CN113918121A - A method and device for generating physical random numbers - Google Patents
A method and device for generating physical random numbers Download PDFInfo
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- CN113918121A CN113918121A CN202111370576.3A CN202111370576A CN113918121A CN 113918121 A CN113918121 A CN 113918121A CN 202111370576 A CN202111370576 A CN 202111370576A CN 113918121 A CN113918121 A CN 113918121A
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Abstract
The invention provides a method and a device for generating physical random numbers, wherein the device for generating the physical random numbers comprises a chaos generating module, a time delay shielding module, an interference detection module, an analog-to-digital conversion module and a post-processing module, the chaos generating module is used for generating chaos laser, the chaos laser enters the interference detection module and adds phase information after the time delay shielding module shields time delay characteristics, then the analog-to-digital conversion module converts chaos optical signals added with the phase information into digital signals, and the physical random numbers are output after the post-processing module processes the digital signals. The method and the device for generating the physical random number use the improved cross-coupling distributed feedback laser, and eliminate the characteristics of low chaotic bandwidth and time delay of the existing physical random number generator.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of chaotic encryption, and particularly relates to a method and a device for generating a physical random number, which are only a method and a device for generating the physical random number based on an improved mutual coupling distributed feedback laser.
Background
The development of the network technology improves the social work efficiency and the social productivity, and particularly, the arrival of the 5G era, the speed is higher, the bandwidth is higher, and the communication among people is more convenient and has no obstacle. The security of information along with the increase in information rates is also increasingly compromised. Information is encrypted securely without leaving random numbers, which are classified into true random numbers and pseudo random numbers. True random numbers are random numbers extracted from physical entropy sources in nature, and pseudo-random numbers are random numbers extracted from fixed algorithms to approximate reality. The true random number extracted from the physical entropy source in nature has the defect of low speed, and is not suitable for the current large-capacity high-speed communication, so the high-speed pseudo random number generation method becomes a research hotspot.
At present, the most advanced research focuses on generating random numbers by using laser chaos, which has the advantage that the chaos generated by laser has the characteristic of high bandwidth and can be used for solving the problem of insufficient rate of generating random numbers, but the existing method for generating random numbers by using laser chaos generally has a time delay characteristic, for example, the existing method for generating random numbers by using laser chaos just solves the problem of insufficient rate of generating random numbers by using the time delay characteristic. For example, in the patent of 'a two-way parallel high-speed random number generating device based on a semiconductor ring laser' (patent publication No. CN103455306B) filed by li mingan, panwei et al in 2013, the chaotic random number is manufactured by simple delay feedback, and has obvious delay characteristics. For another example, the external cavity feedback laser generating laser chaos, which is commonly used at present, has a very obvious time delay characteristic.
Jon Paul et al published in 2005 on IEEE Photonics Technology Letters "3.5-GHz Signal Transmission in an All-Optical Communication Scheme Using 1550-nm Diade Laser" demonstrated that there is a significant latency characteristic when an external feedback loop is introduced, and V.S. Udaltsov et al published in 2006 of Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences "Physics published" Time delay identification in a chaos simulation system rule by delay-differential equations "demonstrated that existing Chaotic analysis techniques have the possibility of reconstructing a delay system based on latency characteristics and risk of information leakage; further, the lower bandwidth provided by the delay feature is not conducive to generating ultra-high speed random numbers.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the above problems, the present inventors have designed and studied many times and provided a method and an apparatus for generating physical random numbers, which are based on an improved cross-coupled distributed feedback laser, and solve the disadvantages of the existing physical random number generator, such as low chaotic bandwidth and obvious delay characteristics.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a device for generating a physical random number, comprising a chaos generating module, a time-delay shielding module, an interference detection module, an analog-to-digital conversion module and a post-processing module, wherein the chaos generating module is configured to generate a chaotic laser, the chaotic laser enters the interference detection module and adds phase information after the time-delay shielding module shields a time-delay characteristic, the analog-to-digital conversion module converts a chaotic optical signal with the added phase information into a digital signal, and the post-processing module processes the digital signal and outputs the physical random number.
The chaos generating module is connected with the delay covering module, and the delay covering module is connected with the interference detection module. The interference detection module is connected with the analog-to-digital conversion module and is used for sampling the chaotic electric signal and quantizing the chaotic electric signal into an 8-bit binary digital signal; the analog-to-digital conversion module is connected with the post-processing module, and outputs 4 least significant bits as physical random numbers by performing exclusive OR on the received 8-bit binary signals.
Furthermore, the time delay shielding module comprises an optical isolator, an adjustable attenuator and a chirped Bragg grating, wherein the adjustable attenuator sends the chaotic light signal into the chirped Bragg grating, and the time delay characteristic is shielded by adjusting the chirped coefficient and the length of the chirped Bragg grating, so that the chaotic bandwidth is improved.
Furthermore, the interference detection module comprises a Mach-Zehnder interferometer and a balanced photoelectric detector, the analog-to-digital conversion module comprises a 200MHz bandwidth oscilloscope and an 8-bit analog-to-digital converter, the sampling frequency of the 200MHz bandwidth oscilloscope is 5Gs/s, the chaotic electric signal is sampled, and then the analog-to-digital converter converts the sampled signal into an 8-bit binary digital signal.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, a device for generating a physical random number is provided, which is a device for generating a physical random number based on an improved cross-coupled distributed feedback laser, and the device for generating a physical random number is composed of two branches formed by components with identical structures and functions, and includes an upper branch and a lower branch, both of which include a chaos generation module, a delay masking module, an interference detection module, an analog-to-digital conversion module, and a post-processing module, and the upper branch and the lower branch share the same chaos generation module and the same post-processing module.
The chaos generating module adopts mutual coupling of two distributed feedback lasers as a physical entropy source, and the time delay shielding module uses a chirp Bragg grating to enable a chaos optical signal to pass through the chirp Bragg grating; the interference detection module uses a Mach-Zehnder interferometer to enable the chaotic light signals reflected by the chirped Bragg grating to pass through the Mach-Zehnder interferometer to add phase information.
Preferably, the chaos generating module comprises a laser driver, a temperature controller, two lasers, a polarization controller, an adjustable attenuator and two optical circulators, and an optical signal generated by the optical circulators is transmitted to the delay covering module.
More preferably, the laser is a distributed feedback laser.
According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of generating physical random numbers, which uses the above apparatus for generating physical random numbers to generate physical random numbers.
Compared with the prior art, the method and the device for generating the physical random number have the following advantages that:
1. the invention adjusts the coupling delay through the chirped Bragg grating, so that the delay is not a fixed value, and the delay characteristic peak is covered, thereby widening the bandwidth and being beneficial to the generation of ultra-high-speed random numbers.
2. The Mach-Zehnder interferometer adds phase information to the signals, so that complex post-processing is not needed, the use of electronic components is reduced, and the generation of ultrahigh-speed random numbers is facilitated.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a simplified structural diagram of an apparatus for generating physical random numbers based on an improved mutual coupling distributed feedback laser according to the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a detailed structural schematic diagram of the apparatus shown in fig. 1.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, but not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention. Additionally, the scope of the present invention should not be limited to the particular structures or components or the particular parameters described below.
The invention provides a device for generating physical random numbers, which comprises a chaos generating module, a time delay shielding module, an interference detection module, an analog-to-digital conversion module and a post-processing module, wherein the chaos generating module is used for generating chaotic laser, the chaotic laser enters the interference detection module and adds phase information after the time delay shielding module shields time delay characteristics, then the analog-to-digital conversion module converts chaotic optical signals with the added phase information into digital signals, and the physical random numbers are output after the post-processing module processes the digital signals.
The chaos generating module is connected with the delay covering module, and the delay covering module is connected with the interference detection module. The interference detection module is connected with the analog-to-digital conversion module and is used for sampling the chaotic electric signal and quantizing the chaotic electric signal into an 8-bit binary digital signal; the analog-to-digital conversion module is connected with the post-processing module, and outputs 4 least significant bits as physical random numbers by performing exclusive OR on the received 8-bit binary signals. The time delay shielding module comprises an optical isolator, an adjustable attenuator and a chirp Bragg grating, wherein the adjustable attenuator sends the chaotic optical signal into the chirp Bragg grating, and the time delay characteristic is shielded by adjusting the chirp coefficient and the length of the chirp Bragg grating, so that the chaotic bandwidth is improved. Furthermore, the interference detection module comprises a Mach-Zehnder interferometer and a balanced photoelectric detector, the analog-to-digital conversion module comprises a 200MHz bandwidth oscilloscope and an 8-bit analog-to-digital converter, the sampling frequency of the 200MHz bandwidth oscilloscope is 5Gs/s, the chaotic electric signal is sampled, and then the analog-to-digital converter converts the sampled signal into an 8-bit binary digital signal
The device for generating the physical random number comprises an upper branch and a lower branch, wherein the upper branch comprises a chaos generation module, a time delay shielding module 1, an interference detection module 1, an analog-to-digital conversion module 1 and a post-processing module, the lower branch comprises the chaos generation module, the time delay shielding module 2, the interference detection module 2, the analog-to-digital conversion module 2 and the post-processing module, and the upper branch and the lower branch share the same chaos generation module and the same post-processing module. The following describes a case where signals are transmitted in the upper branch by taking the case of signal transmission in the upper branch as an example, and the case of signal transmission in the lower branch is the same as the case of signal transmission in the upper branch.
Specifically, the device for generating the physical random number comprises a chaos generating module, a delay shielding module, an interference detection module, an analog-to-digital conversion module and a post-processing module, wherein the chaos generating module adopts mutual coupling of two distributed feedback lasers as a physical entropy source, a chirped Bragg grating is added in a loop, a chaotic signal passes through the chirped Bragg grating, a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is added in the loop, and chaotic light reflected by the chirped Bragg grating passes through the Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The device for generating the physical random number can solve the problem of a delay characteristic peak caused by conventional external cavity feedback, improves the bandwidth of chaotic laser, does not need a very complicated post-processing method, is beneficial to breaking through an electronic bottleneck and improves the generation efficiency of the physical random number.
The device for generating physical random numbers of the invention is described below with reference to fig. 1 and fig. 2, and an upper branch in the device for generating physical random numbers based on an improved mutual coupling distributed feedback laser comprises a chaos generating module, a delay shielding module 1, an interference detection module 1, an analog-to-digital conversion module 1 and a post-processing module, wherein the chaos generating module generates chaos laser, the chaos laser enters the interference detection module 1 to add phase information after the delay shielding module 1 shields delay characteristics, the chaos laser is then converted into a digital signal by the analog-to-digital conversion module 1, and the random numbers are output after the post-processing module processes the digital signal. The invention covers the time delay characteristic of the chaotic signal, improves the chaotic bandwidth, reduces the post-processing process and is beneficial to breaking through the electronic bottleneck.
As shown in fig. 1, further, the chaos generating module in the upper branch is connected to the delay masking module 1 for masking the delay characteristics of the chaotic optical signal, and the delay masking module 1 is connected to the interference detecting module 1 for adding phase information to the chaotic optical signal after masking the delay, increasing the chaos degree and generating the chaotic optical signal, converting the chaotic optical signal with the added phase into a chaotic electrical signal, and performing a post-processing procedure. The interference detection module 1 is connected with the analog-to-digital conversion module 1 and is used for sampling the chaotic electric signal and quantizing the chaotic electric signal into an 8-bit binary digital signal. The analog-to-digital conversion module 1 is connected with the post-processing module, differentiates or processes the two paths of received 8-bit binary signals, and then takes the 4 least significant bits as physical random numbers to be output.
As shown in fig. 2, the chaos generating module includes a laser driver, a temperature controller, two lasers, a polarization controller, an adjustable attenuator, and two optical circulators, the lasers are preferably distributed feedback lasers, the two lasers include a laser 1 and a laser 2, the two optical circulators include an optical circulator 1 and an optical circulator 2, an optical signal generated by the optical circulator 1 is transmitted to the delay covering module 1, and an optical signal generated by the optical circulator 2 is transmitted to the delay covering module 2. In the invention, only the same laser driver, temperature controller, polarization controller and adjustable attenuator are used, so that the chaos generating module is simpler, and almost no delay is generated among devices.
The optical circulator 1 is connected to the optical circulator 2 through a polarization controller and an adjustable attenuator, the optical circulator 1 is connected with the laser 1 through an optical fiber, the optical circulator 2 is connected with the laser 2 through an optical fiber, and then the laser 1 of the upper branch and the laser 2 of the lower branch form a coupling structure; the laser 1 and the laser 2 are controlled using a laser driver and a temperature controller and the laser 1 and the laser 2 are made to obtain stable output signals. The inventive arrangement creates a coupling structure, the polarization controller preferably uses a polarizer to control the polarization state matching, and an adjustable attenuator to control the coupling strength, thereby introducing a coupling delay τ between the lasers 1 and 2. Under appropriate coupling parameters, complex chaotic dynamics can be generated, chaotic laser is generated, and the chaotic laser is sent to the time-delay shielding module. Specifically, the optical circulator 1 transmits the chaotic laser to the delay covering module 1, and the optical circulator 2 transmits the chaotic laser to the delay covering module 2.
Preferably, the laser driver is used for driving the distributed feedback laser to emit stable laser, and the temperature controller is used for controlling the temperature of the two lasers (the laser 1 and the laser 2) to be constant so as to prevent the frequency of the two lasers from being detuned. More preferably, the distributed feedback laser is a distributed feedback semiconductor laser.
The time delay shielding module 1 is used for shielding time delay characteristics to improve chaotic bandwidth, after receiving chaotic laser emitted by the chaotic generating module, the time delay shielding module 1 of the upper branch enters the chirped Bragg grating 1 through the optical isolator 1 and the adjustable attenuator 1, and reflected chaotic light enters the interference detection module 1.
The interference detection module 1 is used for adding phase information to chaotic signals, the interference detection module 1 comprises a Mach-Zehnder interferometer 1 and a balanced photoelectric detector 1, the Mach-Zehnder interferometer 1 consists of two 3dB couplers, a section of delay optical fiber and a section of common optical fiber, the two 3dB couplers are respectively arranged at two ends, the two 3dB couplers are connected with the common optical fiber through the delay optical fiber, specifically, the left end 3dB coupler is connected to the right end 3dB coupler through the delay optical fiber, the left end 3dB coupler is connected to the right end 3dB coupler through the common optical fiber, and the delay optical fiber and the common optical fiber are in parallel connection; light is divided into two paths through the first 3dB coupler, one path enters the delay optical fiber, the other path enters the common optical fiber, and the two paths of light signals with the same intensity are combined at the second 3dB coupler. The balanced photoelectric detector 1 is composed of two photoelectric detectors and a differentiator, two paths of optical signals with the same intensity respectively enter the two photoelectric detectors and are converted into electric signals, the differentiator performs first-order differentiation on the two paths of electric signals, and then the electric signals obtained after the first-order differentiation are sent to the analog-to-digital conversion module 1.
The analog-to-digital conversion module 1 is configured to convert an analog signal (i.e., an electrical signal obtained by first-order difference) into a digital signal. The analog-to-digital conversion module 1 comprises a sampler 1 and an analog-to-digital converter 1, wherein the sampler 1 is preferably a 200MHz bandwidth oscilloscope, and the sampling frequency of the oscilloscope is 5 GS/s. The analog-to-digital converter 1 is preferably an 8-bit analog-to-digital converter. After the analog-to-digital conversion module 1 receives the electric signal sent by the interference detection module 1, the sampler 1 samples the electric signal, and then the analog-to-digital converter 1 performs analog-to-digital conversion on the sampled signal to convert the sampled signal into an 8-bit binary digital signal. And then passed into a post-processing module.
The upper branch and the lower branch have the same signal flow path, and the output of the lower branch is an 8-bit binary digital signal.
The post-processing module comprises an exclusive-or operation process and a least significant bit operation process, the least significant bit operation process preferably selects a 4-bit least significant bit extraction process, the post-processing module carries out the exclusive-or operation process on the 8-bit binary digital signal from the upper branch and the 8-bit binary digital signal from the lower branch, and then the obtained exclusive-or operation process result is intercepted to obtain the last four bits to be output as a physical random number.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the lasers are distributed feedback lasers for generating laser light, each distributed feedback laser driven by a high stability, low noise laser driver; when the temperature control is inaccurate, the two lasers can enter frequency detuning, so that the output of chaotic laser is influenced, and the frequency detuning range is controlled to be-7.5 GHz to 7.5GHz, so that the dynamic characteristic of the system is prevented from being converted from a chaotic state to a periodic state due to the fact that the frequency detuning of the lasers is too large. The chaotic laser is output to a delay shielding module, so that a delay characteristic peak is eliminated, and information is protected from being leaked.
When the frequency detuning is more than 7.5GHz, the amplitude E of the slowly-changing electric field fluctuates along with the time period, the average carrier number N also changes along with the time rule, and at the moment, the system is converted from a chaotic state to a periodic state, and a regular number is generated. Meanwhile, if the injected carrier rate is not matched with the coupling rate, the system will enter a periodic state, so that random numbers cannot be generated.
The output rate equation of the chaotic laser can be described by the following rate equation, and the amplitude E of the slowly-changing electric field and the average number of carriers N in the active region can be expressed as follows:
where subscripts 1,2 represent laser 1 and laser 2, respectively, γ is the attenuation constant, g is the differential gain coefficient, κ is the coupling ratio, τ is the coupling time, γ iseIs carrier decay rate, NtIs a transparent carrier density, and ε is a gainSaturation coefficient, β is the spontaneous emissivity. Sigma is Gaussian white noise, the variance is 1, and the mean value is zero; Δ f is the frequency of detuning between the two lasers, τLThe round-trip time of photons in the inner cavity of the laser, q is the electric quantity of charges, v is the volume of an active region of the laser, and I is pumping current. G1Is the nonlinear gain, E 'of laser 1'1Electric field rate of change, G, for a distributed feedback laser of laser 12Is the nonlinear gain, E 'of laser 2'2Electric field rate of change of distributed feedback laser, E, for laser 21Is the slowly varying electric field amplitude, N, of the laser 11Is the average number of carriers in the active region of the laser 1, E2Is the slowly varying electric field amplitude, N, of the laser 22Is the average number of carriers in the active region of the laser 2. t is the system running time, alpha is the line width enhancement factor, e is the natural base number, f1, f2 is the free running frequency of the laser 1 and the laser 2.
The chaotic laser generated by the laser 1 enters a first port of the optical circulator 1, enters the delay shielding module 1 from a third port of the optical circulator 1, enters a second port of the optical circulator 2 from a second port through the polarization controller and the adjustable attenuator to form external cavity feedback, and similarly, the chaotic laser generated by the laser 2 enters the first port of the optical circulator 2, enters the shielding delay characterization module 2 of the lower branch from the third port of the optical circulator 2, and enters the second port of the optical circulator 1 from the second port of the optical circulator 2 through the adjustable attenuator and the polarization controller to form external cavity feedback.
According to the above, the optical circulator 1 is divided into three ports, the laser emitted by the distributed feedback laser 1 enters the first port of the optical circulator 1, the laser emitted by the distributed feedback laser 1 is divided into two paths, one path of laser is emitted from the third port and enters the delay shielding module 1 of the upper branch, and the other path of laser is emitted from the second port and enters the second port of the optical circulator 2 through the polarization controller and the adjustable attenuator.
Further, the adjustable attenuator is used for controlling the coupling strength, which is defined as:
p2 is the output power of laser 1 or laser 2 without mutual coupling, and p1 is the coupled optical power.
Preferably, the delay shielding module firstly uses an optical isolator to isolate unnecessary external feedback, then uses an adjustable attenuator to control power, and then laser enters the chirped bragg grating to be modulated, so that the delay characteristic caused by external cavity feedback is eliminated by changing the length and the chirp coefficient of the chirped bragg grating, and the frequency bandwidth is improved.
Preferably, the analog-to-digital conversion module is used for sampling and data storing the obtained signal by a 200MHz bandwidth oscilloscope, the sampling frequency is 5Gs/s, and then the signal enters an 8-bit analog-to-digital converter to be converted into an 8-bit binary signal.
The invention provides a method for generating physical random numbers by using the device for generating physical random numbers, which adjusts coupling delay through a chirped Bragg grating, so that the delay is not a fixed value, a delay characteristic peak is masked, the bandwidth is widened, and the generation of ultra-high-speed random numbers is facilitated. The Mach-Zehnder interferometer adds phase information to the signals, so that complex post-processing is not needed, the use of electronic components is reduced, and the generation of ultrahigh-speed random numbers is facilitated.
The method for generating the physical random number specifically comprises the following steps:
step S1, electrifying the two lasers, generating a chaotic light source through the cross-coupled lasers, and entering a time-delay shielding module;
step S2, the time delay shielding module covers the time delay information and then sends the light source into the interference detection module;
step S3, the interference detection module adds self-interference phase information to the chaotic light source, converts the optical signal into an electric signal and sends the electric signal to the analog-to-digital conversion module;
step S4, the analog-to-digital conversion module samples the electric signal and converts the electric signal into a digital signal, and then the signal is sent to the post-processing module;
and step 5, the post-processing module performs exclusive or on the sampled electric signals from the upper branch and the lower branch, and then takes the four-bit least significant bit to output.
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any changes or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present invention are included in the scope of the present invention. It will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the following claims.
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