CN113455503B - 防治桑椹菌核病的药物组合及防治方法 - Google Patents
防治桑椹菌核病的药物组合及防治方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种防治桑椹菌核病的药物组合及防治方法。该药物组合包括:50%腐霉利可湿性粉剂800~1200倍液、50%咪鲜胺锰盐可湿性粉剂800~1200倍液和42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺悬浮剂乳油800~1200倍液。该药物组合采用常规的药剂进行组合,分别于桑椹的开叶期、花穗形成期、初花期和盛花期分别进行组合喷施,能够发挥对桑椹菌核病的优异的防治效果,并且还能显著减少农药残留,以满足国家食品要求。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及桑椹病虫害防治技术领域,尤其涉及防治桑椹菌核病的药物组合及防治方法。
背景技术
桑树是一种多年生的经济型植物,在亚洲、欧洲、美洲和非洲广泛种植,过去的上千年里被用于丝绸产业,桑果因其风味独特,口感好,被认为是水果中的珍品,备受消费者青睐。然而在产业发展中,桑椹菌核病来势猛、发病快,发病率高达30%~90%,有些地方成千亩果桑园因病害导致桑果绝产,给果桑产业造成毁灭性危害。
桑椹可被桑实杯盘菌(Ciboria shiraiana)、桑椹核地杖菌(Scleromitrulashiraiana)和肉阜状杯盘菌(Ciboria carunculoides)病原菌侵害而患菌核病。生产上防治桑椹菌核病主要靠化学药剂防治,一些农业措施如清除病枝病果、合理栽植、深翻土壤、合理施肥、覆盖地膜等,可一定程度减轻病害发生,但不能从根本上控制病害。
另外,还发现一些对桑椹菌核病菌具有拮抗作用的微生物,如苏云金杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)、肠杆菌(Enterobacter sp.)、哈茨木霉(Trichodermaharzianum)、棘孢木霉(Trichoderma asperellum)等,但大田防治效果不理想。
发明内容
有鉴于此,本发明的目的在提供一种有效的田间防治桑椹菌核病的药物组合或方法。
第一方面,本发明实施例公开了一种防治桑椹菌核病的药物组合,包括:50%腐霉利800~1200倍液、50%咪鲜胺锰盐800~1200倍液和42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺800~1200倍液。
在本发明实施例中,所述药物组合包括50%腐霉利1000倍液、50%咪鲜胺锰盐1000倍液和42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺1000倍液。
在本发明实施例中,所述药物组合还包括200~400倍枯草芽孢杆菌菌液及200~400倍哈茨木霉菌菌液。
在本发明实施例中,所述药物组合还包括300倍枯草芽孢杆菌菌液及300倍哈茨木霉菌菌液。
第二方面,本发明实施例还公开了一种桑椹菌核病的防治方法,将第一方面涉及的药物组合或其中至少一项药物分别于桑椹的开叶期、花穗形成期、初花期和盛花期喷施于桑椹的枝条和、叶面和/或根部。
在本发明实施例中,于开叶期喷施50%咪鲜胺锰盐和42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺,于花穗形成期喷施50%腐霉利和42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺,于初花期和盛花期分别喷施50%腐霉利。
在本发明实施例中,于开叶期先向桑椹植株的根部先喷施枯草芽孢杆菌液和哈茨木霉菌菌液后,间隔1~2天后再喷施50%咪鲜胺锰盐和42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺。
在本发明实施例中,于花穗形成期先桑椹植株的根部先喷施枯草芽孢杆菌菌液和哈茨木霉菌菌液后,间隔1~2天后再喷施50%腐霉利和42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺。
与现有技术相比,本发明至少具有以下有益效果:
本发明中涉及的桑椹菌核病防治药物组合,采用常规的药剂进行组合,分别于桑椹的开叶期、花穗形成期、初花期和盛花期分别进行组合喷施,能够发挥对桑椹菌核病的优异的防治效果,并且还能显著减少农药残留,以满足国家食品要求。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例提供的桑椹菌核病发病级别划分图。
图2为本发明实施例提供的2019年喷药时果桑田间生长情况,A.鹊口期,B.开叶期,C.初花期,D.谢花期。
图3为本发明实施例提供的2020年喷药时果桑田间生长情况,A.鹊口期,B.开叶期,C.花穗形成期,D.初花期,E.盛花期。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白,以下结合实施例对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解,此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本发明,并不用于限定本发明。
本发明实施例在实验室筛选出有效药剂的基础上,在孝感市试验基地研究不同药剂、不同喷药时期及生防菌对桑椹菌核病的防治效果,桑椹农药残留检测分析,结合果桑品种对桑椹菌核病的抗性评价,总结一套桑椹菌核病绿色防控技术,为有效控制该病害及桑椹食用安全提供参考依据。
1、材料与方法
1.1材料
供试药剂:50%咪鲜胺锰盐可湿性粉剂、50%异菌脲悬浮剂,苏州富美实植物保护剂有限公司;42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺悬浮剂,巴斯夫植物保护(江苏)有限公司;50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂,江苏蓝丰生物化工股份有限公司;30%戊唑多菌灵悬浮剂,江苏龙灯化学有限公司;50%腐霉利可湿性粉剂可湿性粉剂,陕西亿农高科药业有限公司;70%甲基托布津可湿性粉剂,日本曹达株氏会社;40%菌核净可湿性粉剂,江西禾益化工股份有限公司;30%苯醚甲环唑,山东亿嘉农化有限公司;12.5%四氟醚唑水乳剂,意大利赛格公司;60%唑醚·代森联水份散粒剂,巴斯夫欧洲公司;40%氟硅唑乳油、72%霜脲锰锌可湿性粉剂,美国杜邦公司;枯草芽孢杆菌菌粉,10亿/g,山东绿陇生物科技有限公司;哈茨木霉菌菌粉,200亿/g,山东绿陇生物科技有限公司。
供试致菌核病菌株:桑实杯盘菌(CCTCC AF 2014019)购自中国典型培养物保藏中心。
培养基:马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基:马铃薯200g、葡萄糖20g、琼脂20g,蒸馏水定容至1L,121℃下灭菌25min。
仪器:HP250GS-C型智能人工气候箱,武汉瑞华仪器设备有限责任公司,超净工作台SW-CJ-2FD,苏州苏洁净化设备公司。
1.2、方法
1.2.1、不同供试药剂对桑椹肥大型菌核病菌的菌丝抑制作用
采用菌丝生长速率法进行测定(Control of Colletotrichum acutatum instrawberry under laboratory,greenhouse,and field conditions.Plant disease1997,81(7):749-752.),用无菌水将13种供试药剂配制成5个不同浓度的含药PDA平板,将活化5d的直径6mm的菌丝块接种到平板中央,每个浓度重复5次,置25℃恒温培养箱培养,7d后用十字交叉法测量菌落直径,计算相对抑菌率。
相对抑菌率=[(对照菌落直径-菌丝块直径)-(处理菌落直径-菌丝块直径)]/(对照菌落直径-菌丝块直径)×100%。取药剂浓度的对数值为x,菌丝生长相对抑制率的机率值为y,用DPS 3.01软件求得各杀菌剂的毒力回归方程、相关系数r及EC50(半数有效浓度),抑制率为50%时对应的机率值。
1.2.2、筛选对桑椹菌核病的防治的药剂组合
本实施例于2019年进行室内药剂组合的筛选,药剂组合如下表1。表1中的药剂均为购买在上述来源公司生产产品对应的剂型和剂量,对应于“倍液”作为其药物液体的稀释倍数而言,例如,1000倍液50%腐霉利可湿性粉剂是指50%腐霉利可湿性粉剂1g溶解稀释于1000mL水形成的液体;2000倍液42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺悬浮剂是指1mL 42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺悬浮剂稀释混匀于2000mL水形成的液体;300倍液枯草芽孢杆菌液是指将1g 10亿/g的菌粉溶解稀释于300mL水形成的液体;300倍液哈茨木霉菌菌液是指将1g 200亿/g的菌粉溶解稀释于300mL水形成的液体。
在实际喷施过程中,每一药物的用量大致相同,不同时期药剂不同。例如,鹊口期和开叶期每棵树大约喷施500mL,花穗形成期和初花期每棵树大约喷施800mL,盛花期和谢花期棵树大约喷施1250mL。
本发明涉及的“药物组合”仅仅指将药剂进行组合使用,并不直接指将这些药剂混合配制成某一种特定的剂型。表1中“-”表示为喷施该药液。
表1
每个实施例和对比例分别处理3个小区,每个小区2~3株桑树,3个重复,各处理小区采用随机区组排列。分别于3月6日(鹊口期)、3月14日(开叶期)、3月22日(花穗形成期)和4月3日(初花期)各喷药1次,每次喷药同时喷施全部药剂。最后一次施药后20天,进行调查,并检测农药残留。每株桑树随机调查9根枝条,每根枝条调查1米长度,记录1米枝条的总果数和病果数,计算各实施例和对比例发病率和校正防效。
发病率(%)=病果粒数/总果粒数×100%;
校正防效(%)=(清水对照处理区发病率-处理区发病率)/处理区发病率×100。
1.2.3、结合喷药时期优化药剂组合对桑椹菌核病的防治
本实施例于2021年继续在孝感市果桑基地进行田间药剂防治试验,设置15个处理区,每个处理区3株桑树。各处理小区采用随机区组排列,小区间留1行桑树作为隔离行分别于3月3日(开叶期,标注为I)、3月11日(花穗形成期,标注为II)、3月22日(初花期,标注为III)和3月28(盛花期,标注为IV)进行田间药剂防治试验。喷施过程中,鹊口期和开叶期每棵树大约喷施药液500mL,花穗形成期和初花期每棵树大约喷施药液800mL,盛花期和谢花每棵树大约喷施药液1250mL。若同一时期需要喷施不同的药剂,则将这些药剂平均分配用量进行喷施。
将各实施例和对比例的药剂分开分别组合后于上述4个不同时期进行喷施,并将上述四个时期分别标注为I,II,III和Ⅳ。具体的药剂组合如表2所示。
表2中,各药物分别对应于实施例1中配制完成的药物,其喷施用量为所配制药物溶液的体积用量。例如,针对本实施例中共5个处理区,共45株。
其中,实施例7和实施例8均以实施例6的药物液体进行喷施。对比例11-16分别对应以对比例8的药物液体进行喷施。
使用的药剂用量相同,仅在于其使用时期不同。对比例11-14与实施例7使用的药物用量相同,仅在于药物施用的时期不同。对比例15与实施例8施用的药物用量相同,仅在于药物施用的时期不同。对比例16与实施例8施用的药物用量和施用时期均相同,仅在枯草芽孢杆菌和哈茨木霉菌分别在I期和II期施用时,均与其他药物一起喷施,而并未先于1~2天施用。表2中示出了每一药剂在不同时期于每棵桑树上喷施的用量。
表2
统一于4月19日调查;每株桑树随机调查3根枝条,记录每根枝条的总果数和病果数及发病级别(0级:正常,1级:1~20%小核果显示症状,3级:21~50%小核果显示症状,5级:51~90%小核果显示症状,7级:91~100%小核果显示症状),病情指数病情指数=∑(各级病株数×发病级别)/(调查总株数×最高分级级别)×100%,计算各个实施例和对比例处理的相对防治效果,相对防治效果=(对照病情指数-处理病情指数)/对照病情指数×100%,同时采集不同处理桑椹,送往湖北省农业科学院农业质量标准与检测技术研究所进行药剂残留检测分析。
1.2.4、数据处理和分析
采用DPS(version 7.05)软件对数据进行方差分析,并用LSD法比较不同处理间的差异显著性。
2、结果与分析
2.1、单个供试药剂对桑椹肥大型菌核病菌的菌丝抑制作用
采用菌丝生长速率法进行测定不同药剂对桑椹肥大型菌核病菌菌丝的抑制作用,结果如表3所示,表明13种杀菌剂对果桑菌核病菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,杀菌剂的相对抑制率与其浓度对数之间呈显著正相关(P<0.01)枯草芽孢杆菌菌粉、哈茨木霉菌菌粉分别配置成悬液。
表3单个不同供试药剂对桑椹菌核病菌菌丝的抑制作用
供试药剂 | 毒力回归方程 | 线性相关系数 | EC<sub>50</sub>(μg/mL) |
50%咪鲜胺锰 | y=6.50+0.69x | 0.94 | 0.01 |
42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺悬浮剂 | y=6.70+0.89x | 0.96 | 0.01 |
50%多菌灵 | y=5.62+0.50x | 0.92 | 0.06 |
50%异菌脲 | y=5.88+0.92x | 0.94 | 0.11 |
30%戊唑·多菌灵 | y=6.32+2.21x | 0.98 | 0.25 |
50%腐霉利可湿性粉剂 | y=6.67+3.00x | 0.98 | 0.28 |
70%甲基托布津 | y=5.24+0.59x | 0.98 | 0.39 |
40%菌核净 | y=6.44+3.71x | 0.98 | 0.41 |
30%苯醚甲环唑 | y=5.04+0.64x | 0.94 | 0.87 |
60%唑醚·代森联 | y=4.98+0.60x | 0.93 | 1.08 |
40%氟硅唑 | y=4.92+1.26x | 0.99 | 1.16 |
12.5%四氟醚唑 | y=4.74+1.00x | 0.97 | 1.81 |
72%霜脲·锰锌 | y=3.71+1.09x | 0.95 | 15.10 |
2.2、不同药剂组合对桑椹菌核病的防治效果
筛选对桑椹菌核病的防治的药剂组合的结果如表4,结果表明实施例1-6的发病率为0,校正防效均达到100%,效果均优于对比例1-10。
表4
注:表中数据为平均数±标准误,同列数据后不同字母表示经LSD法检验在P<0.05水平差异显著
2.3、结合喷药时期优化药剂组合对桑椹菌核病的防治
结合喷药时期优化药剂组合对桑椹菌核病的防治结果如表5所示,结果表明,实施例7的病情指数和农药残留均显著低于对比例11-14,而其相对防治效果显著优于对比例11-14。这表明了在选用本发明实施例提供的药物组合的基础上,利用其这些药物组合在不同喷药时期进行喷施,能够进一步提高对桑葚菌核病的防治效果。而实施例8相对于对比例15、对比例16表现出相同的结果,尤其是相对于对比例16具有更佳的防治效果,这更得益于在喷施枯草芽孢杆菌菌液和哈茨木霉菌菌液时需要先于其他药物1~2天进行。
由此说明,采用本发明实施例的药物组合,分别于桑椹的开叶期、花穗形成期、初花期和盛花期分别进行组合喷施,能够发挥对桑椹菌核病的优异的防治效果,并且还能显著减少农药残留,以满足GB2763-2016《食品安全国家标准食品中农药最大残留限量》的要求。
表5
注:表中数据为平均数±标准误,同列数据后不同字母表示经LSD法检验在P<0.05水平差异显著
以上所述,仅为本发明较佳的具体实施方式,但本发明的保护范围并不局限于此,任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明揭露的技术范围内,可轻易想到的变化或替换,都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (1)
1.一种桑椹菌核病的防治方法,其特征在于,所述防治方法包括将防治桑椹菌核病的药物组合分别于桑椹的开叶期、花穗形成期、初花期和盛花期喷施于桑椹的枝条、叶面和/或根部;所述药物组合包括1000倍液50%腐霉利、1000倍液50%咪鲜胺锰盐、1000倍液42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺、300倍液枯草芽孢杆菌菌液及300倍哈茨木霉菌菌液;所述枯草芽孢杆菌菌液是由10亿/g的枯草芽孢杆菌菌粉配制得到,所述哈茨木霉菌菌液是由200亿/g的哈茨木霉菌菌粉配制得到的;
所述防治方法具体包括:
于开叶期喷施,先按照500mL/每棵树向桑椹植株的根部先喷施枯草芽孢杆菌液后,间隔1~2天再分别按照500mL/每棵树喷施50%咪鲜胺锰盐和500mL/每棵树42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺;
于花穗形成期,先按照800mL/每棵树向桑椹植株的根部先喷施哈茨木霉菌菌液后,间隔1~2天后再分别按照800mL/每棵树喷施50%腐霉利和800mL/每棵树42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺;
于初花期,按照800mL/每棵树喷施50%腐霉利;以及
于盛花期,按照1250mL/每棵树喷施50%腐霉利。
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