CN113784937A - 用于制造用于玻璃片材的陶瓷的弯曲模具的方法 - Google Patents
用于制造用于玻璃片材的陶瓷的弯曲模具的方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN113784937A CN113784937A CN202180001226.1A CN202180001226A CN113784937A CN 113784937 A CN113784937 A CN 113784937A CN 202180001226 A CN202180001226 A CN 202180001226A CN 113784937 A CN113784937 A CN 113784937A
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- Prior art keywords
- mould
- bending
- ceramic
- contact surface
- hollow mould
- Prior art date
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于制造用于玻璃片材的陶瓷的弯曲模具(K)的方法,所述方法包括以下方法步骤:(A)确定弯曲模具(K)的接触面(F‑K);(B)制造带有模型面(F‑1)的模型模具(1),所述模型面相应于接触面(F‑K);(C)使模型面(F‑1)设有由陶瓷纤维或玻璃纤维构成的毡(3),所述毡是用陶瓷的悬浮液浸渍过的,其中,将毡(3)布置在分离层(2)上并且对其进行干燥,由此产生带有接触面(F‑K)的陶瓷的中空模具(4);(D)将陶瓷的中空模具(4)从模型模具(1)移除;(E)使陶瓷的中空模具(4)设有陶瓷的或金属的稳定支架(5);(F)燃烧带有稳定支架(5)的陶瓷的中空模具(4),由此产生陶瓷的弯曲模具(K)。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于制造用于玻璃片材的陶瓷的弯曲模具的方法、一种相应地制造的陶瓷的弯曲模具及其用途。
背景技术
尤其是在机动车领域中,玻璃件通常具有弯曲部。已知不同的用于产生这种弯曲部的方法。在所谓的重力弯曲(同样重力弯曲(gravity bending)或下垂弯曲(sagbending))中,将在初始状态下平坦的玻璃片材布置在弯曲模具的支承面上并且将其加热到至少其软化温度,从而所述玻璃片材在重力的影响下靠置到支承面处。在所谓的挤压弯曲方法中,将片材布置在两个互补的工具(弯曲模具)之间,这些工具共同地将挤压作用施加到片材上,以便产生弯曲部。用于弯曲玻璃片材的装置和方法由本领域技术人员充分地由大量公开文件已知。仅示例性地参考EP1358131A1、EP2463247A1、WO2017178733A1、DE10314267B3、WO2007125973A1、EP0677488A2和WO9707066A1。
传统的弯曲模具由金属制成,其中,接触面可选地用钢织物敷上,以便保护玻璃表面。金属的弯曲模具是稳定的并且对于使用在工业大规模制造中经受考验。但其制造相当耗费且成本高。
弯曲模具针对玻璃片材的每个模型都特定地制造,其中,弯曲模具的接触面确定弯曲部、即玻璃片材的三维几何结构。在玻璃片材的特定的模型投入大规模制造之前,通常需要或期望制造原型,在该原型处例如能够执行测试或能够给潜在客户展现该原型。迄今通常为了制造原型也制造一个或多个金属的弯曲模具。由此,原型的制造持续时间长且成本高昂。
发明内容
因此存在对用于弯曲玻璃片材、尤其是用于原型制造的弯曲模具的需求,所述弯曲模具能够快速且成本适宜地制造。弯曲模具必须是足够温度稳定的,以便在玻璃弯曲时经受住高温。本发明基于如下任务,提供一种用于制造这种弯曲模具的方法。
本发明的任务根据本发明通过根据独立权利要求1的方法解决。优选的设计方案由从属权利要求得出。
根据本发明的方法用于制造用于玻璃片材的陶瓷的弯曲模具、更准确地说用于弯曲玻璃片材的陶瓷的弯曲模具。根据本发明的方法至少包括以下方法步骤:
(A)确定弯曲模具的接触面;
(B)制造带有模型面的模型,该模型面相应于接触面;
(C)可选地:使模型面设有分离层;
(D)使模型面设有由陶瓷纤维构成的毡,所述毡是用陶瓷的悬浮液浸渍过的,其中,将所述毡布置在分离层上并且对其进行干燥,由此产生带有接触面的陶瓷的中空模具;
(E)将陶瓷的中空模具从模型移除;
(F)使陶瓷的中空模具设有陶瓷的或金属的稳定支架;
(G)燃烧带有稳定支架的陶瓷的中空模具,由此产生陶瓷的弯曲模具。
根据本发明的用于制造陶瓷的弯曲模具的方法能够快速且成本适宜地制造,尤其是与金属的弯曲模具相比,并且因此特别适合用于制造原型。此外,所述方法能够相对简单地执行,从而陶瓷的弯曲模具能够在所需的材料适当储备的情况下由玻璃制造商本身现场制造,并且不必下订单。由此,也可制造用于玻璃片材的模型的简单的一批不同的弯曲模具,以便比较由此制造的产品的品质。陶瓷的弯曲模具在大的程度上是耐温的,从而能够将所述陶瓷的弯曲模具用于玻璃弯曲方法。陶瓷的弯曲模具是增强的中空模具并且本身具有小的重量。这是本发明的大的优点。
根据本发明制造的陶瓷的弯曲模具设置成用于弯曲玻璃片材,尤其是用于弯曲如下玻璃片材,所述玻璃片材被加热到其软化温度。通过加热,玻璃片材能够塑性变形。在这种方法中,玻璃片材通常被加热到高于500°C的温度、尤其是500°C至700°C的温度,由此所述玻璃片材软化并且能够变形并且能够通过弯曲模具的接触面成型。在弯曲由钠钙玻璃构成的片材时典型的温度为至少600°C、例如约650°C。
弯曲模具具有接触面。接触面是弯曲模具的这样的表面,该表面按照规定设置成用于,直接地或间接地与玻璃片材接触,以便使玻璃片材变形并且由此使玻璃片材弯曲。在一种优选的设计方案中,弯曲模具是带有全面积的接触面的所谓的实心模具,该实心模具设置成用于,与大部分玻璃片材表面接触。但原则上,借助根据本发明的方法也能够制造带有框架状的接触面的弯曲模具。这样的弯曲模具也能够被称为环(弯曲环)或框架(框架模具)。框架状的接触面设置成用于,仅与玻璃片材的环绕的边缘区域接触,而大部分玻璃片材表面不与弯曲模具接触。
根据本发明的弯曲模具关于弯曲模具能用于的玻璃弯曲的类型是不受限制的。弯曲模具(其也能够被称为弯曲工具)能够是上部弯曲模具或下部弯曲模具。下部弯曲模具在本发明的意义下理解为如下模具,该模具触碰玻璃片材的面向地面的下部表面或与玻璃片材的面向地面的下部表面相配属并且作用到该下部表面上。上部弯曲模具理解为如下模具,该模具触碰玻璃片材的背离地面的上部表面或与玻璃片材的背离地面的上部表面相配属并且作用到该上部表面上。在上部弯曲模具中,接触面向下指向并且面向地面,在下部弯曲模具中,接触面向上指向并且背离地面。弯曲模具能够是重力弯曲模具、挤压弯曲模具或抽吸弯曲模具。重力弯曲模具是下部的弯曲模具,玻璃片材放置到该下部的弯曲模具上并且在加热之后在重力的影响下变形并且与接触面的形状相适配。在以较紧密的方式进行挤压弯曲时,玻璃片材在两个弯曲模具之间、通常在上部弯曲模具与下部弯曲模具之间受挤压并且由此变形。在其他意义下这样的方法也被称为挤压弯曲,在挤压弯曲中,玻璃片材通过向上指向的空气流压靠到(“吹到”)上部弯曲模具处。通常将挤压弯曲的两个变型方案组合:通过向上指向的空气流将玻璃片材压靠到上部弯曲模具处并且接着在所述上部弯曲模具与互补的下部弯曲模具之间挤压玻璃片材。在抽吸弯曲时,玻璃片材抽吸到接触面处,其中,为了传递抽吸作用在实心模具中通常将孔引入到接触面中。尤其是通常将挤压弯曲和抽吸弯曲组合,其中,例如除了挤压作用以外还将玻璃片材抽吸到上部弯曲模具处。
优选的是制造带有全面积的接触面的上部挤压和/或抽吸弯曲模具,带有框架状的接触面的下部挤压弯曲模具和带有框架状的或全面积的接触面的下部重力弯曲模具。这些弯曲模具被证明为特别适用于制造视觉上高价值的玻璃片材。根据本发明的弯曲模具在一种特别优选的设计方案中是带有全面积的接触面的上部的挤压和/或抽吸弯曲模具。这样的弯曲模具常用于车辆领域中的大量片材型式并且在良好的节拍时间和品质的情形下允许实现片材几何结构的大的带宽。
在一种特别有利的设计方案中,根据本发明的弯曲模具设置成用于制造原型或小批量。根据本发明的弯曲模具由于快速、简单且成本适宜的制造而特别适合用于制造原型或小批量。当所述弯曲模具仅设置成用于在小批量范围内制造一个或一些少量原型或少量玻璃片材,所述弯曲模具也不必具有传统的金属的弯曲模具的长时间稳定性。
首先确定接触面,根据本发明的弯曲模具应具有该接触面。接触面的形状通过要利用该接触面弯曲的玻璃片材的形状确定。所需的接触面的确定借助优选专业领域常见的CAD方法(计算机辅助设计,计算机辅助构造)来实现。但也已知其他方法,这些方法在没有CAD计算的情况下应付。由此,期望的接触面也能够迭代地通过初始形状的手动或机器支持的加工来逼近。接触面的形状通常不是准确地相应于玻璃片材的形状,而是接触面的经补偿的形状相应于玻璃片材的形状,该经补偿的形状将在弯曲模具作用之后玻璃片材在其重力作用下的下垂考虑进去。在用于确定经补偿的接触面的模拟中,以所要使用的弯曲炉和所要使用的弯曲方法为基础。在此,除了期望的片材形状以外,例如弯曲炉中的弯曲温度和停留持续时间以及所使用的弯曲工具的类型也是关键的。接触面的经补偿的形状相应于玻璃片材直接在弯曲模具作用之后的在此期间的形状,对所述接触面如此进行计算,使得在考虑到玻璃片材事后变形情况下,尤其是由于在重力影响下的下垂而得到玻璃片材的期望的最终的形状。
在确定好接触面之后,根据本发明制造模型模具。模型模具具有模型面,该模型面相应于接触面。这表示,模型面是接触面的映射部,其中,该映射部能够是阳性的或阴性的。在阴性映射部的情况下弯曲的模型面在一定程度上相对于所算得的接触面相反地伸延。模型模具在一定程度上是用于制造陶瓷的弯曲模具的成形体或成形工具。
在本发明的一种设计方案中,模型模具是针对弯曲模具的阳模。模型面在此是接触面的直接拷贝,即可以说是如下阳部(阳性映射),该阳部具有和接触面一样的曲率方向。如果接触面是凹状的,则模型面也是凹状的而如果接触面是凸状的,则模型面也是凸状的。模型面的几何形状准确地相应于接触面的几何形状,出现和在接触面中一样的曲率半径和曲率方向的几何分布。
在本发明的一种备选的设计方案中,模型模具是针对弯曲模具的阴模。模型面在此是接触面的互补的翻版,即可以说是如下阴部(阴性映射),该阴部具有与接触面相反的曲率方向。如果接触面是凹状的,则模型面是凸状的,而如果接触面是凸状的,则模型面也是凹状的。模型面的几何形状因此与接触面的几何形状是互补的,出现和在接触面中一样的曲率半径的几何分布,但分别带有相反的曲率方向。
模型模具优选由适宜的且可容易加工的材料制成。木材、塑料和树脂、尤其是合成树脂优选作为用于模型模具的材料。由木材制成的模型模具能够构造为实心的、单体式木材块亦或由多个单个部件组成,例如由彼此上下堆叠的且相互连接的、尤其是粘合连接的复合木材板、如中密度木材纤维板(MDF-板)。作为合成树脂能够例如使用“460树脂”,如在量具工程中常见的。也能够使用树脂基木材-塑料-混合物,同样由量具工程已知。模型模具优选通过减材式制造方法制造,其中,由较大的工件通过材料去除加工出模型模具。在此,尤其是使用切削式制造方法,如铣削、磨削、刨削、锉、擦或凿、尤其是铣削或磨削。所述制造优选自动地借助于CAD加工来实现,其中,给加工机(CNC机,计算机数值控制)提供模型模具的CAD数据并且加工机借助于CAD数据由初始工件加工出模型模具。由适宜的材料进行切削加工耗时少且成本不高并且因此是特别适合的。但原则上也可行的是,由塑料借助于注射成型制造模型模具或借助于生成式或增材式制造方法,例如3D打印制造模型模具。
可选地使模型面设有分离层,以便能够将弯曲模具的利用模型模具制造的部分轻松地与模型模具分离。分离层能够例如是覆层,纸层或薄膜。分离层要尽可能薄,从而该分离层不使接触面的形状出现误差。对于分离层要选择如下材料,该材料一方面能够良好地与模型模具脱离并且另一方面能够良好地与陶瓷的中空模具脱离,并且该材料具有足够的机械和化学稳定性。在特别优选的设计方案中,作为分离层考虑基于塑料、尤其是聚乙烯(PE),聚丙烯(PP)或聚氯乙烯(PCV)的膜,或考虑基于氮化硼、石墨、油或脂或市场上常见的抗粘附喷雾的覆层。构造为纸层的分离层能够例如由牛皮纸或吸墨纸构造。在覆层的情况下分离层的厚度优选为10nm至500µm,在塑料膜和纸层的情况下优选为1µm至1mm、特别优选5µm至50µm。如果模型模具由惰性塑料构成,则不需要分离层。
接着借助于模型模具制造陶瓷的中空模具,该陶瓷的中空模具设置作为陶瓷的弯曲模具的一部分,并且该陶瓷的中空模具具有接触面,该接触面之后用于弯曲玻璃片材。将所谓的预浸-技术用于制造中空模具(预浸纤维,预浸纤维)。在此,使模型模具的模型面设有由陶瓷纤维或玻璃纤维构成的毡,所述毡是用陶瓷的悬浮液浸渍过的。将所述毡布置在分离层上并且对其进行干燥。在此,干燥不表示最终燃烧陶瓷,而是进行预干燥,从而纤维毡构成形状稳定的工件,该工件能够从模型模具移除并且进一步加工。在预干燥时,将空腔中的尤其是机械包入的水移除。预干燥能够在室温情况下或通过加热来实现。产生如下陶瓷的中空模具,所述陶瓷的中空模具具有接触面。如果模型面是接触面的阳部,则中空模具的与模型模具相对而置的表面形成接触面。如果模型面是接触面的阴部,则中空模具的面向模型模具的表面形成接触面。
使整个模型面设有经预浸的毡,尤其是多层地设有经预浸的毡,从而中空模具具有足够的厚度以形成稳定的弯曲模具。典型的纤维毡的厚度为0.1mm至5mm、尤其是0.3mm至2mm。中空模具优选具有1mm至30mm,特别优选2mm至10mm的厚度。
中空模具的厚度要尽可能均匀。中空模具因此优选具有恒定的、与位置无关的厚度。当模型面是接触面的阳部并且接触面因此通过中空模具的背离模型模具的表面构造以便将模型面的形状转移到接触面上时,则这尤其是重要的。当模型面是接触面的阴部并且接触面因此通过中空模具的面向模型模具的表面构造时,则恒定的厚度不太重要,因为通过非恒定的厚度不使接触面的形状出现误差。出于该原因,带有如下模型面的模型模具能够是优选的,该模型面是接触面的阴部。
如果为毡使用陶瓷纤维,则在一种优选的设计方案中使用氧化物陶瓷或硅酸盐陶瓷,所述氧化物陶瓷(氧化物陶瓷)或硅酸盐陶瓷由于其硬度、耐磨性和耐热性而特别适用于制造弯曲模具。适合的氧化物陶瓷例如基于氧化铝(Al2O3)、氧化锆(ZrO2)、氧化钛(IV)(TiO2)、氧化镁(MgO)、氧化锌(ZnO)、钛酸铝(Al2O3+TiO2)、钛酸钡(BaO+TiO2)构造。优选的硅酸盐陶瓷基于莫来石构造。特别优选的陶瓷的材料是莫来石或氧化铝(Al2O3)。但也能够使用其他陶瓷,例如其他氧化物或硅酸盐陶瓷或非氧化物陶瓷(尤其是基于碳化硅(SiC),氮化硼(BN),碳化硼(B4C),氮化硅,氮化铝,二硅化钼或碳化钨)。
如果为所述毡使用玻璃纤维,则所述毡优选具有至少80重量百分比、优选至少90重量百分比的氧化硅-含量(SiO2)。
用于陶瓷的悬浮液的优选的材料相应于如下材料,所述材料在上面针对毡的陶瓷纤维列举,即尤其是氧化物陶瓷、如陶瓷、如氧化铝陶瓷或硅酸盐陶瓷、如莫来石陶瓷。在一种特别优选的设计方案中,使用基于硅铝氧化物的陶瓷材料(硅铝陶瓷),其具有特别高的密度并且因此具有稳定性,其中,Al2O3和SiO2的份额总和尤其是为至少95重量百分比。
纤维的材料和悬浮液的材料能够由本领域技术人员独立于彼此自由选择。
在预干燥之后(该预干燥例如在30°C至80°C的温度下执行),将中空模具从模型模具移除。
接着使陶瓷的中空模具设有稳定支架。稳定支架一方面实现中空模具的机械稳定化,从而所述中空模具在玻璃弯曲期间不变形,并且另一方面用于将陶瓷的弯曲模具与弯曲装置连接。稳定支架与接触面相对而置地安置在中空模具处,从而接触面背离稳定支架并且按照规定是暴露的。稳定支架于是在凸状的接触面的情况下固定在中空模具的凹状表面处,而在凹状的接触面的情况下固定在中空模具的凸状表面处。
稳定支架优选同样由陶瓷构成(陶瓷的稳定支架),但也能够由金属构成(金属的稳定支架),例如由钢、如耐温的不锈钢构成。陶瓷是优选的,因为由此能够实现中空模具和稳定支架的尽可能类似的热膨胀系数。稳定支架优选通过(陶瓷的或金属的)管或杆形成。在陶瓷的管或杆的情况下所述管或杆优选已经完成燃烧,但同样可能能够仅通过预干燥稳定化。稳定支架能够同样由纤维陶瓷或由普通陶瓷构成,例如由氧化物陶瓷或硅酸盐陶瓷构成。优选地,使用和用于中空模具一样的陶瓷材料。在中空模具与稳定支架之间的连接(以及如有可能在稳定支架彼此间的管或杆之间的连接)例如通过粘接、钉接、铆接、螺纹连接或插接实现。
接着使带有(优选陶瓷的)稳定支架的陶瓷的中空模具经受温度处理,其中,燃烧或烧结陶瓷。在此,以物理化学和化学的方式将所结合的水移除,将其他挥发性成分驱赶出并且能够发生矿物质和晶体结构的转变。燃烧通常在600°C至1500°C,尤其是850°C至1300°C的温度的情况下执行。燃烧的持续时间通常为1小时至3小时。通过燃烧陶瓷产生陶瓷的弯曲模具。
陶瓷的弯曲模具设置成用于被安装在弯曲装置(玻璃弯曲装置)中。弯曲装置具有弯曲站,在该弯曲站中布置所需的弯曲模具(在其下方至少一个根据本发明的陶瓷的弯曲模具)并且在该弯曲站中借助于弯曲模具发生玻璃片材的成形。此外,弯曲装置具有用于将玻璃片材加热到软化温度的器件。在一种设计方案中,弯曲站布置在弯曲装置的被加热的区段(弯曲室)中(“热弯曲”)。该加热器件在此要么布置在弯曲室本身(组合式加热和弯曲室)中要么布置在单独的加热室中,例如呈隧道式炉形式的加热室中,玻璃片材在进入弯曲室之前穿过所述隧道式炉。在另一个设计方案中,弯曲站布置在弯曲装置的不被加热的区段中(“冷弯曲”)。玻璃片材则穿过加热室并且接着在没有进一步加热的情况下弯曲,其中,所述玻璃片材当然还不可冷却到其软化温度之下。此外,典型的弯曲装置包括用于使玻璃片材运动穿过加热室和弯曲站的器件。运动器件能够例如构造为滚子或运行带输送系统,其中,玻璃片材要么直接靠置在滚子或运行带输送系统上要么靠置在通过滚子或运行带输送系统运动的运输模具、尤其是运输框架上。
优选地,在稳定支架处和/或在中空模具处安置有金属的附接单元,该附接单元用于将陶瓷的弯曲模具安置在弯曲站中。附接单元即在一定程度上提供用于安装在弯曲站中的接口(接口),该接口尤其是相应于传统的金属的弯曲模具的接口。附接单元由金属制成、尤其是由钢、例如耐温的不锈钢制成。附接单元优选在中空模具和稳定支架连接成弯曲模具之后被安置。附接单元的类型取决于所使用的弯曲站。附接单元在弯曲模具处的安置优选通过螺纹连接、铆接或悬置/推入到为其设置的接纳部(例如按照抽屉的类型)中来进行。附接单元能够安置在完成燃烧的弯曲模具处。但也可行的是,在燃烧陶瓷(尤其是中空模具)之前安置附接单元并且接着在弯曲炉本身中执行燃烧。这通过在自有的炉中进行燃烧节省了一个方法步骤并且因此是有利的。在适合的陶瓷中,燃烧能够在弯曲温度下实现,该弯曲温度通常为600°C至700°C。如果为了燃烧陶瓷而需要更高的温度,则弯曲炉必须适用于产生该温度。
在一种特别有利的设计方案中,稳定支架的离中空模具最远的区段张开平坦的面,该面用于与附接单元连接。附接单元则能够具有平坦的板,不同地设计的弯曲模具的稳定支架能够安置在该板处。不同地设计的弯曲模具则能够安置在相同的附接单元处,并且不必为每个弯曲模具都提供自有的附接单元。
在一种有利的设计方案中,对接触面进行精制,尤其是通过抛光和/或覆层来进行。精制能够例如:
- 在中空模具制造之后以及在其与稳定支架连接之前进行;
- 在中空模具与稳定支架连接之后以及在陶瓷燃烧之前进行;
- 在陶瓷燃烧之后进行。
也能够在不同的时间点进行多个精制步骤。优选在陶瓷燃烧之前对接触面进行抛光,因为接触面此时还能较容易加工。所述覆层优选是陶瓷覆层,特别优选基于氮化硼或氧化物陶瓷或硅酸盐陶瓷、例如基于莫来石、Al2O3或硅铝氧化物的覆层。所述覆层给与接触面高的表面质量并且实现高的针对损伤的抵抗能力和抗划伤强度,当接触面要为了弯曲而用钢织物敷上时,这于是尤其是有利的。
如果中空模具的接触面要具有与设定几何机构的偏差(例如由于非最优的模型面或借助于预浸-技术模型面到接触面上的非最优的转移),则能够通过切削加工、尤其是磨削来修正所述偏差。接触面则在燃烧之前或之后加工,以便产生弯曲模具的所算得的接触面。切削加工在一种优选的设计方案中又自动地借助于CAD加工来进行,其中,给加工机(CNC-机器,计算机数值控制)提供接触面的CAD数据并且加工机借助于CAD数据加工出接触面。
可选地,能够使中空模具设有穿通引导部(孔),所述穿通引导部例如用于与稳定支架或附接单元的螺纹连接或铆接。穿通引导部则尤其是布置在中空模具的边缘区域中。备选地,穿通引导部也能够用于,在玻璃弯曲期间将抽吸作用施加到玻璃片材上,以便将玻璃片材抽吸到接触面处,当弯曲炉为此而设计时。在这种情况下,穿通引导部分布、尤其是均匀分布到接触面上。这些孔优选在陶瓷燃烧之前引入,特别优选在中空模具与稳定支架连接之前引入。备选地,在制造中空模具时也能够将小管或小棒用作占位件,所述占位件后期被移除以便构造穿通引导部。
陶瓷的弯曲模具优选经由金属的附接单元装入在弯曲装置中、尤其是装入到弯曲炉中并且在那用于弯曲一个或多个玻璃片材。为此,在一种有利的设计方案中,用钢织物敷上接触面,如其也在传统的弯曲模具中常见的那样。钢织物防止在接触面与玻璃片材之间发生直接接触,由此有利地构造经弯曲的玻璃片材的表面质量和视觉品质。
本发明还包括陶瓷的弯曲模具,其借助根据本发明的方法制造或能制造。
本发明还包括根据本发明的陶瓷的弯曲模具用于弯曲(尤其是热弯曲)玻璃片材、尤其是用于制造带有至多1000片玻璃片材的原型或小批量的用途。玻璃片材优选是轨道车辆或机动车的窗片材、尤其是轿车的挡风片材、后窗片材、侧窗片材或车顶片材。
要弯曲的玻璃片材包含优选钠钙玻璃,如对于窗片材常见的那样,但也能够包含其他玻璃类型,如硅酸硼玻璃,硅酸铝玻璃或石英玻璃。玻璃片材的厚度通常为0.5mm至10mm,优选1mm至5mm。用于弯曲玻璃片材的典型的温度为500°C至700°C,尤其是在弯曲由钠钙玻璃构成的片材时约650°C。
附图说明
下面借助附图和实施例详细阐述本发明。附图是示意图并且不是按照正确比例的。附图绝不限制本发明。
附图中:
图1示出在根据本发明的用于制造陶瓷的弯曲模具的方法的实施方式的第一阶段期间的横截面,
图2示出在根据本发明的方法的实施方式的第二阶段期间的横截面,该第二阶段紧接着图1中的第一阶段,
图3示出根据本发明的陶瓷的弯曲模具的一种设计方案在玻璃片材弯曲期间的横截面,
图4示出在根据本发明的方法的另一种实施方式的方法步骤期间的横截面,
图5示出根据本发明的弯曲模具的备选的设计方案,且
图6示出根据本发明的方法的实施方式的流程图。
具体实施方式
图1示意性示出在根据本发明的用于制造陶瓷的弯曲模具的方法的一种实施方式的第一阶段中的不同的方法步骤。
首先制造模型模具1(图1a)。模型模具1例如由木材构成并且由较大的木材块借助于铣削和磨削制造。模型模具1具有模型面F-1,所述模型面在一定程度上是要制造的弯曲模具的接触面的阳性拷贝(以1:1的大小比例)。模型面F-1具有和接触面一样的曲率半径的几何分布。相同情况适用于曲率方向:接触面也和模型面F-1一样凸状地构造。接触面的所需的形状事先利用专业领域常见的CAD方法计算(尤其是作为经补偿的接触面,在对其进行计算时将弯曲之后的下垂考虑进去,以便实现期望的最终的片材几何结构)。用于制造模型模具1的木材块的加工自动地基于所述CAD数据实现。
接着使模型面F-1设有分离层2(图1b)。分离层2例如是由PE构成的厚度为10µm的塑料膜。
然后将由陶瓷纤维构成的毡3多层地布置在分离层上(图1c),从而整个模型面F-1设有毡3并且通过毡3构造的整个层具有例如10mm的厚度。毡3是用陶瓷悬浮液浸渍过的(预浸-技术)。纤维的陶瓷材料例如是氧化物材料、如氧化铝(Al2O3),而悬浮液的陶瓷材料是硅铝氧化物。毡3被干燥,由此构造中空模具4(图1d)。由于模型面F-1是期望的接触面的阳部,因此所述接触面F-K通过中空模具4的背离模型模具4的表面形成。为了将模型面F-1的形状尽可能准确地传递到接触面F-K上,中空模具4要具有尽可能均匀的厚度。中空模具4在干燥之后从模型模具1取下(图1e),这由于分离层2而能够不费力地实现。
中空模具现在能够可选地设有穿通引导部,所述穿通引导部例如用于接着固定稳定支架或之后在玻璃弯曲时能够通过所述穿通引导部将抽吸作用施加到玻璃片材上。同样地,接触面F-K能够可选地被磨削或被覆层,以便提高其表面质量。
图2示意性示出在根据本发明的方法的实施方式的接着图1的第二阶段中的不同的方法步骤,其中,由根据图1制造的中空模具4(图2a)制造根据本发明的弯曲模具K。为此,将陶瓷的稳定支架5安置在中空模具4的背离接触面F-K的表面处(图2b)。中空模具4和稳定支架5形成根据本发明的陶瓷的弯曲模具K,所述弯曲模具的制造现在能够通过燃烧陶瓷结束。
稳定支架5例如由陶瓷的杆构造,所述杆彼此间并且与中空模具4螺纹连接。稳定支架5的陶瓷材料例如同样是氧化铝(Al2O3)。
玻璃弯曲装置通常具有用于可更换的弯曲模具的标准化的接纳部。为了能够将陶瓷的弯曲模具K装入到玻璃弯曲装置中,该玻璃弯曲装置配备有金属的附接单元6,例如由不锈钢构成的附接单元(图2c)。附接单元6示例性地具有平坦的板,在该板处安置(例如螺纹连接)稳定支架5,并且与该板相对而置地具有如下区段,该区段与玻璃弯曲装置的接纳部互补并且能够嵌入到所述接纳部中。
图3示意性示出在按照规定的使用时的根据图1和2制成的带有附接单元6的陶瓷的弯曲模具K。弯曲模具K安装在未示出的弯曲炉中并且用于弯曲玻璃片材I。接触面F-K为了保护玻璃片材I而用未示出的钢织物敷上并且作用到加热的且软化的玻璃片材I上,由此玻璃片材I根据接触面F-K的形状而弯曲。该作用能够例如通过借助于向上指向的空气流将玻璃片材I吹到接触面F-K处实现或通过在弯曲模具K与未示出的互补的下部弯曲模具之间挤压玻璃片材I来实现。
玻璃片材I例如由钠钙玻璃构成,具有3.5mm的厚度并且设置作为轿车的后窗玻璃。
图4示意性示出在根据本发明的方法的另一个实施方式期间中空模具4的制造。区别于图1d,模型模具1的模型面F-1是接触面F-K的阴部。模型面F-1具有和接触面F-K一样的曲率半径的几何分布,但是带有相反的曲率方向,即接触面F-K凸状地构造,而模型面F-1凹状地构造。接触面F-K在这种情况下通过中空模具4的面向模型模具4的表面形成。
图5示出弯曲模具K的一种备选的设计方案。接触面F-K在这种情况下凹状地构造。稳定支架5因此安置在相对而置的凸状的表面处。
图6借助流程图示出根据本发明的方法的一种实施例。
附图标记列表
(K) 陶瓷的弯曲模具
(1) 模型模具
(2) 分离层
(3) 由陶瓷纤维构成的毡
(4) 陶瓷的中空模具
(5) 稳定支架
(6) 金属的附接单元
(F-K) 陶瓷的弯曲模具K的接触面
(F-1) 模型模具1的模型面
(I) 玻璃片材
Claims (15)
1.用于制造用于玻璃片材的陶瓷的弯曲模具(K)的方法,所述方法包括以下方法步骤:
(A)确定所述弯曲模具(K)的接触面(F-K);
(B)制造带有模型面(F-1)的模型模具(1),所述模型面相应于所述接触面(F-K);
(C)使所述模型面(F-1)设有由陶瓷纤维或玻璃纤维构成的毡(3),所述毡是用陶瓷的悬浮液浸渍过的,其中,将所述毡(3)布置在所述分离层(2)上并且对其进行干燥,由此产生带有所述接触面(F-K)的陶瓷的中空模具(4);
(D)将所述陶瓷的中空模具(4)从所述模型模具(1)移除;
(E)使所述陶瓷的中空模具(4)设有陶瓷的或金属的稳定支架(5);
(F)燃烧带有所述稳定支架(5)的陶瓷的中空模具(4),由此产生陶瓷的弯曲模具(K)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述模型面(F-1)是所述接触面(F-K)的阳部或阴部。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,所述模型模具(1)通过切削制造方法由较大的工件制造,该工件由木材、塑料或树脂构成。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,其中,在使所述模型面设有所述毡(3)之前,使所述模型面(F-1)设有分离层(2),并且其中所述分离层(2)构造为覆层、纸层或构造为由塑料构成的膜。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述毡(3)的纤维由氧化物陶瓷或硅酸盐陶瓷构造,尤其是由基于氧化铝(Al2O3)或莫来石的陶瓷构造,或构造为玻璃纤维,所述玻璃纤维的氧化硅-含量为至少80重量百分比,并且所述悬浮液由硅铝氧化物构成。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述中空模具(4)具有1mm至30mm的厚度。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的方法,其中,对所述中空模具(4)的接触面(F-K)进行抛光和/或覆层,尤其是用基于氧化物陶瓷或硅酸盐陶瓷的覆层进行覆层。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的方法,其中,接触面(F-K)在燃烧之前或之后通过磨削加工,以便修正与所算得的接触面(F-K)的偏差。
9.根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的方法,其中,使所述中空模具(4)设有穿通引导部。
10.根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述稳定支架(5)由陶瓷的杆或管形成,所述杆或管优选彼此间并且与所述中空模具(4)通过粘接、钉接、铆接、螺纹连接或插接来连接。
11.根据权利要求1至10中任一项所述的方法,其中,将金属的附接单元(6)安置在所述稳定支架(5)和/或所述中空模具(4)处,所述附接单元适用于将所述弯曲模具(K)安置在弯曲炉中。
12.根据权利要求1至11中任一项所述的方法,其中,在弯曲炉中进行所述陶瓷的中空模具(4)的燃烧。
13.陶瓷的弯曲模具(K),其按照根据权利要求1至12中任一项所述的方法制造。
14.根据权利要求13所述的陶瓷的弯曲模具(K),所述弯曲模具是带有全面积的接触面(F-K)的上部的挤压和/或抽吸弯曲模具。
15.根据权利要求13或14所述的陶瓷的弯曲模具(K)用于弯曲玻璃片材(I)的用途,尤其是用于制造带有至多1000片玻璃片材(I)的原型或小批量。
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US4897102A (en) * | 1989-03-14 | 1990-01-30 | Libbey-Owens-Ford Co. | Glass sheet press bending mold |
DE4412747A1 (de) | 1994-04-15 | 1995-10-19 | Flachglas Ag | Preßbiegestation für das Biegen von Glasscheiben |
US5743931A (en) | 1995-08-14 | 1998-04-28 | Libbey-Owens-Ford Co. | Glass sheet conveying and bending apparatus |
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