating rate of 2 ℃/min, and keeping the temperature for 1 h; continuously heating the furnace temperature of the vacuum heat treatment furnace to 600 ℃ at the heating rate of 1 ℃/min, and keeping the temperature for 4 h; and then cooling, controlling the cooling speed to be 20 ℃/h through a water cooling system, and cooling the plate to room temperature along with the furnace and taking out.
And 4, step 4: and removing the micro-oxidation layer. The surface of the plate is provided with a thousand impellers (320)#) And (4) polishing, namely removing a micro-oxidation layer generated in the vacuum creep treatment process, and paying attention to avoid introducing residual stress again by over-processing.
And (3) evaluating a treatment result: the residual stress of a Ti-6Al-4V plate with the thickness of 70mm in the surface treatment (milling) state and the final treatment state is tested by a blind hole method, the stress is calculated by an integration method in the ASTME837 standard, and the distribution of the residual stress from the surface to the center of the plate in the thickness direction is shown in FIG. 1. The residual stress of the plate after the surface treatment of planing and milling is between-250 MPa and 103 MPa. The residual stress of the plate after the full-flow treatment is reduced to 2 MPa-39 MPa (shown as a solid line in figure 1). The residual stress of the plate is greatly reduced, the stress distribution of the plate along the thickness direction is relatively uniform, and a good treatment effect is obtained.
Example two
The specific process of this embodiment is:
step 1: and (4) recrystallization heat treatment. The plate rolled to 46mm thickness (1000mm width. times.2500 mm length) was subjected to recrystallization heat treatment in a resistance furnace at 800 ℃. + -. 10 ℃ for 120 min. And (4) charging at the temperature, and keeping the temperature at the time when the furnace temperature is recovered to 800 ℃ after charging. And after the heat preservation is finished, taking out the plate for air cooling.
Step 2: and (6) surface treatment of the plate. In order to remove the oxide layer formed during the rolling and heat treatment, a 46mm thick plate was subjected to surface grinding, and the upper and lower surfaces were each planed to remove 0.5mm, resulting in a 45mm thick plate.
And step 3: and (4) performing vacuum creep treatment. And (4) removing oil stains and dust on the surface of the plate, and putting the plate into a vacuum creep furnace. Vacuumizing the vacuum creep furnace to 8300Pa, heating the temperature of the vacuum creep furnace from room temperature to 300 ℃ at the heating rate of 2 ℃/min, and keeping the temperature for 1 h; continuously raising the temperature of the vacuum creep furnace to 600 ℃ at the temperature rise rate of 1 ℃/min, and keeping the temperature for 4 h; and then cooling, controlling the cooling speed to be 20 ℃/h through a water cooling system, and cooling the plate to room temperature along with the furnace and taking out.
And 4, step 4: and removing the micro-oxidation layer. The surface of the plate is provided with a thousand impellers (320)#) And (4) polishing, namely removing a micro-oxidation layer generated in the vacuum creep treatment process, and paying attention to avoid introducing residual stress again by over-processing.
And (3) evaluating a treatment result: the residual stress of a 45mm thick Ti-6Al-4V plate in the surface treatment (grinding) state and the final treatment state was measured by a blind hole method, the stress was calculated by an integration method in ASTM E837, and the distribution of the residual stress from the surface to the core of the plate in the thickness direction is shown in FIG. 2. The residual stress of the plate after the grinding surface treatment is between-358 MPa and 33MPa, and the grinding treatment process introduces larger residual stress on the surface of the plate. The residual stress of the plate after the full-flow treatment is reduced to-28 MPa to 34MPa (shown as a solid line in figure 2). The residual stress of the plate is greatly reduced, the stress distribution of the plate along the thickness direction is relatively uniform, and a good treatment effect is obtained.
EXAMPLE III
The specific process of this embodiment is:
step 1: and (4) recrystallization heat treatment. The plate rolled to 2.5mm thickness (1000mm width × 2000mm length) was subjected to recrystallization heat treatment in a resistance furnace at 820 ℃ ± 10 ℃ for 30 min. And (4) charging at the temperature, and keeping the temperature at the time when the furnace temperature is recovered to 800 ℃ after charging. And after the heat preservation is finished for 30min, taking out the plate and air cooling.
Step 2: and (6) surface treatment of the plate. In order to remove an oxide layer formed in the rolling and heat treatment processes, sanding a plate with the thickness of 2.5mm by using a surface abrasive belt, sanding the plate by using abrasive belts with different particle sizes of 120# -180# -320# in sequence, and removing the oxide layer to obtain the plate with the thickness of 2.5 mm.
And step 3: and (4) performing vacuum creep treatment. And (4) removing oil stains and dust on the surface of the plate, and putting the plate into a vacuum creep furnace. Vacuumizing the vacuum creep furnace to 3380Pa, heating the furnace temperature of the vacuum creep furnace from room temperature to 300 ℃ at the heating rate of 2 ℃/min, and keeping the temperature for 1h after the temperature is reached; continuously heating the temperature of the vacuum creep furnace to 600 ℃ at the heating rate of 1 ℃/min, and keeping the temperature for 4h after the temperature is reached; and then cooling, controlling the cooling speed to be 20 ℃/h through a water cooling system, and cooling the plate to room temperature along with the furnace and taking out.
And 4, step 4: and removing the micro-oxidation layer. And carrying out acid washing treatment on the surface of the plate to remove a micro oxidation layer generated in the vacuum creep deformation treatment process.
And (3) evaluating a treatment result: the residual stress of a Ti-6Al-4V plate with the thickness of 2.5mm in the surface treatment (sanding) state and the final treatment state is tested by a blind hole method, the stress is calculated by an integration method in the ASTME837 standard, and the distribution of the residual stress from the surface to the core of the plate along the thickness direction is shown in FIG. 3. After sanding surface treatment, the residual stress of the plate is between-101 MPa and-4 MPa. The residual stress of the plate after the full-flow treatment is reduced to-18 MPa to 27MPa (shown as a solid line in figure 3). The residual stress of the plate is greatly reduced, the stress distribution of the plate along the thickness direction is relatively uniform, and a good treatment effect is obtained.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like that are within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A method for reducing residual stress of a titanium alloy plate is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1: recrystallization heat treatment
Carrying out recrystallization annealing on the plate rolled to the finished product thickness, wherein the heat treatment temperature is 650-925 ℃, and the temperature is kept for 30-180 min; in the heat treatment process, after the furnace temperature is increased to the target temperature, the plate is loaded, and after the furnace temperature is recovered to the set temperature, the heat treatment time is calculated; taking out the plate for air cooling after heat treatment and heat preservation are finished;
step 2: surface treatment of sheet material
Firstly, removing a heat treatment oxidation layer and a coating layer on the surface of a plate, adopting a machining, grinding or abrasive belt sanding process according to the product requirement, ensuring that the oxidation layer and the pollution layer on the surface of the plate are completely removed, and ensuring that the thickness of the plate is uniform; cleaning the surface of the plate to remove dirt, oil stains and water scales;
and step 3: vacuum creep treatment
Stacking plates into a vacuum creep furnace in a stacking manner, wherein four edges of the plates need to be aligned; vacuumizing the vacuum creep furnace to 102-104 Pa, heating to 550-700 ℃ in a gradient manner, and preserving heat for 2-6 hours after the furnace temperature of the vacuum creep furnace is raised to a target temperature; after the heat preservation is finished, cooling the plate to room temperature along with the furnace and taking out;
and 4, step 4: removing micro-oxide layer
And polishing or acid washing the surface of the plate, and removing a micro oxidation layer generated in the vacuum creep deformation treatment process to meet the surface quality requirement of product delivery.
2. The method of reducing residual stress of a titanium alloy sheet material as set forth in claim 1, wherein: in the step 1, the heat treatment temperature is determined according to the recrystallization temperature of different alloys, and the range is 650-925 ℃.
3. The method of reducing residual stress of a titanium alloy sheet material as set forth in claim 1, wherein: in the step 1, the heat preservation time is specifically as follows: when the thickness of the thin plate is less than 25mm, the heat preservation time is 30-60 min; when the thickness of the thick plate is more than or equal to 25mm, the heat preservation time is multiplied by 2.5 min.
4. The method of reducing residual stress of a titanium alloy sheet material as set forth in claim 1, wherein: in the step 3, the room temperature is less than 80 ℃.
5. The method of reducing residual stress of a titanium alloy sheet material as set forth in claim 1, wherein: in the step 3, the specific processes of gradient heating and cooling of the vacuum creep furnace are as follows: heating the temperature of the vacuum creep furnace from room temperature to 300 ℃ at the heating rate of 2 ℃/min, and keeping the temperature for 1 h; and continuously raising the furnace temperature of the vacuum creep furnace to the target temperature at the temperature raising rate of 1 ℃/min: preserving heat for 2-6 h at 550-700 ℃; then cooling, and controlling the cooling speed to be 20 ℃/h through a water cooling system.
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| 王瑶琴 等: "《钛制化工设备设计》", 30 November 1985, 上海科学技术出版社 * |
| 邢焰 等: "《航天器材料》", 31 May 2018, 北京理工大学出版社 * |
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