CN113330091B

CN113330091B - Stabilized heat transfer compositions, methods, and systems

Info

Publication number: CN113330091B
Application number: CN201980090010.XA
Authority: CN
Inventors: 格雷戈里·劳伦斯·史密斯
Original assignee: Honeywell International Inc
Current assignee: Honeywell International Inc
Priority date: 2018-12-31
Filing date: 2019-12-30
Publication date: 2024-03-08
Anticipated expiration: 2039-12-30
Also published as: CN118048126A; EP3906289A1; CA3125194A1; JP2022516877A; CN113330091A; JP2024016136A; KR20210099181A; MX2021007918A; EP3906289A4; WO2020142428A1

Abstract

The present invention relates to a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises 39 to 45 wt% difluoromethane (HFC-32), 1 to 4 wt% pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 51 to 57 wt% trifluoroiodomethane (CF 3I), and wherein the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and wherein the stabilizer comprises alkylated naphthalenes and optionally but preferably an acid-depleted portion.

Description

Stabilized heat transfer compositions, methods, and systems

Technical Field

The present invention relates to compositions, methods and systems having utility in heat exchange applications, including air conditioning and refrigeration applications. In a particular aspect, the present invention relates to a composition useful in heat transfer systems of the type in which refrigerant R-410A has been used. The compositions of the present invention are particularly useful as a substitute for refrigerant R-410A for heating and cooling applications, as well as for retrofitting heat exchange systems, including systems designed for R-410A.

Background

Mechanical refrigeration systems and related heat transfer devices, such as heat pumps and air conditioners, are well known in the art for industrial, commercial and domestic use. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were developed as refrigerants for such systems in the 30 th century. However, since the 80 s of the 20 th century, the effect of CFCs on the stratospheric ozone layer has become the focus of more attention. In 1987, many governments signed the montreal protocol (Montreal Protocol) aimed at protecting the global environment, and a schedule was developed for the phase out of CFC products. CFCs are replaced with more environmentally acceptable hydrogen-containing materials, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs).

One of the most commonly used hydrochlorofluorocarbon refrigerants is difluoromethane (HCFC-22). However, subsequent amendments to this Montreal protocol have accelerated the elimination of these CFCs and have formulated a schedule for the elimination of HCFCs, including HCFC-22.

In response to the need for nonflammable, nontoxic alternatives to CFCs and HCFCs, the industry has developed a variety of Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) with zero ozone depletion potential. R-410A (50:50 w/w blend of difluoromethane (HFC-32) and pentafluoroethane (HFC-125)) is used as an industrial replacement for HCFC-22 in air conditioning and chiller applications because it does not cause ozone depletion. However, R-410A is not a ready-to-use replacement for R-22. Thus, replacement of R-22 with R-410A requires redesigning the major components within the heat exchange system, including replacing and redesigning the compressor to accommodate the significantly higher operating pressure and volumetric capacity of R-410A as compared to R-22.

Although R-410A has a more acceptable Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) than R-22, its continued use is problematic because R-410A has a high global warming potential of 2088. Accordingly, there is a need in the art to replace R-410A with a more environmentally acceptable alternative.

The european union has implemented F-gas regulations to limit HFC's that can be marketed in the european union since 2015, as shown in table 1. By 2030, only 21% of the number of HFCs sold in 2015 will be available. Therefore, as a long-term solution, it is desirable to limit GWP to 427 or less.

Table 1: F-Gas regulations

Year of life	Quota curtailment percentage	GWP level
			2015	100％	2034*
2016-2017	93％	1891
			2018-2020	63％	1281
2021-2023	45％	915
			2024-2026	31％	630
2027-2029	24％	488
			After 2030 years	21％	427

* The GWP level in 2015 was based on UNEP 2012 usage study without growth rate.

It will be appreciated in the art that it is highly desirable to have alternative heat transfer fluids that have a combination of properties that are difficult to achieve, including excellent heat transfer properties (and particularly heat transfer properties that are well matched to the needs of a particular application), chemical stability, low or no toxicity, non-flammability, lubricant miscibility and/or lubricant compatibility, and the like. Furthermore, it is desirable that any substitute for R-410A be well matched to the operating conditions of R-410A to avoid retrofitting or redesigning the system. The development of heat transfer fluids that meet all of these requirements, many of which are unpredictable, is a significant challenge.

Regarding efficiency of use, it is important to note that the loss of refrigerant thermodynamic properties or energy efficiency may result in increased fossil fuel use due to increased demand for electrical energy. Thus, the use of such refrigerants will have a negative secondary environmental impact.

Flammability is considered an important characteristic for many heat transfer applications. As used herein, the term "non-flammable" refers to a compound or composition that is determined to be non-flammable according to ASTM standard E-681-2009 standard test methods for flammability concentration limits of chemicals (vapors and gases) described in ASHRAE standard 34-2016 design and refrigerant safety classification, and described in annex B1 of ASHRAE standard 34-2016, which is incorporated herein by reference and referred to herein for convenience as a "non-flammability test".

It is important to maintain proper and reliable operation of the system efficiency and compressor to return lubricant circulating in the vapor compression heat transfer system to the compressor to perform its intended lubrication function. Otherwise, the lubricant may accumulate and reside in coils and tubes of the system, including heat transfer components. In addition, when the lubricant is accumulated on the inner surface of the evaporator, it reduces the heat exchange efficiency of the evaporator, thereby reducing the efficiency of the system.

R-410A is currently commonly used in air conditioning applications with polyol ester (POE) lubricating oils because R-410A is miscible with POE at temperatures experienced during use of such systems. However, R-410A is immiscible with POE at temperatures typically experienced during operation of the cryogenic refrigeration system and the heat pump system. Thus, POE and R-410A cannot be used in cryogenic refrigeration or heat pump systems unless measures are taken to mitigate this immiscibility.

Applicants have recognized that it would be desirable to provide compositions that can be used as substitutes for R-410A in air conditioning applications, including rooftop air conditioning, variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) air conditioning, and chiller air conditioning applications, and in particular in residential air conditioning and commercial air conditioning applications. Applicants have also recognized that the compositions, methods, and systems of the present invention have advantages in, for example, heat pumps and cryogenic refrigeration systems, wherein the disadvantage of being immiscible with POE at temperatures experienced during operation of these systems is eliminated.

Disclosure of Invention

The present invention provides refrigerant compositions useful as R-410A substitutes and which in preferred embodiments exhibit an excellent combination of heat transfer properties, chemical stability, low or no toxicity, incombustibility, lubricant miscibility and lubricant compatibility with the desirable characteristics of low Global Warming Potential (GWP) and near zero ODP.

The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, wherein each compound is present in the following relative percentages:

39 to 45 weight percent difluoromethane (HFC-32),

1 to 4% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and

51 to 57 wt% trifluoroiodomethane (CF) ₃ I)，

The lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of from 1 wt% to less than 10 wt% based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 1 for convenience.

As used herein, with respect to percentages based on a list of identified compounds, the term "relative percentages" means the percentage of the identified compounds based on the total weight of the listed compounds.

As used herein, the term "about" with respect to the amount of an identified component with respect to weight percent means that the amount of the identified component can vary by an amount of +/-1 weight percent.

When using stabilizers comprising alkylated naphthalenes in combination in a heat transfer composition comprising CF3I refrigerant and lubricant (comprising POE and/or PVE), the applicant has found that there is a critical range in which the stabilizing effect of the alkylated naphthalenes is advantageously and unexpectedly enhanced relative to the stabilizing effect outside this range, which ranges from 1% to less than 10%, or preferably from 1.5% to less than 8%, more preferably from 1.5% to about 6%, or preferably from 1.5% to 5% by weight based on alkylated naphthalenes and lubricant. The reason for the performance enhancement in this critical range derives from the following findings: when used in amounts above about 10%, the stability performance of the alkylated naphthalenes may deteriorate to an extent that is not desirable for some applications in the absence of other solutions described below. Furthermore, applicants believe that the stability properties of alkylated naphthalenes are also less desirable for some applications when used in amounts of less than 1%. The existence of this critical range is unexpected.

Accordingly, the present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, wherein each compound is present in the following relative percentages:

39 to 45 weight percent difluoromethane (HFC-32),

1 to 4% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and

51 to 57% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF 3I),

the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in an amount of 1 wt% to 8 wt% based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 2.

39 to 45 weight percent difluoromethane (HFC-32),

1 to 4% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and

51 to 57% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF 3I),

The lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in an amount of 1.5 wt% to 8 wt% based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 3.

39 to 45 weight percent difluoromethane (HFC-32),

1 to 4% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and

51 to 57% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF 3I),

the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in an amount of 1.5 wt% to 6 wt% based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 4.

41% by weight.+ -. 1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32),

3.5 wt.% + -0.5 wt.% pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and

55.5 wt.% + -0.5 wt.% trifluoroiodomethane (CF) ₃ I) The lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in an amount of 1 wt% to less than 10 wt% based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. Heat according to the paragraphThe transfer composition is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 5 for convenience.

41% by weight.+ -. 1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32),

3.5 wt.% + -0.5 wt.% pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and

55.5 wt.% + -0.5 wt.% trifluoroiodomethane (CF) ₃ I) The lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in an amount of 1 wt% to 8 wt% based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 6.

41% by weight.+ -. 1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32),

3.5 wt.% + -0.5 wt.% pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and

55.5 wt.% + -0.5 wt.% trifluoroiodomethane (CF) ₃ I) The lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in an amount of 1.5 wt% to 8 wt% based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 7.

41% by weight.+ -. 1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32),

3.5 wt.% + -0.5 wt.% pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and

55.5 wt.% + -0.5 wt.% trifluoroiodomethane (CF) ₃ I) The lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in an amount of 1.5 wt% to 6 wt% based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 8.

The invention also includes any of the heat transfer compositions 1-8, wherein the stabilizer is substantially free of ADM as defined below. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 8A.

The invention also includes any of the heat transfer compositions 1-8, wherein the stabilizer is substantially free of ADM, and wherein the stabilizer further comprises BHT. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as heat transfer composition 8B for convenience.

The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, wherein each compound is present in the following relative percentages:

39 to 45 weight percent difluoromethane (HFC-32),

1 to 4% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and

51 to 57% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF 3I),

the lubricant comprises a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene and an acid depleted moiety. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 9.

As used herein, the term "acid-depleted moiety" (which is sometimes referred to herein as "ADM" for convenience) refers to a compound or group that when present in a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 10 wt% or more CF3I (the percentages being based on the weight of all refrigerants in the heat transfer composition), has the effect of significantly reducing the acid moiety that would otherwise be present in the heat transfer composition. As used herein, the term "substantially reduced" as used with respect to the acid portion in the heat transfer composition means that the acid portion is sufficiently reduced to result in a reduction in TAN number (as defined below) of at least about 10 relative%.

When used in combination with a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene and ADM, applicants have found that certain materials are capable of significantly and unexpectedly enhancing the performance of a stabilizer comprising or consisting essentially of an alkylated naphthalene stabilizer. In particular, applicants have found that certain materials can facilitate the depletion of acidic moieties in heat transfer compositions comprising CF3I (including any of the heat transfer compositions of the present invention). Applicants have found that formulating a heat transfer composition with ADM provides unexpected synergistic enhancement for at least the stability function of the alkylated naphthalene stabilizers according to the invention. The reason for this synergistic effect is not to be understood exactly, but without being bound by any theory of operation, it is believed that the alkylated naphthalene stabilizers of the invention act to a large extent by stabilizing the free radicals formed by the refrigerant CF3I of the invention, but that the stabilizing effect is at least somewhat diminished in the presence of the acid moiety. Thus, the presence of the ADM of the present invention allows the alkylated naphthalene stabilizer to function with an unexpected synergistic enhancement effect. Furthermore, applicants have found that the performance degradation observed by applicants at relatively high concentrations of alkylated naphthalenes (i.e., about 10%) can be offset by incorporating ADM into the heat transfer composition (or into the stabilizing lubricant).

Thus, the present invention includes a stabilizer comprising alkylated naphthalene and ADM. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 1 for convenience.

The invention also includes a stabilizer comprising from about 40 wt% to about 99.9 wt% alkylated naphthalene and from 0.05 wt% to about 50 wt% ADM, based on the weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 2 for convenience.

The invention also includes a stabilizer comprising from about 50 wt% to about 99.9 wt% alkylated naphthalene and from 0.1 wt% to about 50 wt% ADM, based on the weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 3 for convenience.

The invention also includes a stabilizer comprising from about 40 wt.% to about 95 wt.% alkylated naphthalene and from 5 wt.% to about 30 wt.% ADM, based on the weight of alkylated naphthalene and ADM in the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 4 for convenience.

The invention also includes a stabilizer comprising from about 40 wt.% to about 95 wt.% alkylated naphthalene and from 5 wt.% to about 20 wt.% ADM, based on the weight of alkylated naphthalene and ADM in the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 5 for convenience.

The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer 2, the lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, wherein each compound is present in the following relative percentages:

39 to 45 weight percent difluoromethane (HFC-32),

1 to 4% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and

51 to 57 wt% trifluoroiodomethane (CF) ₃ I) A. The invention relates to a method for producing a fibre-reinforced plastic composite The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 10.

The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer 4, the lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, wherein each compound is present in the following relative percentages:

39 to 45 weight percent difluoromethane (HFC-32),

1 to 4% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and

51 to 57% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF 3I). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 11.

The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer 5, the lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, wherein each compound is present in the following relative percentages:

39 to 45 weight percent difluoromethane (HFC-32),

1 to 4% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and

51 to 57% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF 3I). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 12.

The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer 1, the lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, wherein each compound is present in the following relative percentages:

41% by weight.+ -. 1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32),

3.5 wt.% + -0.5 wt.% pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and

55.5 wt.% + -0.5 wt.% trifluoroiodomethane (CF) ₃ I) A. The invention relates to a method for producing a fibre-reinforced plastic composite The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 13.

41% by weight.+ -. 1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32),

3.5 wt.% + -0.5 wt.% pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and

55.5 wt.% + -0.5 wt.% trifluoroiodomethane (CF) ₃ I) A. The invention relates to a method for producing a fibre-reinforced plastic composite The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 14.

The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer 3, the lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, wherein each compound is present in the following relative percentages:

41% by weight.+ -. 1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32),

3.5 wt.% + -0.5 wt.% pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and

55.5 wt.% + -0.5 wt.% trifluoroiodomethane (CF) ₃ I) A. The invention relates to a method for producing a fibre-reinforced plastic composite The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 15.

41% by weight.+ -. 1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32),

3.5 wt.% + -0.5 wt.% pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and

55.5 wt.% + -0.5 wt.% trifluoroiodomethane (CF) ₃ I) A. The invention relates to a method for producing a fibre-reinforced plastic composite The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 16.

41% by weight.+ -. 1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32),

3.5 wt.% + -0.5 wt.% pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and

55.5 wt.% + -0.5 wt.% trifluoroiodomethane (CF) ₃ I) A. The invention relates to a method for producing a fibre-reinforced plastic composite The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein for convenience as heat transfer composition 17.

The invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) POE lubricants and/or polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricants; and (b) the stabilizer of the present invention.

Drawings

Fig. 1 shows LCCP of one of the refrigerants of the present invention and some known refrigerants.

Detailed Description

Definition of the definition：

For the purposes of the present invention, the term "about" with respect to temperature in degrees celsius (°c) means that the temperature can vary by an amount of +/-5 ℃. In a preferred embodiment, the temperature specified as about is preferably +/-2 ℃, more preferably +/-1 ℃, even more preferably +/-0.5 ℃, of the identified temperature.

The term "capacity" is the amount of cooling (in BTU/hr) provided by the refrigerant in the refrigeration system. This is determined experimentally by multiplying the enthalpy change (in BTU/lb) of the refrigerant as it passes through the evaporator by the mass flow rate of the refrigerant. Enthalpy can be determined from measurements of the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant. The capacity of a refrigeration system relates to the ability to keep an area cool at a particular temperature. The capacity of a refrigerant represents the amount of cooling or heating it provides, and provides some measure of the ability of the compressor to pump heat for a given volumetric flow of refrigerant. In other words, given a particular compressor, a refrigerant with a higher capacity will deliver more cooling or heating power.

The phrase "coefficient of performance" (hereinafter "COP") is a commonly accepted measure of refrigerant performance and is particularly useful for indicating the relative thermodynamic efficiency of a refrigerant in a particular heating or cooling cycle involving evaporation or condensation of the refrigerant. In refrigeration engineering, the term refers to the ratio of the available refrigeration or cooling capacity to the energy applied by the compressor in compressing vapor, and thus refers to the ability of a given compressor to pump heat for a given volumetric flow of a heat transfer fluid, such as a refrigerant. In other words, a refrigerant with a higher COP will deliver more cooling or heating power given a particular compressor. One method for estimating the COP of a refrigerant under certain operating conditions is to estimate from the thermodynamic properties of the refrigerant using standard refrigeration cycle analysis techniques (see, e.g., r.c. downing, handbook of fluorocarbon refrigerants (FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS HANDBOOK), chapter 3, prantice Hall press (predce-Hall), 1988, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

The phrase "discharge temperature" refers to the temperature of the refrigerant at the compressor outlet. The advantage of low discharge temperature is that it allows the use of existing equipment without activating the thermal protection aspect of the system, which is preferably designed to protect the compressor components and avoid the use of expensive control measures (e.g. injection of liquid) to reduce the discharge temperature.

The phrase "global warming potential" (hereinafter "GWP") has evolved to allow comparison of the global warming effects of different gases. Specifically, it is a measure of how much energy a ton of gas emitted in a given period of time will absorb relative to a ton of carbon dioxide emitted. The greater the GWP, the warmer the earth a given gas will be relative to CO2 during that period. The period of time commonly used for GWP is 100 years. GWP provides a universal metric-allowing an analyst to accumulate emissions estimates for different gases. See www.epa.gov.

The phrase "life cycle climate performance" (hereinafter "LCCP") is a method by which air conditioning and refrigeration systems can be evaluated for their impact on global warming over their lifetime. LCCP includes direct effects of refrigerant discharge as well as indirect effects of energy consumption for operating systems, energy sources for manufacturing systems, and transportation and safety disposal systems. The direct impact of refrigerant discharge comes from the GWP value of the refrigerant. For indirect discharge, measured refrigerant properties are used to obtain system performance and energy consumption. LCCP is determined as follows by using equation 1 and equation 2. Equation 1 is direct discharge=refrigerant charge (kg) × (annual loss rate×life+end of life loss) ×gwp. Equation 2 is indirect emission = annual power consumption x life MinxCO ₂ Power production per kW-h. The direct emissions determined by equation 1 and the indirect emissions determined by equation 2 are added together to provide LCCP. The use was produced by a national renewable laboratory and was in the worldTMY2 and TMY3 data obtained in Pro version 4 software were analyzed. Calculation was performed using GWP values reported in inter-government climate change committee (IPCC) 4 th evaluation report (AR 4) in 2007. LCCP is expressed as carbon dioxide mass (kg-CO) over the life of an air conditioning or refrigeration system _2eq )。

The term "mass flow rate" is the mass of refrigerant passing through a conduit per unit time.

The term "occupational contact limit (OEL)" is determined according to ASHRAE standard 34-2016 naming and safety classification of refrigerants.

With respect to the particular heat transfer composition or refrigerant of the present invention as a "substitute" for a particular prior refrigerant, the term "substitute for … …" as used herein means that the specified composition of the present invention is used in a heat transfer system heretofore typically used with that prior refrigerant. For example, when the refrigerant or heat transfer composition of the present invention is used in heat transfer systems heretofore designed for and/or commonly used with R410A, such as residential and commercial air conditioning, including rooftop systems, variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems, and chiller systems, then the refrigerant is a substitute for R410A in such systems.

The phrase "thermodynamic slip" applies to non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures having varying temperatures at constant pressure during a phase change process in an evaporator or condenser.

As used herein, the term "TAN number" refers to the total acid number as determined by accelerated aging to simulate long term stability of a heat transfer composition according to ASHRAE standard 97- "sealed glass tube method of testing chemical stability of materials used in refrigerant systems".

Heat transfer composition

Applicants have found that the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of the heat transfer compositions 1-17 described herein, are capable of providing exceptionally advantageous properties and in particular stability and incombustibility in use, especially where the heat transfer composition is used as a replacement for R-410A, and especially in existing 410A residential air conditioning systems and existing R-410A commercial air conditioning systems, including existing R-410A rooftop systems, existing R-410A Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems, and existing R-410A chiller systems.

As used herein, references to heat transfer compositions 1-17 refer to each of heat transfer compositions 1-17, including heat transfer compositions 8A and 8B.

A particular advantage of the refrigerants included in the heat transfer compositions of the present invention is that they are non-flammable when tested according to the non-flammability test, and as described above, it has been desirable in the art to provide such refrigerants and heat transfer compositions: it can be used as a surrogate for R-410A in a variety of systems, and has excellent heat transfer characteristics, low environmental impact (including particularly low GWP and near zero ODP), excellent chemical stability, low or no toxicity, and/or lubricant compatibility, and remains nonflammable in use. Such desired advantages can be achieved by the refrigerant and heat transfer compositions of the present invention.

Preferably, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 through 17) comprise refrigerant in an amount greater than 40% by weight of the heat transfer composition.

Preferably, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including each of heat transfer 1 to 17) comprise refrigerant in an amount greater than 50 wt%, or greater than 70 wt%, or greater than 80 wt%, or greater than 90 wt% of the heat transfer composition.

Preferably, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17) consist essentially of refrigerant, lubricant, and stabilizer.

The heat transfer compositions of the present invention may comprise other components for the purpose of enhancing or providing specific functions to the composition, preferably without compromising the enhanced stability provided in accordance with the present invention. Such other components or additives may include dyes, solubilizers, compatibilizers, auxiliary stabilizers, antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, extreme pressure additives, and antiwear additives.

Stabilizing agent:

alkylated naphthalenes

Applicants have surprisingly and unexpectedly found that alkylated naphthalenes are highly effective as stabilizers for the heat transfer compositions of the present invention. As used herein, the term "alkylated naphthalene" refers to a compound having the following structure:

wherein R is ₁ To R ₈ Each independently selected from the group consisting of a straight chain alkyl group, a branched chain alkyl group, and hydrogen. The specific length of the alkyl chains and mixtures of branched and straight chains with hydrogen may vary within the scope of the present invention, and those skilled in the art will recognize and understand that such variations reflect the physical characteristics of the alkylated naphthalenes, including in particular the viscosity of the alkylated compound, and that manufacturers of such materials often define the materials by reference to one or more of such characteristics as an alternative specification for a particular R group.

Applicants have found that the use of alkylated naphthalenes according to the invention as stabilizers correlates with unexpected, surprising and advantageous results and that for convenience the alkylated naphthalene compounds having the characteristics are referred to herein as alkylated naphthalenes 1 (or AN 1) through 5 (or AN 5), as shown in lines 1 through 5, respectively, of the following table:

alkylated naphthalene table 1

As used herein, the term "about" means +/-4cSt in combination with a viscosity at 40 ℃ measured according to ASTM D445.

As used herein, the term "about" means +/-0.4cSt in combination with a viscosity at 100 ℃ measured according to ASTM D445.

As used herein, the term "about" means +/-5 ℃ in combination with a pour point measured according to ASTM D97.

Applicants have also found that the use of alkylated naphthalenes according to the invention as stabilizers correlates with unexpected, surprising and advantageous results and that for convenience the alkylated naphthalene compounds having the characteristics are referred to herein as alkylated naphthalenes 6 or (AN 6) to 10 (or AN 10), as shown in the following table at lines 6 to 10, respectively:

alkylated naphthalene table 2

Examples of alkylated naphthalenes within the meaning of alkylated naphthalenes 1 and 6 include those sold under the following trade names by King Industries: NA-LUBE KR-007A; KR-008; KR-009; KR-015; KR-019; KR-005FG; KR-015FG; and KR-029FG.

Examples of alkylated naphthalenes within the meaning of alkylated naphthalenes 2 and 7 include those sold under the following trade names by the gold industry company: NA-LUBE KR-007A; KR-008; KR-009; and KR-005FG.

Examples of alkylated naphthalenes within the meaning of alkylated naphthalenes 5 and 10 include products sold under the trade name NA-LUBE KR-008 by the King's Industrial Co.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17 herein), wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1, AN2, or AN3, or AN4, or AN5, or AN6, or AN7, or AN8, or AN9, or AN10.

Acid depletion part (ADM)

Without undue experimentation, those skilled in the art will be able to determine the variety of ADMs that are useful in accordance with the present invention, and all such ADMs are within the scope of the present invention.

Epoxide compounds

Applicants have found that epoxides, and in particular alkylated epoxides, when used in combination with alkylated naphthalene stabilizers effectively produce the enhanced stability described herein, and while applicants are not bound by theory, it is believed that this synergistic enhancement is due at least in part to their effective use as ADM in the heat transfer compositions of the present invention.

In a preferred embodiment, the epoxide is selected from epoxides that undergo a ring-opening reaction with the acid, thereby depleting the acid system without otherwise adversely affecting the system.

Useful epoxides include aromatic epoxides, alkyl epoxides, and alkenyl epoxides.

Preferred epoxides include those of formula I:

wherein said R is ₁ To R ₄ At least one of which is selected from the group consisting of a two-to pentadecade (C2-C15) acyclic group, a C2-C15 aliphatic group, and a C2-C15 ether. The epoxide according to formula 1 is sometimes referred to herein as ADM1 for convenience.

In a preferred embodiment, at least one of R1 to R4 of formula I is an ether having the structure:

R ₅ -O-R ₆

wherein each of R5 and R6 is independently a C1-C14 linear or branched (preferably unsubstituted) alkyl group. The epoxide according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as ADM2 for convenience.

In a preferred embodiment, R of formula I ₁ To R ₄ One of them is an ether having the structure:

R ₅ -O-R ₆

wherein R is ₅ And R is ₆ Each of which is independently a C1-C14 linear or branched (preferably unsubstituted) alkyl group, and R ₁ To R ₄ The other three of the two are H. The epoxide according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as ADM3 for convenience.

In a preferred embodiment, the epoxide comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of 2-ethylhexyl glycidyl ether. The epoxide according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as ADM4 for convenience.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17 herein), wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1 and the heat transfer composition further comprises ADM1.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17), wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1 and the heat transfer composition further comprises ADM1.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17), wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1 and the heat transfer composition further comprises ADM2.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17), wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1 and the heat transfer composition further comprises ADM3.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17), wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1 and the heat transfer composition further comprises ADM4.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17), wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5 and the heat transfer composition further comprises ADM1.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17), wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5 and the heat transfer composition further comprises ADM2.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17), wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5 and the heat transfer composition further comprises ADM3.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17), wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5 and the heat transfer composition further comprises ADM4.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17), wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN10 and the heat transfer composition further comprises ADM1.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17), wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN10 and the heat transfer composition further comprises ADM2.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17), wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN10 and the heat transfer composition further comprises ADM3.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17) wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN10 and the heat transfer composition further comprises ADM4.

The present invention includes a heat transfer composition (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17), wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN2 or AN3 or AN4 or AN6 or AN7 or AN8 or AN9, and the heat transfer composition further comprises ADM1.

The present invention includes a heat transfer composition (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17), wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN2 or AN3 or AN4 or AN6 or AN7 or AN8 or AN9, and the heat transfer composition further comprises ADM2.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17), wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN2 or AN3 or AN4 or AN6 or AN7 or AN8 or AN9, and the heat transfer composition further comprises ADM3. The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17), wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN2 or AN3 or AN4 or AN6 or AN7 or AN8 or AN9, and the heat transfer composition further comprises ADM4.

When ADM is present in the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 through 8 and 9 through 17 herein, the alkylated naphthalene is preferably present in an amount of from 0.01% to about 10%, or from about 1.5% to about 4.5%, or from about 2.5% to about 3.5%, wherein these amounts are weight percent based on the amount of alkylated naphthalene plus refrigerant in the system.

When ADM is present in the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 through 8 and 9 through 17 herein, the alkylated naphthalene is preferably present in an amount of from 0.1% to about 20%, or from 1.5% to about 10%, or from 1.5% to about 8%, wherein these amounts are weight percent based on the amount of alkylated naphthalene plus lubricant in the system.

Carbodiimides

ADM may include a carbodiimide. In a preferred embodiment, the carbodiimide comprises a compound having the structure:

R ¹ -N＝C＝N-R ²

other stabilizers

It is contemplated that stabilizers other than alkylated naphthalenes and ADM may be included in the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 through 17. Examples of such other stabilizers are described below.

Phenol-based compounds

In a preferred embodiment, the stabilizer further comprises a phenol-based compound.

The phenol-based compound may be one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of: 4,4' -methylenebis (2, 6-di-tert-butylphenol); 4,4' -bis (2, 6-di-tert-butylphenol); 2, 2-or 4, 4-biphenyldiol including 4,4' -bis (2-methyl-6-t-butylphenol); derivatives of 2, 2-or 4, 4-biphenyldiol; 2,2' -methylenebis (4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 2,2' -methylenebis (4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4, 4-butylidenebis (3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4, 4-isopropylidenebis (2, 6-di-tert-butylphenol); 2,2' -methylenebis (4-methyl-6-nonylphenol); 2,2' -isobutylidenebis (4, 6-dimethylphenol); 2,2' -methylenebis (4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol); 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT); 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol: 2, 4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol; 2, 6-di-tert- α -dimethylamino-p-cresol; 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-4 (N, N' -dimethylaminomethylphenol); 4,4' -thiobis (2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4' -thiobis (3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 2,2' -thiobis (4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); bis (3-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butylbenzyl) sulfide; bis (3, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) sulphide, tocopherol, hydroquinone, 2', 6' -tetra-tert-butyl-4, 4' -methylenediphenol and tert-butylhydroquinone, and preferably BHT.

The phenol-based compound and particularly BHT may be provided in the heat transfer composition in the following amounts: greater than 0 wt% and preferably from 0.0001 wt% to about 5 wt%, preferably from 0.001 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, and more preferably from 0.01 wt% to about 1 wt%. In each case, weight percent refers to the weight of the heat transfer composition.

The phenol-based compound and particularly BHT may be provided in the heat transfer composition in the following amounts: greater than 0 wt% and preferably from 0.0001 wt% to about 5 wt%, preferably from 0.001 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, and more preferably from 0.01 wt% to about 1 wt%. In each case, weight percent refers to the weight based on the weight of lubricant in the heat transfer composition.

The present invention also includes a stabilizer comprising from about 40 wt% to about 95 wt% alkylated naphthalene (including each of AN1 to AN 10) and from 0.1 to about 10 wt% BHT, based on the weight of all stabilizer components in the composition. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 6 for convenience.

The present invention also includes a stabilizer comprising from about 40 wt% to about 95 wt% alkylated naphthalene (including each of AN1 to AN 10), from about 5 wt% to about 30 wt% ADM (including each of ADM1 to ADM 4), and from 0.1 to about 10 wt% BHT, based on the weight of all stabilizer components in the composition. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 7 for convenience.

The present invention includes a heat transfer composition (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 through 17 herein), wherein the heat transfer composition comprises a stabilizer 6.

The present invention includes a heat transfer composition (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-26 herein), wherein the heat transfer composition comprises stabilizer 7.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 through 17 herein) comprising AN1 and BHT.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 through 17 herein) comprising AN5 and BHT.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 through 17 herein) comprising AN10 and BHT.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 through 8 and 9 through 17 herein) comprising AN5, ADM4, and BHT.

The present invention includes heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 through 8 and 9 through 17 herein) comprising AN10, ADM4, and BHT.

Diene-based compounds

Diene-based compounds include C3 to C15 dienes and to compounds formed by the reaction of any two or more C3 to C4 dienes. Preferably, the diene-based compound is selected from allyl ether, allene, butadiene, isoprene, and terpenes. The diene-based compound is preferably a terpene including, but not limited to, rutin, retinaldehyde, geraniol, terpinene, delta 3-carene, terpinolene, phellandrene, fenchene, myrcene, farnesene, pinene, nerol, citral, camphor, menthol, limonene, nerolidol, phytol, carnosic acid, and vitamin A1. Preferably, the stabilizer is farnesene. Preferred terpene stabilizers are described in U.S. provisional patent application 60/638,003 filed 12 months 2004 as published under US2006/0167044A1, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Further, the diene-based compound can be provided in the heat transfer composition in an amount of greater than 0 wt% and preferably from 0.0001 wt% to about 5 wt%, preferably from 0.001 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, and more preferably from 0.01 wt% to about 1 wt%. In each case, weight percent refers to the weight of the heat transfer composition.

Phosphorus-based compounds

The phosphorus compound may be a phosphite or a phosphate compound. For the purposes of the present invention, the phosphite compounds may be diaryl, dialkyl, triaryl and/or trialkyl phosphites, and/or mixed aryl/alkyl di-or tri-substituted phosphites, in particular one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of: hindered phosphites, tri- (di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphites, di-n-octyl phosphite, isooctyl diphenyl phosphite, isodecyl diphenyl phosphite, triisodecyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphite and diphenyl phosphite, in particular diphenyl phosphite.

The phosphate compound may be a triaryl phosphate, a trialkyl phosphate, an alkyl mono-acid phosphate (alkyl mono acid phosphate), an aryl di-acid phosphate (aryl diacid phosphate), an amine phosphate, preferably a triaryl phosphate and/or a trialkyl phosphate, in particular tri-n-butyl phosphate.

The phosphorus compound can be provided in the heat transfer composition in an amount of greater than 0 wt% and preferably from 0.0001 wt% to about 5 wt%, preferably from 0.001 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, and more preferably from 0.01 wt% to about 1 wt%. In each case, by weight is meant the weight of the heat transfer composition.

Nitrogen compound

When the stabilizer is a nitrogen compound, the stabilizer may include an amine-based compound, such as one or more secondary or tertiary amines selected from the group consisting of: diphenylamine, p-benzeneDiamine, triethylamine, tributylamine, diisopropylamine, triisopropylamine and triisobutylamine. The amine-based compound may be an amine antioxidant, such as a substituted piperidine compound, i.e. an alkyl substituted piperidinyl (piperidinyl), piperazinone or alkoxypiperidinyl derivative, in particular one or more amine antioxidants selected from the group consisting of: 2, 6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone, 2, 6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinol; bis (1, 2, 6-pentamethylpiperidinyl) sebacate; bis (2, 6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl) sebacate, poly (N-hydroxyethyl-2, 6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxy-piperidinyl succinate, alkylated p-phenylenediamine, such as N-phenyl-N '- (1, 3-dimethyl-butyl) -p-phenylenediamine or N, N' -di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, and hydroxylamine, such as tallow amine, methyl bis-tallow amine and bis-tallow amine, or phenol-alpha-naphthylamine or 765 (Ciba Co., ltd.) and (2)>1944 (Mayzo Co., ltd. (Mayzo Inc)) and +.>1770 (Mayzo Co., ltd. (Mayzo Inc)). For the purposes of the present invention, the amine-based compound may also be one or more of an alkyldiphenylamine such as bis (nonylaniline), a dialkylamine such as (N- (1-methylethyl) -2-propylamine, or phenyl- α -naphthylamine (PANA), alkyl-phenyl- α -naphthyl-amine (APANA), and bis (nonylphenyl) amine, preferably the amine-based compound is one or more of phenyl- α -naphthylamine (PANA), alkyl-phenyl- α -naphthyl-amine (APANA), and bis (nonylphenyl) amine, and more preferably phenyl- α -naphthylamine (PANA).

Alternatively, or in addition to the nitrogen compounds specified above, one or more compounds selected from dinitrobenzene, nitrobenzene, nitromethane, nitrosobenzene, and TEMPO [ (2, 6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl) oxy ] may be used as the stabilizer.

The nitrogen compound can be provided in the heat transfer composition in an amount greater than 0 wt% and from 0.0001 wt% to about 5 wt%, preferably from 0.001 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, and more preferably from 0.01 wt% to about 1 wt%. In each case, weight percent refers to the weight of the heat transfer composition.

Isobutene (i-butene)

Isobutene can also be used as stabilizer according to the invention.

Additional stabilizer composition

The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising: alkylated naphthalenes, including each of AN1 to AN 10; and ADMs, including each of ADMs 1 through 4; and (3) phenol. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 8 for convenience.

The present invention also provides a stabilizer consisting essentially of: alkylated naphthalenes, including each of AN1 to AN 10; and ADMs, including each of ADMs 1 through 4; phosphate. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 9 for convenience.

The invention also provides a stabilizer comprising the following: alkylated naphthalenes, including each of AN1 to AN 10; and ADMs, including each of ADMs 1 through 4; and combinations of phosphates and phenols. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 10 for convenience.

The invention also provides a stabilizer comprising the following: alkylated naphthalenes, including each of AN1 to AN10, in AN amount from about 40% to about 95% by weight; ADM in an amount of about 0.5 wt% to about 25 wt%, including each of ADM1 to ADM 4; and an additional stabilizer in an amount of about 0.1 wt% to about 50 wt%, the additional stabilizer selected from the group consisting of phosphates, phenols, and combinations thereof, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 11 for convenience.

The invention also provides a stabilizer comprising the following: alkylated naphthalenes, including each of AN1 to AN10, in AN amount from about 70% to about 95% by weight; ADM in an amount of about 0.5 wt% to about 15 wt%, including each of ADM1 to ADM 4; and an additional stabilizer in an amount of about 0.1 wt% to about 25 wt%, the additional stabilizer selected from the group consisting of phosphates, phenols, and combinations thereof, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 12 for convenience.

The present invention also provides a stabilizer consisting essentially of: alkylated naphthalenes, including each of AN1 to AN 10; and ADMs, including each of ADMs 1 through 4; and BHT. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 13 for convenience.

The invention also provides a stabilizer, which consists of the following components: alkylated naphthalenes, including each of AN1 to AN 10; and ADMs, including each of ADMs 1 through 4; and BHTl. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 14 for convenience.

The present invention also provides a stabilizer consisting essentially of: alkylated naphthalenes, including each of AN1 to AN 10; and ADMs, including each of ADMs 1 through 4; BHT; phosphate. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 15 for convenience.

The invention also provides a stabilizer, which consists of the following components: alkylated naphthalenes, including each of AN1 to AN 10; and ADMs, including each of ADMs 1 through 4; BHT; phosphate. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 16 for convenience.

The invention also provides a stabilizer comprising the following: alkylated naphthalenes, including each of AN1 to AN10, in AN amount from about 40% to about 95% by weight; ADM in an amount of about 0.5 wt% to about 10 wt%, including each of ADM1 to ADM 4; and BHT in an amount of about 0.1% to about 50% by weight, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 17 for convenience.

The invention also provides a stabilizer comprising the following: alkylated naphthalenes, including each of AN1 to AN10, in AN amount from about 70% to about 95% by weight; ADM in an amount of about 0.5 wt% to about 10 wt%, including each of ADM1 to ADM 4; and BHT in an amount of about 0.1% to about 25% by weight, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 18 for convenience.

The invention also provides a stabilizer comprising the following: alkylated naphthalenes, including each of AN1 to AN10, in AN amount from about 40% to about 95% by weight; ADM in an amount of about 5 wt% to about 25 wt%, including each of ADM1 to ADM 4; and a third stabilizer compound in an amount of from 1 wt% to about 55 wt%, the third stabilizer compound selected from the group consisting of BHT, phosphate, and combinations thereof, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 19 for convenience.

The invention also provides a stabilizer comprising the following: alkylated naphthalenes, including each of AN1 to AN10, in AN amount from about 40% to about 95% by weight; ADM in an amount of about 5 wt% to about 25 wt%, including each of ADM1 to ADM 4; and BHT in an amount of about 0.1% to about 5% by weight, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilizer 20 for convenience.

The stabilizers of the present invention (including each of stabilizers 1-20) may be used in any of the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including any of heat transfer compositions 1-8 and 9-17.

The stabilizers of the present invention (including each of stabilizers 1-6) may also be used in either of the heat transfer compositions 8A and 8B.

Lubricant

Typically, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-45) comprise POE lubricant and/or PVE lubricant, wherein the lubricant is preferably present in an amount of from about 0.1 wt.% to about 5 wt.%, or from 0.1 wt.% to about 1 wt.%, or from 0.1 wt.% to about 0.5 wt.%, based on the weight of the heat transfer composition.

POE lubricant

In a preferred embodiment, the POE lubricant of the present invention comprises a neopentyl POE lubricant. As used herein, the term neopentyl POE lubricant refers to a polyol ester (POE) derived from the reaction between neopentyl glycol (preferably pentaerythritol, trimethylol propane or neopentyl glycol, and in a preferred higher viscosity embodiment dipentaerythritol) and a linear or branched carboxylic acid.

Commercial POE include neopentyl glycol dipelargonate (which is available under the trade names Emery 2917 (registered trademark) and Hatcol 2370 (registered trademark)) and pentaerythritol derivatives (including those sold under the trade names Emkarate RL32-3MAF and Emkarate RL68H by CPI fluid engineering company (CPI Fluid Engineering). Emkarate RL32-3MAF and Emkarate RL68H are preferred neopentyl POE lubricants with the characteristics identified below:

Other useful esters include phosphate esters, dibasic acid esters, and fluoroesters.

A lubricant consisting essentially of POE having a viscosity of about 30cSt to about 70cSt measured according to ASTM D445 at 40 ℃ and a viscosity of about 5cSt to about 10cSt measured according to ASTM D445 at 100 ℃ is referred to herein as lubricant 1.

A lubricant consisting essentially of POE having a viscosity of about 30cSt to about 70cSt measured at 40 ℃ according to ASTM D445 is referred to herein for convenience as lubricant 2.

The present invention also provides heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17) comprising POE lubricants.

In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17) comprises a lubricant consisting essentially of POE lubricant.

In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 17) comprises a lubricant consisting of POE lubricant.

The present invention also provides for heat transfer compositions (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17), wherein the lubricant is lubricant 1 and/or lubricant 2.

PVE lubricants

The lubricants of the present invention may generally comprise PVE lubricants. In a preferred embodiment, the PVE lubricant is as PVE according to formula II below:

wherein R is ₂ And R is ₃ Each independently is a C1-C10 hydrocarbon, preferably a C2-C8 hydrocarbon, and R ₁ And R is ₄ Each independently is an alkyl, alkylene glycol, or polyoxyalkylene glycol unit, and n and m are preferably selected as needed by one of skill in the art to obtain a lubricant having the desired characteristics, and the preferred n and m are selected to obtain a lubricant having a viscosity of about 30cSt to about 70cSt at 40 ℃ measured according to ASTM D445. The PVE lubricant according to the description immediately above is referred to as lubricant 3 for convenience. Commercially available polyvinyl ethers include those sold under the trade names FVC32D and FVC68D by glowing (Idemitsu).

In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 through 17) comprise a PVE lubricant.

In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 through 17) comprise a lubricant consisting essentially of a PVE lubricant.

In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17) comprises a lubricant comprised of PVE lubricant.

In a preferred embodiment, the PVEs in the heat transfer composition of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 17) are PVEs according to formula II.

The present invention also provides a heat transfer composition (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17) comprising lubricant 1 or lubricant 2 or lubricant 3.

Stabilized lubricants

The present invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) POE lubricant; and (b) the stabilizer of the present invention, including each of stabilizers 1 to 20. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilized lubricant 1 for convenience.

The present invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) a neopentyl POE lubricant; and (b) the stabilizer of the present invention, including each of stabilizers 1 to 20. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilized lubricant 2 for convenience.

The present invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) a lubricant 1; and (b) the stabilizer of the present invention, including each of stabilizers 1 to 20. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilized lubricant 3 for convenience.

The present invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) a lubricant 2; and (b) the stabilizer of the present invention, including each of stabilizers 1 to 20. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilized lubricant 4 for convenience.

The invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) POE lubricants and/or polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricants; and (b) a stabilizer 1. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilized lubricant 5 for convenience.

The invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) POE lubricants and/or polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricants; and (b) a stabilizer 2. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilized lubricant 6 for convenience.

The invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) POE lubricants and/or polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricants; and (b) a stabilizer 3. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilized lubricant 7 for convenience.

The invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) POE lubricants and/or polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricants; and (b) a stabilizer 4. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilized lubricant 8 for convenience.

The invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) POE lubricants and/or polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricants; and (b) a stabilizer 5. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilized lubricant 9 for convenience.

The invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) POE lubricant; and (b) from 1 wt% to less than 10 wt% of alkylated naphthalene based on the weight of lubricant and alkylated naphthalene. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilized lubricant 10 for convenience.

The invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) POE lubricant; and (b) 1 to 8 weight percent of an alkylated naphthalene based on the weight of lubricant and alkylated naphthalene. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilized lubricant 11 for convenience.

The invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) POE lubricant; and (b) 1.5 wt% to 8 wt% of an alkylated naphthalene based on the weight of lubricant and alkylated naphthalene. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilized lubricant 12 for convenience.

The invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising: (a) POE lubricant; and (b) 1.5 wt% to 6 wt% of an alkylated naphthalene based on the weight of lubricant and alkylated naphthalene. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is sometimes referred to herein as stabilized lubricant 13 for convenience.

The present invention includes the heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17), wherein the lubricant and stabilizer are the stabilized lubricants of the present invention, including each of stabilized lubricants 1-13.

Methods, uses and systems

The heat transfer compositions disclosed herein are provided for heat transfer applications, including air conditioning applications, with highly preferred air conditioning applications including residential air conditioning, commercial air conditioning applications (such as roofing applications, VRF applications, and coolers).

The present invention also includes methods for providing heat transfer, including air conditioning methods, where highly preferred air conditioning methods include providing residential air conditioning, providing commercial air conditioning (such as methods of providing rooftop air conditioning, methods of providing VRF air conditioning, and methods of providing air conditioning using coolers).

The present invention also includes heat transfer systems, including air conditioning systems, with highly preferred air conditioning systems including residential air conditioning, commercial air conditioning systems (such as rooftop air conditioning systems, VRF air conditioning systems, and air conditioning cooler systems).

The invention also provides for the use of the heat transfer composition, methods of using the heat transfer composition, and systems containing the heat transfer composition in combination with refrigeration, heat pump, and coolers, including portable water coolers and central water coolers.

Any reference to the heat transfer composition of the present invention refers to each or any of the heat transfer compositions as described herein. Thus, for the following discussion of the use, method, system, or application of the present compositions, the heat transfer compositions may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of each of the heat transfer compositions 1 through 17.

For the heat transfer system of the present invention comprising a compressor and lubricant for the compressor in the system, the system may comprise a load of refrigerant and lubricant such that the lubricant load in the system is from about 5 wt% to 60 wt%, or from about 10 wt% to about 60 wt%, or from about 20 wt% to about 50 wt%, or from about 20 wt% to about 40 wt%, or from about 20 wt% to about 30 wt%, or from about 30 wt% to about 50 wt%, or from about 30 wt% to about 40 wt%. As used herein, the term "lubricant load" refers to the total weight of lubricant contained in the system as a percentage of the total amount of lubricant and refrigerant contained in the system. Such systems may also include a lubricant load of about 5% to about 10%, or about 8% by weight of the heat transfer composition.

The heat transfer system according to the present invention may comprise a compressor, an evaporator, a condenser and an expansion device in fluid communication with each other, and the heat transfer compositions 1 to 17 and the chelating material in the system, wherein the chelating material preferably comprises: i. copper or copper alloy, or ii. activated alumina, or iii. a zeolite molecular sieve comprising copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof, or iv. an anion exchange resin, or v. a dehumidifying material, preferably a dehumidifying molecular sieve, or vi. a combination of two or more of the foregoing.

The invention also includes a method for transferring heat of the type comprising evaporating a refrigerant liquid in a plurality of repeated cycles to produce refrigerant vapor, compressing at least a portion of the refrigerant vapor in a compressor, and condensing the refrigerant vapor, the method comprising:

(a) Providing a heat transfer composition according to the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 17);

(b) Optionally but preferably providing lubricant to the compressor; and

(b) Exposing at least a portion of the refrigerant and/or at least a portion of the lubricant to a chelating material.

Use, device and system

In a preferred embodiment, the residential air conditioning system and method has a refrigerant evaporating temperature in the range of about 0 ℃ to about 10 ℃ and a condensing temperature in the range of about 40 ℃ to about 70 ℃.

In a preferred embodiment, residential air conditioning systems and methods for use in heating mode have a refrigerant evaporating temperature in the range of about-20 ℃ to about 3 ℃ and a condensing temperature in the range of about 35 ℃ to about 50 ℃.

In a preferred embodiment, the commercial air conditioning system and method has a refrigerant evaporating temperature in the range of about 0 ℃ to about 10 ℃ and a condensing temperature in the range of about 40 ℃ to about 70 ℃.

In a preferred embodiment, the hydronic heating system and method has a refrigerant evaporating temperature in the range of about-20 ℃ to about 3 ℃ and a condensing temperature in the range of about 50 ℃ to about 90 ℃.

In preferred embodiments, the medium temperature systems and methods have a refrigerant evaporating temperature in the range of about-12 ℃ to about 0 ℃ and a condensing temperature in the range of about 40 ℃ to about 70 ℃.

In preferred embodiments, the cryogenic systems and methods have a refrigerant vaporization temperature in the range of about-40 ℃ to about-12 ℃ and a condensation temperature in the range of about 40 ℃ to about 70 °c

In preferred embodiments, the rooftop air conditioning system and method has a refrigerant evaporating temperature in the range of about 0 ℃ to about 10 ℃ and a condensing temperature in the range of about 40 ℃ to about 70 ℃.

In preferred embodiments, the VRF systems and methods have a refrigerant evaporating temperature in the range of about 0 ℃ to about 10 ℃ and a condensing temperature in the range of about 40 ℃ to about 70 ℃.

The present invention includes the use of the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 through 17, in residential air conditioning systems.

The present invention includes the use of the heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 through 17) in a chiller system.

Examples of common compressors for the purposes of the present invention include reciprocating, rotary (including rotary piston and vane), scroll, screw, and centrifugal compressors. Accordingly, the present invention provides each and any refrigerant and/or heat transfer composition as described herein for use in heat transfer systems including reciprocating, rotary (including rotary piston and rotary vane), scroll, screw, or centrifugal compressors.

Examples of common expansion devices for the purposes of the present invention include capillaries, fixed orifices, thermal expansion valves, and electronic expansion valves. Accordingly, the present invention provides each and any of the refrigerant and/or heat transfer compositions as described herein for use in a heat transfer system comprising a capillary tube, a fixed orifice, a thermal expansion valve, or an electronic expansion valve.

For the purposes of the present invention, the evaporator and the condenser may each be in the form of a heat exchanger, preferably selected from the group consisting of finned tube heat exchangers, microchannel heat exchangers, shell-and-tube heat exchangers, plate heat exchangers and sleeve heat exchangers. Accordingly, the present invention provides each and any refrigerant and/or heat transfer composition as described herein for use in a heat transfer system wherein the evaporator and condenser together comprise a finned tube heat exchanger, a microchannel heat exchanger, a shell-and-tube heat exchanger, a plate heat exchanger, or a sleeve heat exchanger.

Thus, the system of the invention preferably comprises a chelating material in contact with at least a part of the refrigerant and/or at least a part of the lubricant according to the invention, wherein the temperature of the chelating material and/or the temperature of the refrigerant and/or the temperature of the lubricant is at a temperature of preferably at least about 10 ℃ at said contacting, wherein the chelating material preferably comprises a combination of: anion exchange resin, activated alumina, silver-containing zeolite molecular sieve and a dehumidifying material, preferably a dehumidifying molecular sieve.

As used in this application, the term "contacting with at least a portion" is intended in its broad sense to include each of the chelating materials and any combination of chelating materials contacting with the same or separate portions of the refrigerant and/or lubricant in the system, and is intended to include, but not necessarily limited to, embodiments in which each type or particular chelating material is: (i) Physically located with each other type or specific material (if present); (ii) A combination of physically separated locations from each other type or particular material (if present), and (iii) wherein two or more materials are physically together and at least one chelating material is physically separated from at least one other chelating material.

The heat transfer compositions of the present invention are useful in heating and cooling applications.

In a particular feature of the invention, the heat transfer composition may be used in a cooling process that includes condensing the heat transfer composition and subsequently evaporating the composition in the vicinity of the article or body to be cooled.

Accordingly, the present invention relates to a method of cooling in a heat transfer system comprising an evaporator, a condenser and a compressor, the method comprising: i) Condensing a heat transfer composition as described herein; and

ii) evaporating the composition in the vicinity of the body or article to be cooled;

wherein the evaporator temperature of the heat transfer system is in the range of about-40 ℃ to about +10 ℃.

Alternatively or in addition, the heat transfer composition may be used in a heating process comprising condensing the heat transfer composition in the vicinity of the article or body to be heated, followed by evaporating the composition.

Accordingly, the present invention relates to a method of heating in a heat transfer system comprising an evaporator, a condenser and a compressor, the method comprising: i) Condensing a heat transfer composition as described herein in the vicinity of a body or article to be heated, an

ii) evaporating the composition; wherein the evaporator temperature of the heat transfer system is in the range of about-30 ℃ to about 5 ℃.

The heat transfer compositions of the present invention are provided for air conditioning applications, including transportation and stationary air conditioning applications. Thus, any of the heat transfer compositions described herein may be used in any of the following:

air conditioning applications, including mobile air conditioning, in particular train and bus air conditioning,

-a mobile heat pump, in particular an electric vehicle heat pump;

a cooler, in particular a positive displacement cooler, more in particular an air-cooled or water-cooled direct expansion cooler, which cooler is modular or conventionally individually packaged,

residential air conditioning systems, in particular split-or split-ductless air conditioning systems,

a residential heat pump,

residential air-water heat pump/circulation heating system,

industrial air conditioning system

-commercial air conditioning systems, in particular packaged rooftop units and Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems;

-a commercial air source, water source or ground source heat pump system.

The heat transfer composition of the present invention is provided for use in a refrigeration system. The term "refrigeration system" refers to any system or device or any component or portion of such a system or device that employs a refrigerant to provide cooling. Thus, any of the heat transfer compositions described herein may be used in any of the following:

A cryogenic refrigeration system that is capable of providing a low temperature,

a medium-temperature refrigeration system,

the use of a commercial refrigerator,

the ice-making machine is a machine for making ice,

a vending machine which is capable of automatically vending,

a transport refrigeration system, which is provided with a cooling system,

the use of a domestic freezer,

the refrigerator of the household is a cold storage device,

the production of an industrial freezer,

-industrial refrigerator

-a cooler.

Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein (including heat transfer compositions 1-17) are particularly provided for use in residential air conditioning systems (wherein the evaporator temperature is in the range of about 0 ℃ to about 10 ℃, particularly the cooling temperature is about 7 ℃ and/or in the range of about-20 ℃ to about 3 ℃, particularly the heating temperature is about 0.5 ℃). Alternatively or in addition, each of the heat transfer compositions described herein (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17) is particularly provided for use in residential air conditioning systems having reciprocating, rotary (rotary piston or rotary vane) or scroll compressors.

Each of the heat transfer compositions (including heat transfer compositions 1 through 17) is particularly provided for use in an air-cooled cooler (wherein the evaporator temperature is in the range of about 0 to about 10 ℃, particularly about 4.5 ℃), particularly an air-cooled cooler having a positive displacement compressor, more particularly an air-cooled cooler having a reciprocating scroll compressor.

Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein (including heat transfer compositions 1-17) is particularly provided for use in residential air-water heat pump cycle heating systems (wherein the evaporator temperature is in the range of about-20 ℃ to about 3 ℃, particularly about 0.5 ℃, or wherein the evaporator temperature is in the range of about-30 ℃ to about 5 ℃, particularly about 0.5 ℃).

Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein (including heat transfer compositions 1 to 17) are particularly provided for use in medium temperature refrigeration systems (wherein the evaporator temperature is in the range of about-12 ℃ to about 0 ℃, particularly about-8 ℃).

Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein (including heat transfer compositions 1 to 17) are particularly provided for use in cryogenic refrigeration systems (wherein the evaporator temperature is in the range of about-40 ℃ to about-12 ℃, particularly about-40 ℃ to about-23 ℃ or preferably about-32 ℃).

The heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including heat transfer compositions 1 through 17) are provided for use in residential air conditioning systems for supplying cool air (said air having a temperature of, for example, about 10 ℃ to about 17 ℃, particularly about 12 ℃) to a building, for example, in summer.

Accordingly, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including heat transfer compositions 1 through 17) are provided for use in a split residential air conditioning system for supplying cool air (said air having a temperature of, for example, about 10 ℃ to about 17 ℃, particularly about 12 ℃).

Accordingly, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including heat transfer compositions 1 through 17) are provided for use in a ducted split residential air conditioning system for supplying cool air (the air having a temperature of, for example, about 10 ℃ to about 17 ℃, particularly about 12 ℃).

Accordingly, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including heat transfer compositions 1 to 17) are provided for use in window-type residential air conditioning systems for supplying cool air (said air having a temperature of, for example, about 10 ℃ to about 17 ℃, particularly about 12 ℃).

Accordingly, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including heat transfer compositions 1 to 17) are provided for use in portable residential air conditioning systems for supplying cool air (said air having a temperature of, for example, about 10 ℃ to about 17 ℃, particularly about 12 ℃).

A residential air conditioning system as described herein, as included in the immediately preceding paragraph, preferably has an air-refrigerant evaporator (indoor coil), a compressor, an air-refrigerant condenser (outdoor coil), and an expansion valve. The evaporator and condenser may be round tube plate fins, finned tubes or microchannel heat exchangers. The compressor may be a reciprocating or rotary (rotary piston or rotary vane) or scroll compressor. The expansion valve may be a capillary tube, a thermal expansion valve, or an electronic expansion valve. The refrigerant evaporation temperature is preferably in the range of 0 ℃ to 10 ℃. The condensation temperature is preferably in the range of 40 ℃ to 70 ℃.

The heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including heat transfer compositions 1 through 17) are provided for use in residential heat pump systems for supplying warm air (said air having a temperature of, for example, about 18 ℃ to about 24 ℃, particularly about 21 ℃) to a building during winter. It may be the same system as a residential air conditioning system, while in heat pump mode, the refrigerant flow is reversed and the indoor coil becomes the condenser and the outdoor coil becomes the evaporator. Typical system types are split and compact split heat pump systems. The evaporator and condenser are typically round tube plate fins, fins or microchannel heat exchangers. The compressor is typically a reciprocating or rotary (rotary piston or rotary vane) or scroll compressor. The expansion valve is typically a thermal or electronic expansion valve. The refrigerant evaporating temperature is preferably in the range of about-20 ℃ to about 3 ℃, or about-30 ℃ to about 5 ℃. The condensing temperature is preferably in the range of about 35 ℃ to about 50 ℃.

The heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including heat transfer compositions 1 to 17) are provided for use in commercial air conditioning systems, which may be coolers for supplying cooling water (the water having a temperature of, for example, about 7 ℃) to large buildings such as offices and hospitals. Depending on the application, the chiller system may operate throughout the year. The chiller system may be air-cooled or water-cooled. Air-cooled coolers typically have a plate, sleeve, or shell-and-tube evaporator for supplying cooling water, a reciprocating or scroll compressor, a round tube plate fin, finned tube, or microchannel condenser that exchanges heat with ambient air, and a thermal or electronic expansion valve. Water-cooled systems typically have a shell-and-tube evaporator for supplying cooling water, a reciprocating, scroll, screw, or centrifugal compressor, a shell-and-tube condenser to exchange heat with water from a cooling tower or lake, sea, and other natural sources, and a thermal or electronic expansion valve. The refrigerant evaporating temperature is preferably in the range of about 0 ℃ to about 10 ℃. The condensing temperature is preferably in the range of about 40 ℃ to about 70 ℃.

The heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including heat transfer compositions 1 through 17) are provided for use in residential air-water heat pump cycle heating systems for supplying hot water (having a temperature of, for example, about 50 ℃ or about 55 ℃) to buildings for floor heating or similar applications during winter. Circulation heating systems typically have round tube plate fin, finned tube or microchannel evaporators for exchanging heat with ambient air, reciprocating, scroll or rotary compressors, plate, sleeve or shell-and-tube condensers for heating water, and thermal or electronic expansion valves. The refrigerant evaporating temperature is preferably in the range of about-20 ℃ to about 3 ℃, or-30 ℃ to about 5 ℃. The condensing temperature is preferably in the range of about 50 ℃ to about 90 ℃.

The heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including heat transfer compositions 1 through 17) are provided for use in medium temperature refrigeration systems wherein the refrigerant has an evaporation temperature preferably in the range of about-12 ℃ to about 0 ℃, and in such systems the refrigerant has a condensation temperature preferably in the range of about 40 ℃ to about 70 ℃, or about 20 ℃ to about 70 ℃.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a medium temperature refrigeration system for cooling food or beverage, such as in a refrigerator or bottle cooler, wherein the refrigerant has an evaporation temperature preferably in the range of about-12 ℃ to about 0 ℃, and in such systems the refrigerant has a condensation temperature preferably in the range of about 40 ℃ to about 70 ℃, or about 20 ℃ to about 70 ℃.

The medium temperature system of the present invention, including a system as described in the immediately preceding paragraph, preferably has: an air-refrigerant evaporator providing cooling to, for example, food or beverage contained therein, a reciprocating, scroll, or screw or rotary compressor, an air-refrigerant condenser exchanging heat with ambient air, and a thermal expansion valve or an electronic expansion valve. The heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including heat transfer compositions 1 through 17) are provided for use in cryogenic refrigeration systems wherein the refrigerant has an evaporation temperature preferably in the range of about-40 ℃ to about-12 ℃ and the refrigerant has a condensation temperature preferably in the range of about 40 ℃ to about 70 ℃, or about 20 ℃ to about 70 ℃.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a cryogenic refrigeration system for providing cooling in a chiller, wherein the refrigerant has an evaporation temperature preferably in the range of about-40 ℃ to about-12 ℃ and the refrigerant has a condensation temperature preferably in the range of about 40 ℃ to about 70 ℃, or about 20 ℃ to about 70 ℃.

Accordingly, the present invention also provides a cryogenic refrigeration system for providing cooling in a creamer, the refrigerant having an evaporation temperature preferably in the range of about-40 ℃ to about-12 ℃, and the refrigerant having a condensation temperature preferably in the range of about 40 ℃ to about 70 ℃, or about 20 ℃ to about 70 ℃.

The cryogenic system of the present invention, including the system described in the immediately preceding paragraph, preferably has: an air-refrigerant evaporator for cooling food or beverage, a reciprocating, scroll or rotary compressor, an air-refrigerant condenser for exchanging heat with ambient air, and a thermal expansion valve or an electronic expansion valve.

Accordingly, the present invention provides the use of the heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 through 17) in a chiller, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5, wherein the heat transfer composition further comprises BHT, wherein AN5 is provided in AN amount of from about 0.001 wt% to about 5 wt% based on the weight of the lubricant, and BHT is provided in AN amount of from about 0.001 wt% to about 5 wt% based on the weight of the lubricant.

Accordingly, the present invention provides the use of the heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 through 17) in a chiller, wherein the heat transfer compositions further comprise BHT, wherein AN5 is present in AN amount of from about 0.001% to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the heat transfer composition, and BHT is present in AN amount of from about 0.001% to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the heat transfer composition.

For the purposes of the present invention, each heat transfer composition according to the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 17) is provided for use in a chiller wherein the evaporation temperature is in the range of about 0 ℃ to about 10 ℃ and the condensation temperature is in the range of about 40 ℃ to about 70 ℃. The cooler is provided for air conditioning or refrigeration, and is preferably used for commercial air conditioning. The cooler is preferably a positive displacement cooler, more particularly an air-cooled or water-cooled direct expansion cooler, which is modular or conventionally packaged separately.

The present invention thus provides for the use of each of the heat transfer compositions according to the present invention, including each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, in a stationary air conditioner, in particular a residential, industrial or commercial air conditioner.

Accordingly, the present invention provides the use of the heat transfer composition of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 17) in a stationary air conditioner, particularly a residential air conditioner, AN industrial air conditioner, or a commercial air conditioner, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5, and wherein the heat transfer composition further comprises BHT, wherein AN5 is present in AN amount of from about 0.001 wt% to about 5 wt% based on the weight of the lubricant, and BHT is present in AN amount of from about 0.001 wt% to about 5 wt% based on the weight of the lubricant.

Accordingly, the present invention provides the use of the heat transfer composition of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 17) in a stationary air conditioner, particularly a residential air conditioner, AN industrial air conditioner, or a commercial air conditioner, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5, and wherein the heat transfer composition further comprises BHT, wherein AN5 is present in AN amount of from about 0.001 wt% to about 5 wt% based on the weight of the heat transfer composition, and BHT is present in AN amount of from about 0.001 wt% to about 5 wt% based on the weight of the heat transfer composition.

Each of the heat transfer compositions according to the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 through 17, is provided as a low Global Warming Potential (GWP) substitute for refrigerant R-410A.

Each of the heat transfer compositions according to the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 through 17, is provided as a low Global Warming Potential (GWP) retrofit for refrigerant R-410A. .

Accordingly, the present invention includes a method of retrofitting an existing heat transfer system designed for and containing R-410A refrigerant without requiring substantial engineering of the existing system, and in particular without requiring modification of the condenser, evaporator and/or expansion valve.

Accordingly, the present invention also includes a method of replacing R-410A, particularly in residential air conditioning refrigerants, with the refrigerant or heat transfer composition of the present invention without substantial engineering of existing systems, particularly without modification of the condenser, evaporator and/or expansion valve.

Accordingly, the present invention also includes methods of using the refrigerant or heat transfer composition of the present invention as a substitute for R-410A and in particular as a substitute for R-410A in residential air conditioning systems.

Accordingly, the present invention also includes methods of using the refrigerant or heat transfer composition of the present invention as a substitute for R-410A and in particular as a substitute for R-410A in a chiller system.

Accordingly, a method of retrofitting an existing heat transfer system containing an R-410A refrigerant is provided, the method comprising replacing at least a portion of the existing R-410A refrigerant with a heat transfer composition of the invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17.

The replacement step preferably includes removing at least a substantial portion and preferably substantially all of the existing refrigerant (which may be, but is not limited to, R-410A) and introducing a heat transfer composition (including any of heat transfer compositions 1 through 17) without any substantial modification of the system to accommodate the refrigerant of the present invention. Preferably, the method comprises removing at least about 5 wt%, about 10 wt%, about 25 wt%, about 50 wt%, or about 75 wt% of R-410A from the system and replacing it with the heat transfer composition of the present invention.

Alternatively, the heat transfer composition may be used in a method of retrofitting an existing heat transfer system designed to contain or contain R410A refrigerant, wherein the system is retrofitted for use with the heat transfer composition of the present invention.

Alternatively, the heat transfer composition may be used as an alternative in a heat transfer system designed to contain or be suitable for use with R-410A refrigerant.

It is to be understood that the present invention encompasses the use of the heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17) as a low global warming potential replacement for R-410A, or in a method of retrofitting an existing heat transfer system, or in a heat transfer system suitable for use with an R-410A refrigerant as described herein.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that when the heat transfer composition is provided for use in a method of retrofitting an existing heat transfer system as described above, the method preferably includes removing at least a portion of the existing R-410A refrigerant from the system. Preferably, the method comprises removing at least about 5 wt%, about 10 wt%, about 25 wt%, about 50 wt%, or about 75 wt% of R-410A from the system and replacing it with the heat transfer composition of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17).

The heat transfer compositions of the present invention may be used as an alternative in systems that use R-410A refrigerant or are suitable for use with R-410A refrigerant, such as existing or new heat transfer systems.

The compositions of the present invention exhibit a number of desirable R-410A characteristics, but have a GWP that is significantly lower than R-410A, while having operating characteristics, i.e., capacity and/or efficiency (COP), that are substantially similar or substantially matched and preferably as high or higher as R-410A. This allows the claimed composition to replace R-410A in existing heat transfer systems without requiring any significant system modifications such as condensers, evaporators and/or expansion valves. Thus, the composition can be used as a direct replacement for R-410A in a heat transfer system.

Accordingly, the heat transfer composition of the present invention preferably exhibits the following operating characteristics compared to R-410A, wherein the efficiency (COP) of the composition in the heat transfer system is 90% greater than the efficiency of R-410A.

Accordingly, the heat transfer composition of the present invention preferably exhibits the following operating characteristics compared to R-410A, wherein the capacity in the heat transfer system is 95% to 105% of the capacity of R-410A.

It is understood that R-410A is an azeotrope-like composition. Thus, to make the claimed compositions well-matched with the operating characteristics of R-410A, any of the refrigerants included in the heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17) desirably exhibit low levels of slip. Thus, the refrigerant included in the heat transfer compositions of the present invention (including each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 17 according to the present invention as described herein) may provide an evaporator slip of less than 2 ℃, preferably less than 1.5 ℃.

Thus, the heat transfer composition of the present invention preferably exhibits the following operating characteristics compared to R-410A, wherein the efficiency (COP) of the composition in the heat transfer system is 100% to 102% of the efficiency of R-410A, and wherein the capacity in the heat transfer system is 92% to 102% of the capacity of R-410A.

Preferably, in a heat transfer system in which the heat transfer composition of the present invention will replace an R-410A refrigerant, the composition of the present invention preferably exhibits the following operating characteristics compared to R-410A, wherein:

-the efficiency (COP) of the composition is 100% to 105% of the efficiency of R-410A; and/or

The capacity is 92% to 102% of the capacity of R-410A.

In a heat transfer system in which the heat transfer composition of the present invention will replace R-410A refrigerant, in order to improve the reliability of the heat transfer system, it is preferred that the composition of the present invention also exhibit the following characteristics compared to R-410A:

-the discharge temperature is not more than 10 ℃ higher than the discharge temperature of R-410A; and/or

-the compressor pressure ratio is 98% to 102% of the compressor pressure ratio of R-410A.

The existing heat transfer compositions for replacing R-410A are preferably used in air conditioning heat transfer systems, including both mobile and stationary air conditioning systems. As used herein, the term mobile air conditioning system means a mobile non-passenger air conditioning system, such as an air conditioning system in trucks, buses, and trains. Thus, each of the heat transfer compositions as described herein (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17) may be used in place of R-410A in any of the following:

Air conditioning systems, including mobile air conditioning systems, in particular in trucks, buses and trains,

-a mobile heat pump, in particular an electric vehicle heat pump;

a residential heat pump,

residential air-water heat pump/circulation heating system,

industrial air conditioning system

-commercial air source, water source or ground source heat pump system

The heat transfer composition of the present invention is alternatively provided to replace R410A in a refrigeration system. Thus, each of the heat transfer compositions as described herein (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17) may be used in place of R10A in any of the following:

a medium-temperature refrigeration system,

the use of a commercial refrigerator,

the ice-making machine is a machine for making ice,

a vending machine which is capable of automatically vending,

a transport refrigeration system, which is provided with a cooling system,

the use of a domestic freezer,

The refrigerator of the household is a cold storage device,

the production of an industrial freezer,

-industrial refrigerator

-a cooler.

Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17) is particularly provided to replace R-410A in residential air conditioning systems (where the evaporator temperature is in the range of about 0 ℃ to about 10 ℃, particularly cooling temperature is about 7 ℃ and/or in the range of about-20 ℃ to about 3 ℃, or 30 ℃ to about 5 ℃, particularly heating temperature is about 0.5 ℃). Alternatively or in addition, each of the heat transfer compositions described herein (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17) is specifically provided to replace R-410A in residential air conditioning systems having reciprocating, rotary (rotary piston or rotary vane) or scroll compressors.

Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17) is particularly provided in place of R-410A in an air-cooled cooler (wherein the evaporator temperature is in the range of about 0 ℃ to about 10 ℃, particularly about 4.5 ℃), particularly an air-cooled cooler with a positive displacement compressor, more particularly an air-cooled cooler with a reciprocating scroll compressor.

Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17) is particularly provided in place of R-410A in residential air-water heat pump cycle heating systems where the evaporator temperature is in the range of about-20 ℃ to about 3 ℃ or about-30 ℃ to about 5 ℃, particularly about 0.5 ℃.

Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17) is particularly provided in place of R-410A in a medium temperature refrigeration system in which the evaporator temperature is in the range of about-12 ℃ to about 0 ℃, particularly about-8 ℃.

Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein (including each of heat transfer compositions 1-17) is particularly provided to replace R-410A in a cryogenic refrigeration system in which the evaporator temperature is in the range of about-40 ℃ to about-12 ℃, particularly about-40 ℃ to about-23 ℃ or preferably about-32 ℃.

Accordingly, a method of retrofitting an existing heat transfer system designed to contain or contain an R-410A refrigerant or suitable for use with an R-410A refrigerant is provided, the method comprising replacing at least a portion of the existing R-410A refrigerant with a heat transfer composition of the invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 through 17).

Accordingly, a method of retrofitting an existing heat transfer system designed to contain or contain an R-410A refrigerant or suitable for use with an R-410A refrigerant is provided, the method comprising replacing at least a portion of the existing R-410A refrigerant with a heat transfer composition according to the invention (including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 17).

The present invention also provides a heat transfer system comprising a compressor, a condenser and an evaporator in fluid communication and a heat transfer composition in said system, said heat transfer composition according to the present invention comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 17.

In particular, the heat transfer system is a residential air conditioning system (wherein the evaporator temperature is in the range of about 0 ℃ to about 10 ℃, particularly the cooling temperature is about 7 ℃ and/or in the range of about-20 ℃ to about 3 ℃, or about-30 ℃ to about 5 ℃, particularly the heating temperature is about 0.5 ℃).

In particular, the heat transfer system is an air-cooled cooler (wherein the evaporator temperature is in the range of about 0 ℃ to about 10 ℃, in particular about 4.5 ℃), in particular an air-cooled cooler with a positive displacement compressor, more in particular an air-cooled cooler with a reciprocating or scroll compressor.

In particular, the heat transfer system is a residential air-water heat pump cycle heating system (wherein the evaporator temperature is in the range of about-20 ℃ to about 3 ℃, or about-30 ℃ to about 5 ℃, in particular about 0.5 ℃).

The heat transfer system may be a refrigeration system, such as a cryogenic refrigeration system, a medium temperature refrigeration system, a commercial refrigerator, a commercial freezer, an ice maker, a vending machine, a transport refrigeration system, a household freezer, a household refrigerator, an industrial freezer, an industrial refrigerator, and a chiller.

Examples

The refrigerant compositions identified as refrigerants A1, A2 and A3 in table 2 below are refrigerants within the scope of the present invention as described herein. Each of the refrigerants is subjected to thermodynamic analysis to determine its ability to match the operating characteristics of R-4104A in various refrigeration systems. For the characteristics of each binary component pair used in the composition, analysis was performed using the experimental data collected. CF is determined and studied in a series of binary pairs with each of HFC-32 and R125 ₃ Vapor/liquid equilibrium behavior of I. The composition of each binary pair in the experimental evaluation varied over a range of relative percentages, and the mixture parameters of each binary pair were regressed to the experimentally obtained data. Binary pair HFC-32 and HFC-125 vapor/liquid equilibrium behavior data from the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) reference fluid thermodynamic and transport properties database software (Refprop 9.1NIST standards database 2013) was used for the examples. The parameters selected for performing the analysis are: the compressor displacement is the same for all refrigerants, the operating conditions are the same for all refrigerants, the compressor isentropic and volumetric efficiency are the same for all refrigerants. In various embodiments, the simulation is performed using measured vapor-liquid equilibrium data. Simulation results for each example are reported.

Table 2: examples of evaluating refrigerant Performance

Refrigerant A1 contains 100% by weight of the three compounds listed in table 2 (in their relative percentages) and is non-flammable. Refrigerant A1 consisted of the three compounds listed in table 2 (in their relative percentages) and was non-flammable.

Refrigerant A2 contains 100% by weight of the three compounds listed in table 2 (in their relative percentages) and is non-flammable. Refrigerant A2 consisted of the three compounds listed in table 2 (in their relative percentages) and was non-flammable.

Refrigerant A3 contains 100% by weight of the three compounds listed in table 2 (in their relative percentages) and is non-flammable. Refrigerant A3 consisted of the three compounds listed in table 2 (in their relative percentages) and was non-flammable.

Example 1 Environment/GWP

LCCPs for R410, other known refrigerants, and refrigerants of the present invention were determined and reported in table 3. In table 3, a refrigerant having GWP of 400 is the refrigerant of the present invention. Known refrigerants having GWP of 1, 150, 250, 750, and 2088 are used. A known refrigerant having GWP of 2088 is R410A.

Table 3 shows LCCP results in four regions: united states, the european union, china and brazil. As GWP decreases, direct emissions are lower. However, the system is less efficient, so it consumes more energy and increases indirect emissions. Thus, total emissions (kg-CO _2eq ) First decreasing and then increasing as GWP decreases. The different energy structures in these regions show the best GWP values with the lowest total emissions. The number of AC units also varies between these regions: the united states and the european union have more AC units than china and brazil. The last column of fig. 1 and table 3 shows the total emissions taking into account all four zones and the number of AC units. For the invention with GWP of 400The total emissions decrease as GWP decreases for the bright refrigerant until the minimum is reached. The total emissions are very similar in the range between 250 and 750 GWP. However, when GWP is below 150, total emissions increase significantly, as indirect emissions increase significantly. The present invention thus demonstrates surprising and unexpected results.

_2eq Table 3: LCCP (kg-CO)

GWP (100 years)	USA	EU	China	Brazil	Overall (L)
						2088(R410A)	22932	9967	44395	5648	19676
750	21572	8659	42907	4376	18326
						400 (refrigerant of the invention)	21523	8453	43112	4121	18238
250	21700	8404	43662	3997	18358
						150	22541	8622	45552	4001	19044
1	22552	8534	45727	3880	19030

Example 2A-residential air Conditioning System (Cooling)

Residential air conditioning systems are used to supply cool air (26.7 ℃) to buildings during the summer season. Refrigerants A1, A2 and A3 were used in a simulated residential air conditioning system as described above, and the performance results are in table 4 below. The operating conditions are as follows: condensation temperature = 46 ℃; condenser subcooling = 5.5 ℃; evaporation temperature = 7 ℃; evaporator superheat = 5.5 ℃; isentropic efficiency = 70%; volumetric efficiency = 100%; and the temperature rise in the suction line = 5.5 ℃.

Table 4: performance (Cooling) of residential air conditioning systems

Table 4 shows the thermodynamic performance of a residential air conditioning system as compared to the R410A system. The refrigerants A1 to A3 show 92% or more capacity and higher efficiency compared to R410A. This indicates that the system performance is similar to R410A. The refrigerants A1 to A3 show a pressure ratio of 100% compared to R410A. This indicates that the compressor efficiency is similar to R410A and no changes to the R410A compressor are required.

Example 2B-residential air Conditioning System (Cooling)

A residential air conditioning system was constructed according to example 2A to supply cold air, wherein POE lubricant was included in the system and stabilized with alkylated naphthalenes according to the invention (AN 4 in AN amount of about 6% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant) and ADMs according to the invention (ADM 4 in AN amount of about 0.05% to 0.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant). The system thus constructed was operated continuously for a longer period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

Example 3A-residential Heat Pump System (heating)

Residential heat pump systems are used to supply warm air (21.1 ℃) to buildings during winter. Refrigerants A1, A2 and A3 were used in the simulated residential heat pump system described above, and the performance results are in table 5 below. The operating conditions are as follows: condensation temperature = 41 ℃; condenser subcooling = 5.5 ℃; evaporation temperature = 0.5 ℃; evaporator superheat = 5.5 ℃; isentropic efficiency = 70%; volumetric efficiency = 100%; and the temperature rise in the suction line = 5.5 ℃.

Table 5: performance (heating) of residential heat pump systems

Table 5 shows the thermodynamic performance of the residential heat pump system compared to the R410A system. The capacity of refrigerant A1 can be recovered with a larger compressor. The refrigerants A2 and A3 show a capacity of 90% or more and a higher efficiency compared to R410A. This indicates that the system performance is similar to R410A. The refrigerants A1 to A3 show a pressure ratio of 100% compared to R410A. This indicates that the compressor efficiency is similar to R410A and no changes to the R410A compressor are required.

Example 3B-residential Heat Pump System (heating)

A heat pump system was constructed according to example 3A, wherein POE lubricant was included in the system and stabilized with alkylated naphthalenes according to the invention (AN 4 in AN amount of about 6% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant) and ADM according to the invention (ADM 4 in AN amount of about 0.05% to 0.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant). The system thus constructed was operated continuously for a longer period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

Example 4-commercial air Conditioning System-cooler

Commercial air conditioning systems (coolers) are used to supply cooling water (7 ℃) to large buildings such as offices and hospitals. The refrigerants A1, A2 and A3 were used in the simulation of the commercial air conditioning system described above, and the performance results are in table 6 below. The operating conditions are as follows: condensation temperature = 46 ℃; condenser subcooling = 5.5 ℃; evaporation temperature = 4.5 ℃; evaporator superheat = 5.5 ℃; isentropic efficiency = 70%; volumetric efficiency = 100%; and the temperature rise in the suction line = 2 ℃.

Table 6: performance of commercial air conditioning system-air cooled chiller

Table 6 shows the thermodynamic performance of a commercial air conditioning system compared to the R410A system. The refrigerants A1 to A3 show 92% or more capacity and higher efficiency compared to R410A. This indicates that the system performance is similar to R410A. The refrigerants A1 to A3 show a pressure ratio of 100% compared to R410A. This indicates that the compressor efficiency is similar to R410A and no changes to the R410A compressor are required.

Example 4B: commercial air conditioning system-cooler

Commercial air conditioners were constructed according to example 4A wherein POE lubricant was included in the system and stabilized with alkylated naphthalenes according to the invention (AN 4 in AN amount of about 6% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant) and ADM according to the invention (ADM 4 in AN amount of about 0.05% to 0.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant). The system thus constructed was operated continuously for a longer period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

Example 5A-residential air-Water Heat Pump cycle heating System

Residential air-water heat pump cycle heating systems are used to supply hot water (50 ℃) to buildings during winter for floor heating or similar applications. The refrigerants A1, A2 and A3 were used in a residential heat pump system as described above, and the performance results are in table 7 below. The operating conditions are as follows: condensation temperature = 60 ℃; condenser subcooling = 5.5 ℃; evaporation temperature = 0.5 ℃; evaporator superheat = 5.5 ℃; isentropic efficiency = 70%; volumetric efficiency = 100%; and the temperature rise in the suction line = 2 ℃.

Table 7: performance of residential air-water heat pump cycle heating system

Table 7 shows the thermodynamic performance of the residential heat pump system compared to the R410A system. The refrigerants A1 to A3 show a capacity of 93% or more and a higher efficiency compared to R410A. This indicates that the system performance is similar to R410A. The refrigerants A1 to A2 show a pressure ratio of 100% compared to R410A. This indicates that the compressor efficiency is similar to R410A and no changes to the R410A compressor are required.

Example 5B-residential air-Water Heat Pump cycle heating System

A residential air-water heat pump cycle heating system was constructed according to example 5A, wherein POE lubricant was included in the system and stabilized with alkylated naphthalenes according to the invention (AN 4 in AN amount of about 6% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant) and ADM according to the invention (ADM 4 in AN amount of about 0.05% to 0.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant). The system thus constructed was operated continuously for a longer period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

Example 6A-Medium temperature refrigeration System

Medium temperature refrigeration systems are used to cool food or beverages, such as in refrigerators and bottle coolers. Refrigerants A1, A2 and A3 were used in the simulated medium temperature refrigeration system described above, and the performance results are in table 8 below. Working conditions: condensation temperature = 40.6 ℃; condenser subcooling = 0 ℃ (system with receiver); evaporation temperature= -6.7 ℃; evaporator superheat = 5.5 ℃; isentropic efficiency = 70%; volumetric efficiency = 100%; and the superheat in the suction line = 19.5 ℃.

Table 8: performance of medium temperature refrigeration system

Table 8 shows the thermodynamic performance of the medium temperature refrigeration system compared to the R410A system. The refrigerants A1 to A3 show a capacity of 94% or more and a higher efficiency compared to R410A. This indicates that the system performance is similar to R410A. The refrigerants A1 to A2 show a pressure ratio of 100% compared to R410A. This indicates that the compressor efficiency is similar to R410A and no changes to the R410A compressor are required.

Example 6B Medium temperature refrigeration System

A mid-temperature refrigeration system configured to cool food or beverage such as in refrigerators and bottle coolers is constructed according to example 6A, wherein POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with alkylated naphthalenes according to the invention (AN 4 in AN amount of about 6% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant) and ADMs according to the invention (ADM 4 in AN amount of about 0.05% to 0.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant). The system thus constructed was operated continuously for a longer period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

Example 7A-cryogenic refrigeration system

Cryogenically cooled systems are used to cool food products such as in ice cream machines and freezers. Refrigerants A1, A2 and A3 were used in the simulated cryogenic refrigeration system described above, and the performance results are in table 9 below. Working conditions: condensation temperature = 40.6 ℃; condenser subcooling = 0 ℃ (system with receiver); evaporation temperature= -28.9 ℃; the superheat at the evaporator outlet = 5.5 ℃; isentropic efficiency = 65%; volumetric efficiency = 100%; and the superheat in the suction line = 44.4 ℃.

Table 9: performance of cryogenic refrigeration system

Table 9 shows the thermodynamic performance of the cryogenic refrigeration system compared to the R410A system. The refrigerants A1 to A3 show 96% or more capacity and higher efficiency compared to R410A. This indicates that the system performance is similar to R410A. The refrigerants A1 to A3 show a pressure ratio of 99% or 100% compared to R410A. This indicates that the compressor efficiency is similar to R410A and no changes to the R410A compressor are required.

Example 7B cryogenic refrigeration System

A cryogenic refrigeration system configured to cool food such as in ice cream machines and freezers is constructed according to example 7A, wherein POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with alkylated naphthalenes according to the invention (AN 4 in AN amount of about 6% to about 10% based on the weight of lubricant) and ADMs according to the invention (ADM 4 in AN amount of about 0.05% to 0.5% based on the weight of lubricant). The system thus constructed was operated continuously for a longer period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

Example 8A commercial air Conditioning System-packaged roof

Packaged rooftop commercial air conditioning systems configured to supply cooled or heated air to a building were tested. The experimental system included a packaged rooftop air conditioning/heat pump system, and had an air-refrigerant evaporator (indoor coil), a compressor, an air-refrigerant condenser (outdoor coil), and an expansion valve. The tests described herein represent results from such systems. The operating conditions for the test were:

1. Condensation temperature = about 46 ℃ (corresponding outdoor ambient temperature = about 45 ℃)

2. Condenser subcooling = about 5.5 °c

3. Evaporating temperature=about 7 ℃ (corresponding indoor ambient temperature=26.7℃)

4. Evaporator superheat = about 5.5 °c

5. Isentropic efficiency = 70%

6. Volumetric efficiency = 100%

7. Temperature rise in suction line = 5.5 °c

The performance of each of the refrigerants A1 to A3 was found to be acceptable

Example 8A commercial air Conditioning System-packaged roof

AN encapsulated rooftop commercial air conditioning system was constructed according to example 8A to supply cooled or heated air to a building, wherein POE lubricant was included in the system and stabilized with alkylated naphthalenes according to the invention (AN 4 in AN amount of about 6% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant) and ADMs according to the invention (ADM 4 in AN amount of about 0.05% to 0.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant). The system thus constructed was operated continuously for a longer period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

Example 9A commercial air conditioning System-variable refrigerant flow System

Commercial air conditioning systems with variable refrigerant flow rates were tested and configured to supply cooled or heated air to a building. The experimental system included a plurality (4 or more) of air-refrigerant evaporators (indoor coils), compressors, air-refrigerant condensers (outdoor coils), and expansion valves. The tests described herein represent results from such systems. The operating conditions for the test were:

1. Condensation temperature=about 46 ℃, corresponding outdoor ambient temperature=45°c

2. Condenser subcooling = about 5.5 °c

4. Evaporator superheat = about 5.5 °c

5. Isentropic efficiency = 70%

6. Volumetric efficiency = 100%

7. Temperature rise in the suction line = 5.5 ℃. The performance of each of the refrigerants A1 to A3 was found to be acceptable.

Example 9B commercial air Conditioning System-variable flow refrigerant

A commercial air conditioning system with available refrigerant flow is constructed according to example 9A, which is configured to supply cooled or heated air to a building, wherein POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with alkylated naphthalenes according to the invention (AN 4 in AN amount of about 6% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant) and ADMs according to the invention (ADM 4 in AN amount of about 0.05% to 0.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant). The system thus constructed was operated continuously for a longer period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to remain stable during such actual operation.

Comparative example 1-Heat transfer composition comprising refrigerant and Lubricant and BHT

The heat transfer compositions of the present invention were tested by accelerated aging to simulate long term stability of the heat transfer composition according to ASHRAE standard 97- "sealed glass tube method of testing chemical stability of materials used in refrigerant systems". The refrigerant tested consisted of 41% by weight of R-32, 3.5% by weight of R-125 and 55.5% by weight of CF3I, with 1.7% by volume of air in the refrigerant. The POE lubricant tested was ISO 32POE, which has a viscosity of about 32cSt at 40 ℃ and a water content of 300ppm or less (lubricant a). Included with the lubricant are stabilizers BHT, but not alkylated naphthalenes and ADM. After testing, the clarity of the fluid was observed and the Total Acid Number (TAN) was determined. TAN values are believed to reflect the stability of the lubricant in the fluid under the conditions of use of the heat transfer composition. The fluid was also tested for the presence of trifluoromethane (R-23), which is believed to reflect refrigerant stability, as this compound is believed to be the product of CF3I decomposition.

Experiments were performed by preparing sealed tubes containing 50 wt% R-466a refrigerant and 50 wt% of the indicated lubricant, each of which had been degassed. Each tube contained test pieces of steel, copper, aluminum, and bronze. Stability was tested by placing the sealed tube in an oven maintained at about 175 ℃ for 14 days. The results were as follows:

lubricants visual-yellow to brown

TAN->2mgKOH/g

R-23- >1 wt%

Example 10-stabilizers for Heat transfer compositions comprising refrigerant and Lubricant

The test of comparative example 1 was repeated except that 2 wt% of alkylated naphthalene (AN 4) was added based on the weight of the lubricant. The results (designated as E10) are reported in Table 10 below together with the results (designated as CE 1) obtained in comparative example 1.

Table 10

	CE1 (without AN)	E10(2％AN)
			Lubricant visualization	Yellow to brown	Clarifying
TAN mgKOH/g	>2	<0.2
			R-23 wt%	>1	<0.2

As can be seen from the above data, refrigerant/lubricant fluids that do not contain alkylated naphthalene stabilizers according to the present invention exhibit a less desirable visual appearance and relatively high TAN and R-23 values. This result is achieved despite the inclusion of a BHT stabilizer. In contrast, the addition of 2% alkylated naphthalenes according to the invention resulted in significant and unexpected improvements in the stability results of all tests, including significant orders of magnitude improvement in TAN and R-23 concentrations.

Example 11-stabilizers for Heat transfer compositions comprising refrigerant and Lubricant

The test of example 10 was repeated except that 4 wt% alkylated naphthalene (AN 4) was added based on the weight of the lubricant. The results were similar to those of example 10.

Example 12-stabilizers for Heat transfer compositions comprising refrigerant and Lubricant

The test of example 10 was repeated except that 6 wt% of alkylated naphthalene (AN 4) was added based on the weight of the lubricant. The results were similar to example 10.

Example 13-stabilizers for Heat transfer compositions comprising refrigerant and Lubricant

The test of example 10 was repeated except that 8 wt% alkylated naphthalene (AN 4) was added based on the weight of the lubricant. The results were similar to those of example 10.

Example 14-stabilizers for Heat transfer compositions comprising refrigerant and Lubricant

The test of comparative example 1 was repeated except that 10 wt% of alkylated naphthalene (AN 4) was added based on the weight of the lubricant. The results (designated as E14) are reported in table 11 below together with the results (designated as E10) obtained from comparative example 1 (designated as CE 1) and example 10.

TABLE 11

	CE1 (without AN)	E10(2％AN)	E14(10％AN)
				Lubricant visualization	Yellow to brown	Clarifying	Dark brown to black
TAN mgKOH/g	>2	<0.2	>5
				R-23 wt%	>1	<0.2	>1

As can be seen from the above data, the refrigerant/lubricant fluid with 10% alkylated naphthalene stabilizer (and no ADM) unexpectedly exhibited substantial degradation in stability performance compared to the fluid with 2% AN content for each test standard.

Example 15-stabilizers for Heat transfer compositions comprising refrigerant and Lubricant

The test of example 14 was repeated except that 1000ppm by weight (0.1 wt%) of ADM (ADM 4) was added in addition to 10 wt% of alkylated naphthalene (AN 4) based on the weight of the lubricant. The results (designated as E15) are reported in table 12 below together with the results from comparative example 1 (designated as CE 1), example 10 (designated as E10) and example 14 (designated as E14).

Table 12

As can be seen from the above data, a refrigerant/lubricant fluid with 10 wt.% alkylated naphthalene stabilizer and 0.1 wt.% (1000 ppm) ADM unexpectedly exhibited optimal performance, with R-23 values even better than the excellent results from example 10.

Example 16-use in refrigerant containingAnd stabilizers for heat transfer compositions of lubricants

The test of example 15 was repeated except that the lubricant was ISO 74POE, which had a viscosity of about 74cSt at 40 ℃ and had a water content of 300ppm or less (lubricant B). The results were as follows:

Lubricants were visually-clarified to pale yellow

TAN-<0.1mgKOH/g

R-23- <0.05 wt%

Example 17-stabilizers for Heat transfer compositions comprising refrigerant and Lubricant

The test of example 15 was repeated except that the lubricant was an ISO 68PVE having a viscosity of about 68cSt at 40 ℃ and having a water content of 300ppm or less (lubricant C). The results were as follows:

visual-complete clarification of lubricants

TAN-<0.1mgKOH/g

R-23-0.028 wt%

Example 18-stabilizers for Heat transfer compositions comprising refrigerant and Lubricant

The test of example 15 was repeated except that the lubricant was an ISO 32PVE having a viscosity of about 32cSt at 40 ℃ and having a water content of 300ppm or less (lubricant C). The results were similar to those of example 17.

EXAMPLE 19 miscibility with POE oil

As indicated in table 1 for example 1 above, miscibility with ISO POE-32 oil (viscosity about 32cSt at 40 ℃) was tested for different lubricant and refrigerant weight ratios and different temperatures of each of R-410A refrigerant and refrigerants A1 and A3. The results of this test are reported in table 11 below:

TABLE 13

As can be seen from the above table, R-410A is not miscible with POE oil below about-22℃, and thus R-410A cannot be used in cryogenic refrigeration applications without taking steps to overcome the accumulation of POE oil in the evaporator. Furthermore, R-410A is not miscible with POE oil above 50 ℃, which would create problems in the condenser and liquid lines when R-410A is used above ambient temperature conditions (e.g., separated POE oil would be trapped and accumulated). In contrast, applicants have surprisingly and unexpectedly found that the refrigerant of the present invention is fully miscible with POE oil over a temperature range of-40 ℃ to 80 ℃, thus providing significant and unexpected advantages when used in such systems.

Numbering plan

The invention will now be illustrated by reference to the following numbered embodiments. The subject matter of the numbered embodiments may additionally be combined with the subject matter from the specification or one or more of the claims.

Numbered embodiment 1. A heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, wherein each compound is present in the following relative percentages: 39 to 45 weight percent difluoromethane (HFC-32), 1 to 4 weight percent pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and 51 to 57 weight percent trifluoroiodomethane (CF 3I), said lubricants comprising polyol ester (POE) lubricants and/or polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricants, and said stabilizers comprising alkylated naphthalenes.

Numbered embodiment 2. The heat transfer composition according to numbered embodiment 1 wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of from 1% to less than 10%.

Numbered embodiment 3. The heat transfer composition according to numbered embodiment 1 wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount from 1.5% to less than 10%.

Numbered embodiment 4. The heat transfer composition according to numbered embodiment 1 wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount from 1.5% to less than 8%.

Numbered embodiment 5. The heat transfer composition according to numbered embodiment 1 wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount from 1.5% to less than 6%.

Numbered embodiment 6. The heat transfer composition according to numbered embodiment 1 wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount from 1.5% to less than 5%.

Numbered embodiment 7 the heat transfer composition according to any of numbered embodiments 1-6 wherein the refrigerant consists essentially of the following three compounds, wherein each compound is present in the following relative percentages:

41% by weight.+ -. 1% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32),

3.5 wt.% + -0.5 wt.% pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and

55.5 wt.% + -0.5 wt.% trifluoroiodomethane (CF) ₃ I)。

Numbered embodiment 8 the heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 through 7 wherein the alkylated naphthalene is selected from AN1, or AN2, or AN3, or AN4, or AN5, or AN6, or AN7, or AN8, or AN9, or AN10.

Numbered embodiment 9 the heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 through 8, wherein the alkylated naphthalene comprises AN5.

Numbered embodiment 10 the heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 through 8, wherein the alkylated naphthalene consists essentially of AN5.

Numbered embodiment 11 the heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 through 8, wherein the alkylated naphthalene consists of AN 5.

Numbered embodiment 12 the heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 through 8, wherein the alkylated naphthalene comprises AN10.

Numbered embodiment 13 the heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 through 8, wherein the alkylated naphthalene consists essentially of AN10.

Numbered embodiment 14 the heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 through 8, wherein the alkylated naphthalene consists of AN10.

Numbered embodiment 15 the heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 through 14, wherein the stabilizer further comprises ADM.

Numbered embodiment 16 the heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 through 15 wherein the ADM comprises ADM4.

Numbered embodiment 17 the heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 through 15 wherein the ADM consists essentially of ADM4.

Numbered embodiment 18 the heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 to 15, wherein the ADM consists of ADM4.

Numbered embodiment 19 the heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 through 9 wherein the stabilizer is selected from the group consisting of stabilizer 1, stabilizer 2, stabilizer 3, stabilizer 4, stabilizer 5, stabilizer 6, stabilizer 7, stabilizer 8, stabilizer 9, stabilizer 10, stabilizer 11, stabilizer 12, stabilizer 13, stabilizer 14, stabilizer 15, stabilizer 16, stabilizer 17, stabilizer 18, stabilizer 19, stabilizer 20.

Numbered embodiment 20 the heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 to 19, wherein the lubricant comprises POE.

Numbered embodiment 21 the heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1-19, wherein the lubricant consists essentially of POE.

Numbered embodiment 22 the heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 to 19, wherein the lubricant consists of POE.

Numbered embodiment 23 the heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 through 22, wherein the lubricant comprises lubricant 1.

Numbered embodiment 24 the heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 through 22 wherein the lubricant consists essentially of lubricant 1.

Numbered embodiment 25 the heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 through 22 wherein the lubricant consists of lubricant 1.

Numbered embodiment 26 the heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 through 19 wherein the lubricant comprises a PVE.

Numbered embodiment 27 the heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 through 19 wherein the lubricant consists essentially of PVE.

Numbered embodiment 28 the heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 through 19 wherein the lubricant consists of PVE.

Numbered embodiment 29 the heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 through 28, wherein the composition further comprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of: dyes, solubilizers, compatibilizers, corrosion inhibitors, extreme pressure additives and antiwear additives.

Numbered embodiment 30. The heat transfer composition according to numbered embodiments 1 through 29 wherein the stabilizer further comprises a phenol-based compound.

Numbered embodiment 31. The heat transfer composition according to numbered embodiments 1 to 30 wherein the stabilizer further comprises a phosphorus compound and/or a nitrogen compound.

Numbered embodiment 32 the heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 through 8 and 15 through 31, wherein alkylated naphthalene is one or more of: NA-LUBE KR-007A; KR-008 and KR-009; KR-0105, KR-019 and KR-005FG.

Numbered embodiment 33 the heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 to 8 and 15 to 31, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is one or more of: NA-LUBE KR-007A, KR-008, KR-009 and KR-005FG.

Numbered embodiment 34 the heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1-33 wherein the alkylated naphthalene is NA-LUBE KR-008.

Numbered embodiment 35 the heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 through 34, wherein the stabilizer comprises a phenol-based compound selected from the group consisting of: 4,4' -methylenebis (2, 6-di-tert-butylphenol); 4,4' -bis (2, 6-di-tert-butylphenol); 2, 2-or 4, 4-biphenyldiol including 4,4' -bis (2-methyl-6-t-butylphenol); derivatives of 2, 2-or 4, 4-biphenyldiol; 2,2' -methylenebis (4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 2,2' -methylenebis (4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4, 4-butylidenebis (3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4, 4-isopropylidenebis (2, 6-di-tert-butylphenol); 2,2' -methylenebis (4-methyl-6-nonylphenol); 2,2' -isobutylidenebis (4, 6-dimethylphenol); 2,2' -methylenebis (4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol); 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT); 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol: 2, 4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol; 2, 6-di-tert- α -dimethylamino-p-cresol; 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-4 (N, N' -dimethylaminomethylphenol); 4,4' -thiobis (2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4' -thiobis (3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 2,2' -thiobis (4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); bis (3-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butylbenzyl) sulfide; bis (3, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) sulfide, tocopherol, hydroquinone, 2', 6' -tetra-tert-butyl-4, 4' -methylenediphenol and tert-butylhydroquinone.

Numbered embodiment 36 the heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 30 to 34, wherein the stabilizer comprises BHT.

Numbered embodiment 37 the heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 30-34, wherein phenol consists essentially of BHT.

Numbered embodiment 38 the heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 30 to 34, wherein phenol consists of BHT.

Numbered embodiment 39 the heat transfer composition according to numbered embodiments 30 through 35 wherein the phenol is present in the heat transfer composition in an amount of greater than 0 wt% and preferably from 0.0001 wt% to about 5 wt%, preferably from 0.001 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, and more preferably from 0.01 wt% to about 1 wt%, wherein wt% refers to the weight of the heat transfer composition.

Numbered embodiment 40. The heat transfer composition according to numbered embodiments 30-35 wherein the phenol is present in the heat transfer composition in an amount of greater than 0 wt% and preferably from 0.0001 wt% to about 5 wt%, preferably from 0.001 wt% to about 4 wt%, and more preferably from 1 wt% to about 4 wt%, wherein wt% refers to the weight of the heat transfer composition.

Numbered embodiment 41. A heat transfer system comprising a compressor, an evaporator, a condenser, and an expansion device in fluid communication with each other, and a heat transfer composition as defined in any of numbered embodiments 1 to 40.

Numbered embodiment 42 the heat transfer system according to numbered embodiment 41 and further comprising a chelating material, wherein the chelating material comprises: i. copper or copper alloy, or ii. activated alumina, or iii. a zeolite molecular sieve comprising copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof, or iv. an anion exchange resin, or v. a dehumidifying material, preferably a dehumidifying molecular sieve, or vi. a combination of two or more of the foregoing.

Numbered embodiment 43 the heat transfer system as defined in any one of numbered embodiments 41 and 42 wherein the system is a residential air conditioning system, or an industrial air conditioning system, or a commercial air conditioning system.

Numbered embodiment 44. A method of cooling in a heat transfer system comprising an evaporator, a condenser, and a compressor, the method comprising: i) Condensing the refrigerant required for the heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 to 33; and

ii) evaporating the refrigerant in the vicinity of the body or article to be cooled;

Numbered embodiment 45. A method of cooling in a heat transfer system comprising an evaporator, a condenser, and a compressor, the method comprising: i) Condensing the refrigerant required for the heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 to 33; and

ii) evaporating the composition;

wherein the evaporator temperature of the heat transfer system is in the range of about-30 ℃ to about 5 ℃.

Numbered embodiment 46 the use of a heat transfer composition as defined according to any one of the heat transfer compositions of any one of the numbered embodiments 1 to 33 for air conditioning.

Numbered embodiment 47. The use of the heat transfer composition as defined in numbered embodiment 46, wherein the use in an air conditioner is selected from the group consisting of a residential air conditioning system, an industrial air conditioning system, or a commercial air conditioning system that is a rooftop system, or a commercial air conditioning system that is a variable refrigerant flow system, or a commercial air conditioning system that is a chiller system, or a transportation air conditioning system, or a stationary air conditioning system.

Numbered embodiment 48 use of a heat transfer composition as defined in any one of the heat transfer compositions according to any one of the numbered embodiments 1 to 33 in a mobile heat pump or positive displacement cooler, or in an air cooled or water cooled direct expansion cooler, or in a residential heat pump, a residential air-water heat pump/cycle heating system, or a commercial air source, water source or ground source heat pump system, or in a heat pump system

Refrigeration system, cryogenic refrigeration system, or medium temperature refrigeration system, or commercial refrigerator, or commercial freezer, or ice maker, or transport refrigeration system, or domestic freezer, or domestic refrigerator, or industrial freezer, or industrial refrigerator, or cooler.

Numbered embodiment 49. Use of the heat transfer composition as defined in numbered embodiment 46, wherein the use in an air conditioner is selected from the group consisting of in a residential air conditioning system having a reciprocating, rotary (rotary piston or rotary vane), or scroll compressor, or in a split residential air conditioning system, or in a tubular residential air conditioning system, or in a window residential air conditioning system, or in a portable residential air conditioning system, or in a medium temperature refrigeration system.

Numbered embodiment 50 the use of the heat transfer composition as desired in any one of numbered embodiments 1 to 33 to replace R410A.

Numbered embodiment 51 a process for retrofitting an existing heat transfer system designed to contain or contain an R-410A refrigerant or adapted for use with an R-410A refrigerant, the process comprising replacing at least a portion of the existing R-410A refrigerant with a heat transfer composition as defined in numbered embodiments 1 through 33.

Numbered embodiment 52. The method according to numbered embodiment 51 wherein replacing R410A with a heat transfer composition as defined in numbered embodiments 1 to 33 does not require retrofitting a condenser, an evaporator and/or an expansion valve in the heat transfer system.

Numbered embodiment 53. The method according to numbered embodiment 51 wherein use of the heat transfer composition as defined in numbered embodiments 1 to 33 as an alternative to R-410A in the following is provided: a chiller system, or a residential air conditioning system, or an industrial air conditioning system, or a commercial air conditioning system that is a rooftop system, or a commercial air conditioning system that is a variable refrigerant flow system, or a commercial air conditioning system that is a chiller system.

Numbered embodiment 54 the method according to numbered embodiments 51-53 comprising removing at least about 5 wt.% of R-410A from the system and replacing it with a heat transfer composition as defined in numbered embodiments 1-33.

Claims

1. A heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, the refrigerant consisting essentially of the following three compounds, wherein each compound is present in the following relative percentages:

39 to 45 weight percent difluoromethane (HFC-32),

1 to 4 weight percent pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and

51 to 57 wt% trifluoroiodomethane (CF) ₃ I)，

The lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and/or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises an alkylated naphthalene, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of from 1 wt% to less than 10 wt% based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant, wherein the stabilizer further comprises an Acid Depleted Moiety (ADM).

2. The heat transfer composition of claim 1, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1 to 8 wt% based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant.

3. The heat transfer composition of claim 1, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1.5 to 8 wt% based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant.

4. The heat transfer composition of claim 1, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1.5 to 6 wt% based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant.

5. The heat transfer composition of claim 4, wherein the lubricant is a PVE lubricant.

6. The heat transfer composition of claim 1, wherein the stabilizer comprises 40 wt% to 99.9 wt% alkylated naphthalene and 0.05 wt% to 50 wt% ADM based on the weight of the stabilizer.

7. The heat transfer composition of claim 1, wherein the alkylated naphthalene comprises AN5.

8. The heat transfer composition of claim 7, wherein the alkylated naphthalene comprises AN10.

9. The heat transfer composition of claim 8, wherein the stabilizer further comprises a phenol.

10. The heat transfer composition of claim 9, wherein the phenol comprises BHT and the ADM comprises ADM4.

11. The heat transfer composition of claim 10, wherein the phenol consists essentially of BHT and the ADM consists essentially of ADM4.

12. The heat transfer composition of claim 9, wherein the lubricant is POE.

13. The heat transfer composition of claim 9, wherein the lubricant is a neopentyl POE having a viscosity of 30cSt to 70cSt measured at 40 ℃ according to ASTM D445 and a viscosity of 5cSt to 10cSt measured at 100 ℃ according to ASTM D445.

14. The heat transfer composition of claim 9, wherein the lubricant is a neopentyl POE having a viscosity of 30cSt to 70cSt measured at 40 ℃ according to ASTM D445.