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CN113815494A - Preheating charging control method of lithium ion battery - Google Patents

Preheating charging control method of lithium ion battery Download PDF

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Publication number
CN113815494A
CN113815494A CN202111107233.8A CN202111107233A CN113815494A CN 113815494 A CN113815494 A CN 113815494A CN 202111107233 A CN202111107233 A CN 202111107233A CN 113815494 A CN113815494 A CN 113815494A
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battery
charging
temperature
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negative electrode
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曹晟阁
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Beijing Lianyu Technology Co ltd
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/24—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries for controlling the temperature of batteries
    • B60L58/27—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries for controlling the temperature of batteries by heating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/12—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries responding to state of charge [SoC]
    • B60L58/13—Maintaining the SoC within a determined range
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B60L2240/545—Temperature
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B60L2240/547—Voltage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B60L2240/549—Current
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries

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  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
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  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a preheating charge control method of a lithium ion battery, which comprises the steps of firstly establishing a thermoelectric coupling temperature and negative electrode potential estimation model, secondly heating the battery to a preset initial charging temperature before charging according to the initial electric quantity and the temperature state of the battery, then charging the battery by using a preset charging current, estimating the current negative electrode potential and the current temperature of the battery in real time by using the temperature of the battery and the negative electrode potential estimation model in the charging process, and finally adjusting the charging current in real time by using an optimization algorithm. According to the scheme, through establishing a thermoelectric coupling temperature and negative electrode potential estimation model, the characteristics of the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the battery are separated, and the rules of the change of the negative electrode potential, the full battery voltage and the surface temperature of the battery in the charging process are accurately simulated. The charging current is adjusted in real time by utilizing a closed-loop estimation algorithm and a control optimization algorithm, so that the charging capacity of the battery is exerted to the maximum extent in a safe charging interval, and the safe and quick charging of the battery is realized.

Description

Preheating charging control method of lithium ion battery
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of lithium ion battery management and charging, in particular to a preheating charging control method of a lithium ion battery.
Background
The lithium ion battery is used as an important component of a new energy power system and an electrochemical energy storage system, and plays a key role in the popularization of new energy automobiles and the development of renewable energy. With the continuous progress of the vehicle power battery technology, the problems of endurance, service life and the like of the lithium ion battery system in the use of the pure electric vehicle are gradually solved. But the rapid charging technology has not been improved in a breakthrough way: in the charging speed, the traditional fuel vehicle can fill the fuel tank in only a few minutes, 80% of electric quantity needs to be supplemented for at least dozens of minutes at the present stage, and charging anxiety of a user still exists; on the basis of battery materials, although energy density is improved by using novel battery materials such as ternary high-nickel and cobalt-free positive electrodes, the novel battery materials also bring greater potential safety hazards in charging.
Generally, rapid charging requires an increase in charging current, which may cause side reactions inside the battery. Taking a lithium ion battery of a graphite cathode system as an example: on one hand, the larger the charging current is, the more obvious the electrode polarization is, and when the polarization reaches a certain degree, the negative electrode potential is lower than 0V vs+Lithium metal is precipitated on the surface of the negative electrode, and the performance of the battery is damaged; on the other hand, if the temperature of the battery is low during charging, the ion transmission rate inside the battery is reduced, which affects the charging speed, and if the temperature of the battery is too high, the reaction of the electrolyte, the electrode active material and the like is caused, which causes irreversible damage to the capacity and the service life of the battery. Therefore, electrical and thermal control during charging is critical to the charging speed and charging safety.
In the research on the charging control of the battery, the electrode potential and the battery temperature are very important references and are directly related to the charging rate and the charging safety of the battery. Before charging, the battery needs to be preheated to a certain temperature according to the state of the battery so as to ensure the charging speed; in the whole charging process, the temperature and the internal potential of the battery need to be monitored constantly to ensure that the potential of the negative electrode is 0V vs+No lithium is separated, and the temperature has no potential safety hazard in a safe charging temperature range. If the internal potential and the temperature of the battery cannot be accurately controlled, the application of quick charge to the battery is greatly hindered. Therefore, there is a need to solve the problems of warm-up of the battery at the start of charging and electric heat control of the charging process.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention provides a preheating charging control method of a lithium ion battery.
In order to achieve the purpose of the invention, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
a preheating charge control method of a lithium ion battery comprises the following steps:
s1, establishing a thermoelectrically coupled battery temperature and negative electrode potential estimation equivalent model, and setting a negative electrode potential safety threshold, a temperature safety threshold, a target charging capacity and a cut-off charging voltage;
s2, heating the battery to the initial charging temperature before charging according to the initial electric quantity and temperature of the battery;
s3, charging with a preset charging current, and estimating the current negative pole potential and temperature of the battery in real time by using the battery temperature and negative pole potential estimation equivalent model in the charging process;
and S4, adjusting the preset current in real time by using a charge control algorithm to enable the negative electrode potential value not to be lower than the negative electrode potential safety threshold, the temperature value not to be higher than the temperature safety threshold, and the charging current to be maximum, so that the battery is charged to the target charging capacity or the charging cut-off voltage by the adjusted current.
The beneficial effects of the above scheme are that through establishing the thermoelectric coupling temperature and negative electrode potential estimation model, the characteristics of the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the battery are separated, the rules of the negative electrode potential, the full battery voltage and the surface temperature change of the battery in the charging process are accurately simulated, the side reaction of the battery can be effectively avoided, and the charging life is prolonged. On the basis of the model, the charging current is adjusted in real time by using a closed-loop estimation algorithm and a control optimization algorithm, so that the battery can exert the charging capability to the maximum extent in a safe charging interval, and the safe and rapid charging of the battery is realized.
Further, the step S1 is specifically:
s11, carrying out performance test on the three-electrode battery with the reference electrode to obtain the nominal capacity, voltage characteristics and temperature characteristic parameters of the battery, wherein the voltage characteristic parameters comprise positive electrode potential, terminal voltage and negative electrode potential, and the temperature characteristic parameters comprise battery surface temperature;
s12, establishing a bipolar equivalent model of the thermoelectric coupling of the battery, wherein the bipolar equivalent model comprises a positive electrode parameter, a negative electrode parameter and a thermal parameter and is used for reflecting the electrical characteristic and the thermal characteristic of the battery;
and S13, calibrating the anode parameter, the cathode parameter and the thermal parameter by using the nominal capacity, the voltage characteristic and the temperature characteristic parameter to obtain a thermoelectric coupling temperature and cathode potential estimation model.
The further scheme has the advantages that the state change information of the battery in the operation process can be accurately simulated by establishing the equivalent model of the lithium ion battery, and a foundation is laid for accurately estimating and predicting the temperature and the negative electrode potential of the battery.
Further, the specific method for parameter calibration in step S13 is as follows:
according to the measured battery anode open-circuit potential curve and the measured anode potential, identifying and obtaining an anode parameter of the model by taking a root mean square error between the anode potential calculated by the thermoelectric coupling split equivalent model and the reference electrode actual measurement anode potential as a first adaptive function;
according to the measured open-circuit potential curve and the negative electrode potential of the battery negative electrode, identifying to obtain a negative electrode parameter of the model by taking a root mean square error between the negative electrode potential calculated by the thermoelectrically-coupled polarization equivalent model and the actually measured negative electrode potential of the reference electrode as a second adaptive function;
and according to the measured battery temperature, identifying and obtaining the thermal parameters of the model by taking the root mean square error of the battery temperature calculated by the pole-splitting equivalent model of the thermoelectricity coupling and the actually measured temperature of the temperature sensor as a third adaptive function.
The beneficial effect of the above further scheme is that the real data of the battery in the test process is utilized to separately identify the parameters of each part of the battery model, so that the identification result of the parameters can be more accurate, and the accuracy of the battery equivalent model in the step S1 is further improved.
Further, in step S2, the battery is heated to a preset initial charging temperature before charging is started according to the initial state and the ambient temperature of the battery, wherein the preset initial charging temperature is in a range of 10 to 40 ℃, and the heating manner includes any one of external heating and internal heating.
The beneficial effect of the above-mentioned further scheme is that, heat the battery to suitable charging temperature for the battery exerts the biggest charge capacity under suitable temperature, avoids the battery that the temperature is crossed lowly and leads to and can't charge, charge unsafe scheduling problem.
Further, the preset charging current in step S3 is a maximum value of a safe charging current that does not cause a side reaction or an irreversible damage to the battery, obtained according to the performance of the battery, the initial state, the current range of the charger, and the like, where an optional range of a maximum rate of the safe charging current is 3C to 6C.
The further scheme has the advantages that the battery is charged by the maximum safe current received by the battery at the initial charging stage, the charging rate of the battery at the early stage is improved as much as possible, and the battery can be charged with the maximum electric quantity safely in the shortest time.
Further, the step S4 specifically includes:
s41, acquiring the charging information and the state information of the battery at the moment k, and determining a state equation coefficient matrix of the charging system, wherein the state equation coefficient matrix is expressed as:
Figure BDA0003272792770000041
wherein x is a state vector of the battery, u is a controllable input vector, y is an output vector, A, B, C, D is a coefficient matrix after the battery system is linearized respectively, and subscript k represents the time k;
s42 setting an optimized target state z of the control systemobjOptimizing the timing m, and the charge cutoff condition;
s43, selecting the charging current at the k-1 moment as the input of m moments in the future of the system, and calculating the state of the battery at the k + m moment according to the coefficient matrix determined in the step S41;
s44, obtaining the optimal current sequence from k to k + m time by using an optimization algorithm according to the state of the battery at the k + m time obtained by calculation in the step S43, so that the predicted state of the battery at the k + m time
Figure BDA0003272792770000051
And target state zobjThe difference is minimal;
s45, taking the current value at the time k in the optimal current sequence obtained by optimization in the step S44 as the charging current of the charging system at the time k, and performing charging control on the battery;
and S46, repeating the steps S43-S45 until the battery reaches the cut-off condition, and stopping charging.
The beneficial effect of the above further scheme is that the battery equivalent model and the optimization algorithm of step S1 are used to optimize the optimal charging current sequence of the battery at a future time to determine the optimal charging current of the battery at the next time, thereby ensuring that each step of charging of the battery is optimal.
Further, the specific method for obtaining the optimal current sequence in the prediction time sequence by using the optimization algorithm in S43 is as follows:
in the charging state, the input current of the battery is used as an optimization variable, the difference between the target charging capacity of the battery and the current capacity of the battery is used as an optimization target, the temperature and the negative electrode potential of the battery are used as constraint conditions, the cut-off charging voltage and the target charging capacity are used as termination conditions, and the optimal charging current sequence in the prediction time sequence is obtained and used as the charging current at the time k.
The further scheme has the advantages that side reactions such as lithium precipitation and the like are avoided as much as possible in the charging process of the battery, the temperature and the negative electrode potential are key signals of the side reactions, and the battery can be charged safely and safely without damage by taking the temperature and the negative electrode potential as constraints; on the basis, the target charging capacity is used as an optimization target, so that the charging rate of the battery is improved as much as possible; in addition, the battery can be ensured to meet the charging requirement by setting the charging cut-off condition. The charging current optimized by the above setting is the optimal charging current.
Further, the optimization objective is expressed as:
Figure BDA0003272792770000061
wherein J (k) represents the optimization target at time k, SOCobjIs the target SOC of the charge,
Figure BDA0003272792770000062
is the predicted battery SOC at time k + m based on the state at time k-1.
The beneficial effect of the above further scheme is that the target charging capacity is used as the optimization target, so that the predicted charging capacity is as close to the target value as possible, and the charging rate of the battery can be improved.
Further, the constraint condition is expressed as:
Figure BDA0003272792770000063
wherein, C1(k)、C2(k)、C3(k) Respectively representing a first, a second and a third constraint, TlimIs a preset maximum temperature safety threshold value,
Figure BDA0003272792770000064
is the highest temperature estimate, V, of the system from time k to time k + m into the futurean,limIs a preset lowest cathode potential safety threshold,
Figure BDA0003272792770000065
is an estimated value of the cathode potential of the system at the time k +1, IminAnd ImaxRespectively a preset minimum charging current and a preset maximum charging current.
The further scheme has the advantages that side reactions such as lithium precipitation and the like are avoided as much as possible in the charging process of the battery, the temperature and the negative electrode potential are key signals of the side reactions, and the battery can be charged safely and safely without damage by taking the temperature and the negative electrode potential as constraints; the acceptable current range is set, so that the charging and discharging machine can normally provide current, and the battery can normally accept the current.
Further, the cutoff condition is expressed as:
Figure BDA0003272792770000066
wherein, T1And T2Respectively representing a first and a second constraint, Ut,kIs the voltage at time t, Ut,limTo cut off the charging voltage, SOCkState of charge at time k, SOCobjIs a charging target SOC;
when T is satisfied during charging1Or T2And ending the charging in any cut-off state.
The beneficial effect of the above further scheme is that the charging is finished when the charging conditions are met by setting a reasonable charging cut-off condition, so that the whole process of safe and quick charging is completed.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a method for rapidly charging a battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating steps for modeling thermoelectric coupling temperature and negative potential estimates provided in an embodiment of the present application;
fig. 3 is a schematic circuit diagram of a polarization Rint model of a lithium ion battery in an embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 4 is a graph comparing the model cathode potential estimation result and the experimental result proposed in the embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 5 is a graph comparing model temperature estimation results and experimental results presented in the examples of the present application;
FIG. 6 is a square wave pulse heating current graph provided by an embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 7 is a graph showing the temperature change of a battery under square-wave pulse heating current according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating a result of a fast charge control after a battery is preheated in an embodiment of the present application;
fig. 9 is a comparison graph of the charging result of the control method provided in the embodiment of the present application and other charging methods
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention is provided to facilitate the understanding of the present invention by those skilled in the art, but it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the scope of the embodiments, and it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined and defined in the appended claims, and all matters produced by the invention using the inventive concept are protected.
A preheating charge control method for a lithium ion battery, as shown in fig. 1, includes the following steps:
s1, establishing a thermoelectrically coupled battery temperature and negative electrode potential estimation equivalent model, and setting a negative electrode potential safety threshold, a temperature safety threshold, a target charging capacity and a cut-off charging voltage;
in step S1, the modeling process and the type of the thermoelectric coupling temperature and negative potential estimation model are not specifically set, and the positive and negative characteristics of the battery are separated, the thermal characteristics of the battery are described, and the negative potential and the temperature change law of the battery are accurately simulated. In one possible implementation, a model of the equivalent circuit of the battery split of the thermoelectric coupling is established, step S1 referring specifically to figure 2,
and S11, carrying out performance test on the three-electrode battery with the reference electrode to obtain the nominal capacity, the voltage characteristic and the temperature characteristic parameters of the battery. Wherein the voltage characteristic parameters comprise positive electrode potential, terminal voltage and negative electrode potential, and the temperature characteristic parameters comprise battery surface temperature;
in this embodiment, the three-electrode battery is a battery obtained by preparing a third electrode on the basis of any one of the full batteries. The third electrode includes but is not limited to a lithium metal reference electrode, a lithium alloy reference electrode, a copper wire in-situ lithium plating reference electrode and the like, which can provide accurate and stable measurement. After the three-electrode battery is prepared, the three-electrode battery can be used after the accuracy and stability of the reference electrode potential measurement are evaluated. Before testing, a temperature sensor is attached to the surface of the battery, and the sensor is any sensor capable of accurately measuring the surface temperature of the battery.
In this example, the performance of the three-electrode cell was tested: the method comprises the steps of capacity test at given temperature and current, open-circuit voltage test, charge and discharge test under different working conditions and the like. And setting the test method and the working condition according to the established battery equivalent model.
S12, establishing a bipolar equivalent model of the thermoelectric coupling of the battery, wherein the bipolar equivalent model comprises a positive electrode parameter, a negative electrode parameter and a thermal parameter and is used for reflecting the electrical characteristic and the thermal characteristic of the battery;
in the present embodiment, a suitable polarization equivalent model of thermoelectric coupling is constructed according to the test result and modeling purpose of step S11. The model herein includes, but is not limited to, lumped parameter thermoelectric coupling models, one-dimensional thermoelectric coupling models, three-dimensional thermoelectric coupling models, etc., and it is required to accurately reflect the overall or external or internal temperature characteristics of the battery in order to accurately predict the battery temperature. The polarization equivalent model includes, but is not limited to, a polarization equivalent circuit model, a polarization fractional order model, a polarization equivalent electrochemical model, etc., and is required to reflect the external and internal potential characteristics of the battery respectively so as to accurately predict the full-battery voltage and the negative electrode potential.
And S13, calibrating the anode parameter, the cathode parameter and the thermal parameter by using the nominal capacity, the voltage characteristic and the temperature characteristic parameter to obtain a thermoelectric coupling temperature and cathode potential estimation model.
The model parameters in step S12 are calibrated by calculation or optimization algorithm. The optimization algorithm includes, but is not limited to, genetic algorithm, ant colony algorithm, simulated annealing, tabu search, particle swarm algorithm, and the like. And identifying to obtain model anode parameters by taking the root mean square error between the anode potential calculated by the model and the anode potential actually measured by the reference electrode as an adaptive function according to the measured anode open circuit potential curve, the anode potential and the like. Specifically, a root mean square error between the anode potential calculated by the model and the actually measured anode potential of the reference electrode is obtained and used as a first adaptive function, and the first adaptive function is fitted through an optimization algorithm so as to be the minimum and serve as an optimization target, and corresponding anode parameters are obtained. And identifying to obtain model cathode parameters by taking the root mean square error between the cathode potential calculated by the model and the actually measured cathode potential of the reference electrode as an adaptive function according to the measured cathode open circuit potential curve, the cathode potential and the like. Specifically, a root mean square error between the anode potential calculated by the model and the actually measured anode potential of the reference electrode is obtained and used as a second adaptive function, and the second adaptive function is fitted through an optimization algorithm to be the minimum and serve as an optimization target, so that corresponding anode parameters are obtained. And according to the measured battery temperature, identifying and obtaining the thermal parameters of the model by taking the root mean square error of the battery temperature calculated by the model and the actually measured temperature of the temperature sensor as an adaptive function. Specifically, a root mean square error between the temperature calculated by the model and the measured temperature of the sensor is obtained and used as a third adaptive function, and the third adaptive function is fitted through an optimization algorithm so that the minimum value is taken as an optimization target, and a corresponding thermal parameter is obtained. The calibrated model can accurately estimate the external characteristics (such as terminal voltage and surface temperature) and the internal characteristics (such as negative electrode potential and internal temperature) of the lithium ion battery under different working conditions based on the information of battery current, terminal voltage, surface temperature and the like aiming at the lithium ion battery with the same type but without a reference electrode.
Taking a specific equivalent model as an example, the embodiment of the present application provides a polarization equivalent Rint model of thermoelectric coupling of a lithium ion battery based on a reference electrode, and specifically refer to fig. 3. The voltage-current relation of the equivalent circuit model is as follows:
Vca＝OCVca-IRca#(1)
Van＝OCVan+IRan#(2)
Ut＝Vca-Van＝OCV-I(Rca+Ran)#(3)
wherein OCVca、OCVanAnd OCV are the positive open circuit voltage, the negative open circuit voltage, and the full battery open circuit voltage, respectively; i is current; rcaAnd RanPositive internal resistance and negative internal resistance; vca、VanAnd UtRespectively, positive, negative and terminal voltages.
The lumped parameter based thermal model has a temperature versus time relationship as:
Figure BDA0003272792770000101
wherein m is the battery mass, c is the specific heat capacity,Tabsis the absolute temperature of the battery, TbatAnd TambThe battery temperature and the ambient temperature are respectively, s is the battery surface area, and h is the external heat dissipation coefficient.
Fig. 4 and 5 are graphs showing comparison between the estimated values of the negative electrode potential and the temperature under different charging rates and corresponding experimental values of the negative electrode potential and the temperature under the thermoelectric coupled polarization Rint model at 0 ℃. According to the graph, the model can accurately predict the negative electrode potential and the surface temperature of the battery in the charging process of the battery, and the prediction precision can be used for subsequent charging control.
S2, heating the battery to the initial charging temperature before charging according to the initial electric quantity and temperature of the battery;
the scheme heats the battery to a preset proper charging initial temperature before charging is started according to the initial state of the battery, including initial temperature, SOC, SOH and the like, ambient temperature and the like. The optional range of the initial charging temperature is 10-40 ℃, such as 10 ℃, 20 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃ and the like. The heating method may be one of external heating methods such as thermal resistance heating, PTC heating, and liquid heating, or one of internal heating methods such as discharge self-heating and pulse self-heating.
The present embodiment explains a specific scheme of an internal heating method of pulse self-heating of a battery as an example:
s21, firstly, according to the environmental temperature TambInitial temperature T of the battery0Initial SOC of the battery0Battery SOH, etc., determining the initial charging temperature T at which the battery needs to be heated1。
And S22, pulse heating is realized by using the power electronic equipment such as a charge and discharge machine, a charging pile, a motor controller and the like. Optionally, the pulse waveform includes a waveform in which the positive pulse is a square wave or a trapezoidal wave, the negative pulse is a sine wave or a triangular wave, and there is no pulse interval. A pulse method with a certain amplitude and period is selected to perform pulse charging and discharging effects on the lithium ion battery, so that the temperature of the battery can safely and rapidly rise in a short time. Fig. 6 shows a square wave charging and discharging current, the amplitudes of the positive pulse and the negative pulse are both 4C, and the periods of the positive pulse and the negative pulse are both 0.5s, so as to ensure that the algebraic sum of the time integrals of the positive pulse current and the negative pulse current is zero, and no pulse interval is set. As shown in fig. 7, the square wave current can heat the battery from 0 ℃ to 18.25 ℃ within 5min, achieving rapid heating of the battery at low temperature.
Considering the actual situation, if the temperature of the battery before preheating reaches or exceeds the preset initial charging temperature, the battery is not heated and is directly charged.
S3, charging with a preset charging current, and estimating the current negative pole potential and temperature of the battery in real time by using the battery temperature and negative pole potential estimation equivalent model in the charging process;
the preset charging current is the maximum value of the safe charging current which can not cause side reactions or irreversible damage to the battery and is obtained according to the performance, the initial state, the current range of the charger and the like of the battery. The selectable range of the maximum charging multiplying power of the safe charging current is 3C-6C. The battery is then charged with this current. Meanwhile, the temperature and the negative electrode potential of the battery in the charging process are estimated in real time by using the battery model established in the step S2 and combining a closed-loop estimation algorithm.
S4, adjusting the preset current in real time by using a charging Control algorithm, so that the negative potential value is not lower than the negative potential safety threshold, the temperature value is not higher than the temperature safety threshold, and the charging current is maximum, and the battery is charged to the target charging capacity or the charging cut-off voltage by using the adjusted current.
And S41, acquiring the charging information and the state information of the battery at the moment k, and determining the state equation coefficient matrix of the charging system.
The state equation and the output equation of the system are respectively:
xk+1＝Akxk+Bkuk#(5)
yk＝Ckxk+Dkuk#(6)
wherein x is the state quantity to be estimated, u is the controllable input quantity, y is the output quantity, A, B, C, D is the coefficient matrix after linearization respectively, and subscript k represents the k moment. In this embodiment, it can be determined that the state quantity, the input quantity, and the output quantity of the system are respectively:
xk＝(SOCk,Van,k,Tbat,k)T#(7)
uk＝Ik#(8)
yk＝(Ut,k,Tbat,k)T#(9)
obtaining a state of charge equation of the battery according to an ampere-hour integration method:
Figure BDA0003272792770000131
wherein eta is coulombic efficiency and is generally 1 in the lithium ion battery; qcellIs the nominal capacity of the battery, in Ah. According to the basic circuit principle of the polarization Rint model, the coefficient matrixes are obtained as follows:
Figure BDA0003272792770000132
Figure BDA0003272792770000133
Figure BDA0003272792770000134
Dk＝(-(Rca,k+Ran,k),0)T#(14)
s42 setting an optimized target state z of the control systemobjThe timing m is optimized, and the charge cutoff condition.
And S43, selecting the charging current at the k-1 moment as the input of the system at m moments in the future, and calculating the state of the battery at the k + m moment according to the coefficient matrix determined in the step S41.
The equation of state at time k + m is:
Figure BDA0003272792770000135
and establishing an m-step transition matrix of the MPC, wherein the matrix comprises the number of transitions from one working condition state to another working condition state in m time intervals. As a preferred embodiment, the system solution expression from the current time to m times later is as follows:
Figure BDA0003272792770000141
specifically, in this embodiment, the specific process of solving the battery state at the time k + m is as follows: and selecting the charging current at the moment of k-1 as the input from the moment of k to the moment of k + m, and combining the state solution equation to determine the battery state at the moment of k + m. Specifically, if the predicted time domain m of the set state is 30s, the control time domain n is 1s, and the time interval Δ t is 1s, the state of the battery in the future 30s can be predicted from the current time state according to the above method. The state here mainly includes the SOC, the negative electrode potential, and the surface temperature of the battery.
S44, obtaining the optimal current sequence from k to k + m time by using an optimization algorithm according to the state of the battery at the k + m time obtained by calculation in the step S43, so that the predicted state of the battery at the k + m time
Figure BDA0003272792770000142
And target state zobjThe difference is minimal.
According to the state prediction of the moment k + m in the step S43, an optimal current sequence in the prediction time sequence is obtained by using an optimization algorithm, and the specific method is as follows: in a charging state, taking the input current of the battery as an optimization variable and taking the difference between the target charging electric quantity of the battery and the current electric quantity of the battery as an optimization target; the temperature and the negative electrode potential of the battery are taken as constraint conditions; and obtaining the optimal charging current in the prediction time sequence as the charging current at the moment k by using the cut-off charging voltage and the target charging capacity as termination conditions and using an optimization algorithm.
Specifically, the expression of the optimization objective is:
Figure BDA0003272792770000143
wherein the SOCobjIs the target SOC of the charge,
Figure BDA0003272792770000144
is the battery SOC at time k + m predicted from the state at time k-1. Here, we only optimize the charging SOC, i.e. the target electric quantity, in order to maximize the charging quantity at the charging cut-off time and maximize the charging speed.
Specifically, the expression of the constraint is:
Figure BDA0003272792770000151
Figure BDA0003272792770000152
C3(k):Imin≤Ik≤Imax#(20)
wherein T islimIs a preset maximum temperature safety threshold value,
Figure BDA0003272792770000153
the maximum temperature estimated by the system from the moment k to the future moment k + m is used for ensuring that the temperature in the whole charging process does not exceed a safety threshold; van,limIs a preset lowest cathode potential safety threshold,
Figure BDA0003272792770000154
the estimated value of the cathode potential of the system at the moment k +1 is to ensure that the cathode potential during charging is not lower than the safe potential of the cathode. Because the response of the negative electrode potential along with the current change is very quick, the potential safety is ensured only by using the potential estimation value at the next moment; while the temperature is dependent on the electricityThe response to flow changes is long and therefore the temperature estimate ceiling needs to be used for some future time to ensure temperature safety. The current needs to be optimized during the charging process so as to simultaneously meet the two constraint conditions. I isminAnd ImaxThe charging current is respectively a preset minimum charging current and a preset maximum charging current, and the limiting conditions are determined by the charging speed of the battery, the characteristics of the battery, the power limitation of the charging and discharging machine and the like.
Specifically, the expression of the cutoff condition is:
T1:Ut,k>Ut,lim#(21)
T2:SOCk>SOCobj#(22)
wherein U ist,limTo turn off the charging voltage. During charging, charging is stopped as long as the battery reaches one of the above termination conditions.
Specifically, the charging current optimization algorithm in this embodiment is a particle swarm optimization algorithm, and the optimization algorithm can be implemented by directly calling a particle swarm tool kit in MATLAB.
And S45, taking the current value at the time k in the optimal current sequence obtained by optimization in the step S44 as the charging current of the charging system at the time k, and performing charging control on the battery.
And S46, repeating the steps S43-S45 until the battery reaches the cut-off condition, and stopping charging.
Fig. 8 shows the result of rapid charging of the battery based on model predictive control after preheating the battery from a low temperature to 35 c. The maximum charge multiplying power is initially set to be 4.5C, the lowest safe potential of the negative electrode is 0.01V, and the highest safe temperature of the battery is 45 ℃. The charging process can be divided into 3 main phases: in the first stage, the charging current is constant at 4.5C, the negative electrode potential is lowered, the battery temperature is raised, and the limiting condition is C3I.e., the current; in the second stage, the battery temperature rises to a safety threshold value, the current gradually decreases and then rises to maintain temperature balance, the negative electrode potential slightly rises and then falls, and the limiting condition at the moment is C1I.e. the temperature; in the third stage, the cathode potential is reduced to the lowest safety threshold value, the current is gradually reduced to maintain the cathode potential balance and the battery temperatureSlightly decreased, with the proviso that C is2I.e. the negative electrode potential. The battery is charged with 37% of electric quantity within 5 minutes, which is equivalent to the endurance mileage of the pure electric vehicle of about 200 km; the battery is charged with 64% of electricity within 10 minutes, which is equivalent to the endurance mileage of the pure electric vehicle of about 350 km. In the charging process, the potential of the negative electrode is always 0V vs+The lithium is not separated out, the temperature of the battery is always below 45 ℃ and is not over-temperature, the side reaction in the quick charging process of the battery is reduced, the safety risk is reduced, and the nondestructive safe quick charging of the battery is realized. As shown in fig. 9, compared with the results of the charging method proposed in this embodiment and other charging methods, it can be seen that the method has a significant advantage in charging rate compared with the policy provided by the manufacturer and other fast charging policies.
The present invention is described with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each flow and/or block of the flow diagrams and/or block diagrams, and combinations of flows and/or blocks in the flow diagrams and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, embedded processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart flow or flows and/or block diagram block or blocks.
These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable memory that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory produce an article of manufacture including instruction means which implement the function specified in the flowchart flow or flows and/or block diagram block or blocks.
These computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide steps for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart flow or flows and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The principle and the implementation mode of the invention are explained by applying specific embodiments in the invention, and the description of the embodiments is only used for helping to understand the method and the core idea of the invention; meanwhile, for a person skilled in the art, according to the idea of the present invention, there may be variations in the specific embodiments and the application scope, and in summary, the content of the present specification should not be construed as a limitation to the present invention.
It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments described herein are intended to assist the reader in understanding the principles of the invention and are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited embodiments and examples. Those skilled in the art can make various other specific changes and combinations based on the teachings of the present invention without departing from the spirit of the invention, and these changes and combinations are within the scope of the invention.

Claims (10)

1. A preheating charge control method of a lithium ion battery is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, establishing a thermoelectrically coupled battery temperature and negative electrode potential estimation equivalent model, and setting a negative electrode potential safety threshold, a temperature safety threshold, a target charging capacity and a cut-off charging voltage;
s2, heating the battery to the initial charging temperature before charging according to the initial electric quantity and temperature of the battery;
s3, charging with a preset charging current, and estimating the current negative pole potential and temperature of the battery in real time by using the battery temperature and negative pole potential estimation equivalent model in the charging process;
and S4, adjusting the preset current in real time by using a charge control algorithm to enable the negative electrode potential value not to be lower than the negative electrode potential safety threshold, the temperature value not to be higher than the temperature safety threshold, and the charging current to be maximum, so that the battery is charged to the target charging capacity or the charging cut-off voltage by the adjusted current.
2. The preheating charge control method of the lithium ion battery according to claim 1, wherein the step S1 specifically includes:
s11, carrying out performance test on the three-electrode battery with the reference electrode to obtain the nominal capacity, voltage characteristics and temperature characteristic parameters of the battery, wherein the voltage characteristic parameters comprise positive electrode potential, terminal voltage and negative electrode potential, and the temperature characteristic parameters comprise battery surface temperature;
s12, establishing a bipolar equivalent model of the thermoelectric coupling of the battery, wherein the bipolar equivalent model comprises a positive electrode parameter, a negative electrode parameter and a thermal parameter and is used for reflecting the electrical characteristic and the thermal characteristic of the battery;
and S13, calibrating the anode parameter, the cathode parameter and the thermal parameter by using the nominal capacity, the voltage characteristic and the temperature characteristic parameter to obtain a thermoelectric coupling temperature and cathode potential estimation model.
3. The preheating charge control method of the lithium ion battery according to claim 2, wherein the specific method for parameter calibration in step S13 is as follows:
according to the measured battery anode open-circuit potential curve and the measured anode potential, identifying and obtaining an anode parameter of the model by taking a root mean square error between the anode potential calculated by the thermoelectric coupling split equivalent model and the reference electrode actual measurement anode potential as a first adaptive function;
according to the measured open-circuit potential curve and the negative electrode potential of the battery negative electrode, identifying to obtain a negative electrode parameter of the model by taking a root mean square error between the negative electrode potential calculated by the thermoelectrically-coupled polarization equivalent model and the actually measured negative electrode potential of the reference electrode as a second adaptive function;
and according to the measured battery temperature, identifying and obtaining the thermal parameters of the model by taking the root mean square error of the battery temperature calculated by the pole-splitting equivalent model of the thermoelectricity coupling and the actually measured temperature of the temperature sensor as a third adaptive function.
4. The preheating charge control method of the lithium ion battery according to claim 3, wherein in the step S2, the battery is heated to a preset charge initial temperature before the start of the charge according to the initial state of the battery and the ambient temperature, wherein the charge initial temperature is in a range of 10-40 ℃, and the heating manner includes any one of external heating and internal heating.
5. The preheating charge control method of the lithium ion battery according to claim 4, wherein the preset charging current in the step S3 is a maximum value of a safe charging current that is obtained according to the performance, the initial state, and the current range of the charger, and does not cause side reactions or irreversible damage to the battery, wherein the maximum charging rate of the safe charging current is selectable from 3C to 6C.
6. The preheating charge control method of the lithium ion battery according to claim 5, wherein the step S4 specifically includes:
s41, acquiring the charging information and the state information of the battery at the moment k, and determining a state equation coefficient matrix of the charging system, wherein the state equation coefficient matrix is expressed as:
Figure FDA0003272792760000021
wherein x is a state vector of the battery, u is a controllable input vector, y is an output vector, A, B, C, D is a coefficient matrix after the battery system is linearized respectively, and subscript k represents the time k;
s42 setting an optimized target state z of the control systemobjOptimizing the timing m, and the charge cutoff condition;
s43, selecting the charging current at the k-1 moment as the input of m moments in the future of the system, and calculating the state of the battery at the k + m moment according to the coefficient matrix determined in the step S41;
s44, obtaining the state of the battery at the moment k + m according to the state of the battery calculated in the step S43 by utilizing an optimization algorithmSequence of optimal currents such that the predicted state of the battery at time k + m
Figure FDA0003272792760000033
And target state zobjThe difference is minimal;
s45, taking the current value at the time k in the optimal current sequence obtained by optimization in the step S44 as the charging current of the charging system at the time k, and performing charging control on the battery;
and S46, repeating the steps S43-S45 until the battery reaches the cut-off condition, and stopping charging.
7. The lithium ion battery preheating charge control method according to claim 6, wherein the specific method for obtaining the optimal current sequence in the prediction time sequence by using the optimization algorithm in S44 is as follows:
in the charging state, the input current of the battery is used as an optimization variable, the difference between the target charging capacity of the battery and the current capacity of the battery is used as an optimization target, the temperature and the negative electrode potential of the battery are used as constraint conditions, the cut-off charging voltage and the target charging capacity are used as termination conditions, and the optimal charging current sequence in the prediction time sequence is obtained and used as the charging current at the time k.
8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the optimization objective is expressed as:
Figure FDA0003272792760000031
wherein J (k) represents the optimization target at time k, SOCobjIs the target SOC of the charge,
Figure FDA0003272792760000032
is the predicted battery SOC at time k + m based on the state at time k-1.
9. The preheating charge control method of the lithium ion battery according to claim 8, wherein the constraint condition is expressed as:
Figure FDA0003272792760000041
wherein, C1(k)、C2(k)、C3(k) Respectively representing a first, a second and a third constraint, TlimIs a preset maximum temperature safety threshold value,
Figure FDA0003272792760000042
is the highest temperature estimate, V, of the system from time k to time k + m into the futurean，limIs a preset lowest cathode potential safety threshold,
Figure FDA0003272792760000043
is an estimated value of the cathode potential of the system at the time k +1, IminAnd ImaxRespectively a preset minimum charging current and a preset maximum charging current, IkIs the actual charging current at time k.
10. The warm-up charge control method of a lithium ion battery according to claim 9, wherein the cutoff condition is expressed as:
Figure FDA0003272792760000044
wherein, T1And T2Respectively representing a first and a second cut-off condition, Ut，kIs the voltage at time t, Ut，limTo cut off the charging voltage, SOCkState of charge at time k, SOCobjIs a charging target SOC;
when T is satisfied during charging1Or T2And ending the charging in any cut-off state.
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