CN1133468C - 用于对废弃物杀菌消毒的方法和机器 - Google Patents
用于对废弃物杀菌消毒的方法和机器 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
这是一种对废弃物，特别是感染细菌的医院废弃物进行热杀菌或消毒的方法，它包括用剪切力研磨和/或粉碎废弃物的工序，该工序延续一段时间，以使摩擦产生出的热量足以在废弃物堆中达到并保持杀菌或消毒的温度。为实现这一方法的设备也得到了描述。
Description
本发明涉及对废弃物，特别是对感染细菌的医院废弃物进行杀菌或消毒的方法和机器，它的根据是对构成活细胞的蛋白质进行热分解的众所周知的方法。
在已知的热杀菌或消毒的方法中，其困难在于对被处理的材料进行加热需用很长的时间周期，原因是从废弃物的外层向内层传递热量的传热系数太低。这些方法是把热量向废物堆(ready-groundwaste)传送，或者当使用蒸压器系统时是吹入约0.5帕压力的饱和蒸气，或者在用干式系统时吹入温度约180℃的热空气或过热蒸气，或者甚至通过器壁来加热。
虽然现在还有利用微波辐射将热量透入废弃物内部的系统，但运用这一原理的设备只能很难获得杀菌所必需的温度，这是因为需要用水来把微波转换成热能，这就妨碍了把水的温度提高到沸点以上。
本发明的目的是要提供一种改进的方法和设备，它能使被消毒的废弃物没有污染的危险，并在处理后成为可方便地自由处置的已灭菌材料。
本发明进一步的目的是要提供一种适合在医院范围内对被感染废弃物进行处理的方法和设备，规模即使小一些，但却是较经济的，而且是适于自动化的。
为了达到这些目的，所用的方法也是本发明的主题，其特征在于它包括：在剪应力下对废弃物进行研磨和/或粉碎工序，并延续一段时间，以便在废弃物整体中因摩擦而产生出足够的热量而达到并保持杀菌消毒的温度。
本发明的方法的特殊性在于，为达到和保持所述温度所必需的热能，除分子内部和外部的摩擦外，是借助于撞击而产生的；这种撞击和摩擦所需的动能是来源于机器外壳内高速旋转的带叶片的轴，在外壳内侧最好还装有固定的撞击板片。这一系统，使得设定的温度能达到得特别快，而且随后可优选地借助配给一定剂量的水以及水的蒸发来对温度进行校正。本方法除进行杀菌(或消毒)处理以外，还能使废弃物被粉碎，废弃物中原有的或适量加入的塑料材料被熔化，同时被处理材料最终成为颗粒状。
作为本发明的主题的器械，其特征在于：它包括一个适于装入废弃物的外壳腔；一个装在外壳腔内的上有轮叶或叶片适于研磨和/或粉碎废弃物的转子；一块连结在腔壁上的多个轮叶或叶片状的固定撞击板；以及一套驱动装置，它能把转子转动到一定的速度，以使摩擦产生的热足以使温度升到杀菌或消毒所需要的程度，并在外壳腔内保持这个温度；还有一个进水装置安装在外壳腔内。
所述设备还包括：装在腔壁上的通风放气装置，用以抽出杀菌和/或消毒处理过程中产生的烟雾；用以接收释放的烟雾并把烟雾加热到灭菌温度的灭菌装置；与灭菌装置相通的吸收装置，用以接收并吸收这些烟雾。其中靠摩擦热得到的杀菌和/或消毒的温度最少为150℃。
外壳腔内废弃物堆中所需达到的温度值可根据处理的意图来确定，要看是单纯的消毒呢还是彻底的灭菌。单纯的消毒只是要单纯地杀死病原微生物，彻底灭菌则要全部清除芽孢、孢子和生活细胞。
在几分钟内达到了设定的能使原有的或加入的塑料软化的温度后(加入塑料的问题下文将要谈到)，就保持这个温度约半小时，然后就用注水的办法来消散由于强力搅动所产生的热。配给一定剂量的水是用温度调节器来控制的；注水还能使局部保持高湿，正如文献中所说的那样，高湿能促使蛋白质分解。
该系统泄放出来的烟雾先被通入一个高温的(约800℃)电热灭菌装置，然后溶入水吸收器中。
被处理的废弃物中加进热塑性塑料就能增大摩擦系数，例如聚乙烯、聚丙烯等就属于热塑性塑料，最好是带色的塑料，以便使被处理的废料带有某种颜色。
在废弃物原来正常含有的塑料材料以外再加入更多的热塑性塑料可使摩擦产生的最高温度显著增高——可达250℃以上——这就使在废弃物中保持温度的时间可以缩短。其中利用摩擦热所得到的温度，应高到足以使上述塑料材料软化和/或熔化。
塑料材料的熔化及此后的由于冷却和配水而产生的固化，使得最后得到的被处理材料在颜色上和组成上都是完全均匀的。
在保持温度的阶段结束时，就借助增加配水量和适当降低转子转速，以及在机器的夹套中循环流通空气或水，或者把机器置于轻度真空之下等办法来冷却被处理的材料。
处理周期结束时，已消毒或杀菌的废弃物是粒状的、冷却的，出料时也不带烟雾、蒸气或气味。
本发明的方法和设备的其它优点和特征将在下面结合附图的详细描述中交代清楚，附图是实现本方法的简图，单纯地用一个非限定的实例来表示。
废弃物被装入外壳腔(1)中，该腔是用强力的金属板做成，两侧用耐磨的防护屏保护，保护屏的优选材料为锰钢。腔上用腔盖(2)盖住，或是人工开关，或是用气缸(22)和液压机构(24)用液力来开关。在壳腔内，有一个装有十分坚固耐用而可拆换的钢叶片(4)的转子(3)在高速转动，转速为例如1500转/分。转子是用一只大功率的电动机(5)来带动，使用皮带和皮带轮系统(6)，并用紧带轮(7)绷紧。在大型机器上可以装一个液力联轴器(23)以降低起动时的吸收作用，并且可在出事故或过载时用以抵销应力。
也可用水力发动机和油动力机构来开动机器以取代电力系统。
最好把坚固的、固定的、钢的撞击板安装在壳腔的较低部分，安装撞击板的目的是撞击、破碎和遏制废弃材料，以使动能转换成热能。
优选的方案是，在旋转轴的中心处安装一个适于插入试管的带孔支架(9)，支架可以开启并装入特定的孢子或细菌样品(例如脂肪性嗜热杆菌或枯草杆菌)(Bacillus stearothermophilus orBacillus subtilis)，以便在适当的试验周期中能够对杀菌消毒机器的正确运作进行检验。
在处理周期结束后，可用液力系统(11)或另外的机械装置打开闸板(10)卸出处理过的材料。
机器上还装有防止事故的安全装置，有在未盖好盖子时防止转子开动的微动开关装置，还有在转子转动时防止盖子打开的液压装置，其中包括一个自动泵(13/1)和一个活塞(13/2)。
腔内的温度由指示调节器(14)来测量和控制，它的感温包可以安装在盖子上，但最好是安装在一个固定的轮叶内，感温包控制一个电磁阀(16)的开启，并从一个喷嘴(15)向内注水，这在工艺程序的一定阶段进行。在处理周期中释放出来的散发物被通入一个小说加热炉(17)，炉内用电阻丝加热到高温(约800℃)，以使散发物被杀菌。
散发物在通过加热炉以后就被水吸收器所吸收，水吸收器上有喷嘴(18)，它由电磁阀(19)来操作。
在保持温度的阶段结束时，就用降低转子转速、配水、把腔内造成轻度真空、增大喷嘴(18)的水量，用风机(21)使空气在壳腔周围的空间(20)内循环，或用机械操作的阀使水在这个空间内循环等等方法来把被处理的材料冷却下来。
这套设备还配备有一套液压机构(24)，用以推动操作用的活塞和阀，此外还配有一块电气控制盘(25)。
实施例1
机器的腔直径为600mm，高800mm，腔内装有带叶片的同轴转子，转速为750-1500转/分，它由两块装有叶片的轮叶构成，它与50KW的电动机相连结。
腔的较低部分周围布置有耐磨防护板和六块固定的叶片。
把30kg感染细菌的医院废弃物和7kg带色的聚乙烯塑料放入腔内并盖好盖子。机器按照设定程序的周期开动，规定温度应达到160℃并保持这一温度。该温度在5分钟内即达到，此后调节和注入水的系统动作，保持这一温度水平约30分钟。保持阶段结束时，转子速度自动减为750转/分，由于配水使温度在2分钟内降至80℃。此时冷却阶段开始，把空气吹入夹套10分钟；此后，材料的温度为60C，由于闸板开启，自动在1分钟内卸出粒状的灭过菌的材料。此后，即停机并准备完成新的周期。
实施例2
机器的腔直径为1200mm，高800mm，腔内装有带叶片的转子，转速为0-1500转/分，它由两块装有叶片的轮叶构成，它与250KW的水力发动机相连结。
腔的较低部分周围布置有耐磨防护板和25块固定的叶片。
把120kg感染细菌的医院废弃物和30kg带色的聚丙烯塑料放入腔内并盖好盖子。
机器按照设定程序的周期开动，第一阶段是要达到150℃的温度。这一温度在10分钟内达到，于是调节和注入水的系统动作，并把温度保持在这一水平20分钟。这一阶段结束时，配水自动中止，因为程序设定周期第二阶段的材料温度要进一步加热到180℃，这一温度在1分钟内达到了。然后，转子速度自动降到500转/分，水的注入使温度在1分钟内降到80℃。在真空下开始了冷却阶段，并往架套中吹空气10分钟，此后材料温度变为50℃。由于闸板开启，自动地在约2分钟内卸出粒状的灭过菌的材料。此后即停机并准备完成新的周期。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中，在废弃物灭菌周期中是往机器壳腔内的废弃物堆中注入浓的次氯酸钠水溶液。从而，在处理周期中被喷射和配量的水中含有次氯酸钠是有利的，最好是新生态氯的重量浓度为12-15％。
已经发现，浓的次氯酸钠溶液在高温下进入壳腔内，会与二氧化碳反应而生成未离解的次氯酸，它随后会游离出气态的次氯酸根(Cl2O)，而这是一种很有效的氯化剂和生物杀菌剂。
在这一实施方案中，当被粉碎的废弃物材料加温到高于150℃时即往腔中喷入浓的NaClO溶液，并把包含二氧化碳的空气导入腔内。空气内固有的CO2含量已足以引起氧化氯挥发出来，在强力搅动的条件下，氧化氯渗入废弃物堆中然后流过机器，因此可改善灭菌效果。
在处理结束后如仍有一些残留的氧化氯就会在水吸收器处被水吸收而形成次氯酸水溶液。
这样，不但废弃物，而且在处理过程中释放的散发物和机器的内部表面都得到了进一步的灭菌处理。在这一实施方案来说，散发物已不必送入加热炉(17)而可直接送入水吸收器。
不用说，本发明的原理仍是相同的，而实施的方式和描述的细节，则可围绕上面已对单纯按无任何限定的实例进行的描述和解释而千变万化。
Claims (10)
1.一种对感染细菌的医院废弃物进行热杀菌或消毒的方法，包括在适于热杀菌或消毒的温度下研磨和/或粉碎废弃物的工序，其特征在于，上述研磨和/或粉碎的工序是在剪切应力下进行，并延续一段时间，完全靠摩擦产生出足够数量的热，以便在废弃物团块中获得并保持所说的杀菌或消毒的温度，其间不直接或间接地外加热量，而消散摩擦热靠的是往被粉碎的废弃物中配给一定剂量的液态水从而控制杀菌和/或消毒的温度，其中靠摩擦和剪切在废弃物材料中产生的热量，是靠装有轮叶或叶片的转子高速旋转利用动能转换而来的。
2.权利要求1的方法，其中配给的液态水中含有次氯酸钠。
3.权利要求1的方法，其中靠摩擦热得到的杀菌和/或消毒的温度最少为150℃。
4.权利要求1的方法，其中转子是与多个固定的轮叶或叶片状的撞击板相配合来强化本方法，使动能转换成热能的。
5.权利要求1的方法，其中向被处理的废弃物中外加塑料材料。
6.权利要求5的方法，其中外加的塑料是聚乙烯和聚丙烯材料。
7.权利要求5或6的方法，其中利用摩擦热所得到的温度，应高到足以使上述塑料材料软化和/或熔化。
8.权利要求1-7任一项的方法，其中往废弃物上加入浓的次氯酸钠水溶液。
9.为实现权利要求1-8任一项的方法的设备，其特征在于它包括下列部件：
-适于盛装废弃物的外壳腔；
-腔内装有带轮叶或叶片的转子，可用以研磨或粉碎废弃物；
-连结在腔壁上的多个轮叶或叶片状的固定撞击板；
-驱动装置，它能把转子带动或一定的速度，以使单靠摩擦产生的温度足以使废弃物杀菌或消毒，并能在腔内保持这一温度；以及
-装在腔壁上的注水设备，用以控制消毒和/或杀菌的温度。
10.权利要求9的设备，其特征在于它包括：装在腔壁上的通风放气装置，用以抽出杀菌和/或消毒处理过程中产生的烟雾；用以接收释放的烟雾并把烟雾加热到灭菌温度的灭菌装置；与灭菌装置相通的吸收装置，用以接收并吸收这些烟雾。
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| ITTO930547A IT1260938B (it) | 1993-07-21 | 1993-07-21 | Procedimento e macchina per sterilizzare o disinfettare i rifiuti. |
| ITT0093A000547 | 1993-07-21 |
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| EP (1) | EP0710125B1 (zh) |
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| BR (1) | BR9407331A (zh) |
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| DK (1) | DK0710125T3 (zh) |
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| RU (1) | RU2128522C1 (zh) |
| SI (1) | SI0710125T1 (zh) |
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| NO304969B1 (no) * | 1997-08-04 | 1999-03-15 | Gmm Avfallssystemer As | Apparat for destruering av risikoavfall |
| CH694115A5 (it) * | 1999-07-05 | 2004-07-30 | Luna Two Sa | Procedimento e impianto per la sterilizzazione e l'eliminazione di rifiuti potenzialmente infetti. |
| US6876991B1 (en) | 1999-11-08 | 2005-04-05 | Collaborative Decision Platforms, Llc. | System, method and computer program product for a collaborative decision platform |
| NL1013839C2 (nl) * | 1999-12-14 | 2001-06-15 | Robert Marcel Fliers | Inrichting en werkwijze voor het steriliseren of desinfecteren van afval. |
| ITTO20020677A1 (it) * | 2002-07-29 | 2004-01-29 | So T I Srl | Procedimento e apparecchiatura per la cottura e stabilizzazione di materiali bioorganici |
| JP3682705B2 (ja) * | 2003-03-27 | 2005-08-10 | キングラン株式会社 | 床殺菌方法 |
| US7562025B2 (en) | 2003-09-19 | 2009-07-14 | Vesta Medical, Llc | Waste sorting system with query function, and method thereof |
| NL2001580C2 (nl) * | 2008-05-15 | 2009-11-17 | Lt Invest B V | Maal- en desinfecteerinrichting voor risico afval. |
| CA2744542A1 (en) * | 2008-11-24 | 2010-05-27 | Medclean Technologies, Inc. | Containerized medical waste treatment system and related method |
| US20130306763A1 (en) | 2010-11-16 | 2013-11-21 | Celitron Medical Technologies | System and methods for conversion of biohazard to municipal waste |
| CN102727923A (zh) * | 2011-04-09 | 2012-10-17 | 许兵 | 一种处理痰液的组合物及其制备方法 |
| CN102940901A (zh) * | 2012-12-07 | 2013-02-27 | 栖霞中泰环保设备有限公司 | 一种一体化的医疗废弃物处理设备和处理方法 |
| ITTO20130127A1 (it) * | 2013-02-15 | 2014-08-16 | Fotorecuperi S R L | Procedimento ed apparecchiatura per il trattamento di rifiuti |
| US9676012B2 (en) * | 2014-08-21 | 2017-06-13 | Spectrum Medical Lending, Llc | Devices for treating medical waste and methods of their use |
| US10576516B2 (en) | 2015-04-29 | 2020-03-03 | Agatos Green Power Lemuria S.R.L. | Process for treating solid waste containing an organic fraction |
| CN104971936B (zh) * | 2015-07-14 | 2017-08-01 | 慈溪市佳叶电器厂 | 一种医疗垃圾处理装置 |
| ITUB20153654A1 (it) * | 2015-09-16 | 2017-03-16 | Rosso Mecc S A S Di Rosso Alberto & C | Metodo per il trattamento e la sterilizzazione di rifiuti ospedalieri a rischio infettivo |
| CN107138255A (zh) * | 2017-06-14 | 2017-09-08 | 郑州永泰澳新商贸有限公司 | 一种具有消毒功能的医疗废弃垃圾处理设备 |
| CN108114292A (zh) * | 2017-12-30 | 2018-06-05 | 广东众达成节能环保科技有限公司 | 热风循环消毒柜 |
| WO2021059292A1 (en) * | 2019-09-24 | 2021-04-01 | Amardeep Sharma | Smart machine for processing multiple types of garbage to yield commercially useful products |
| CN112107719A (zh) * | 2020-09-28 | 2020-12-22 | 浙江微盾环保科技股份有限公司 | 基于摩擦热对医疗废弃物消毒灭菌的装置及工艺 |
| CN114618866A (zh) * | 2022-03-02 | 2022-06-14 | 江西鹏琨环保科技有限公司 | 一种医疗废物高温摩擦灭菌装置 |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ITTO930547A1 (it) | 1995-01-21 |
| AU7494694A (en) | 1995-02-20 |
| WO1995003072A1 (en) | 1995-02-02 |
| JP4097284B2 (ja) | 2008-06-11 |
| UA29483C2 (uk) | 2000-11-15 |
| PL312660A1 (en) | 1996-04-29 |
| JPH09500554A (ja) | 1997-01-21 |
| ITTO930547A0 (it) | 1993-07-21 |
| DE69424671T2 (de) | 2001-02-01 |
| RU2128522C1 (ru) | 1999-04-10 |
| CA2167415A1 (en) | 1995-02-02 |
| DK0710125T3 (da) | 2000-10-02 |
| US5800776A (en) | 1998-09-01 |
| KR100337727B1 (ko) | 2002-11-22 |
| EP0710125B1 (en) | 2000-05-24 |
| IT1260938B (it) | 1996-04-29 |
| ES2148339T3 (es) | 2000-10-16 |
| AU689794B2 (en) | 1998-04-09 |
| DE69424671D1 (de) | 2000-06-29 |
| GR3034148T3 (en) | 2000-11-30 |
| EP0710125A1 (en) | 1996-05-08 |
| ATE193211T1 (de) | 2000-06-15 |
| JP2004337622A (ja) | 2004-12-02 |
| BR9407331A (pt) | 1996-06-18 |
| PT710125E (pt) | 2000-11-30 |
| PL175956B1 (pl) | 1999-03-31 |
| CA2167415C (en) | 2004-06-29 |
| KR960703627A (ko) | 1996-08-31 |
| CN1130355A (zh) | 1996-09-04 |
| SI0710125T1 (en) | 2001-04-30 |
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