CN113078354A - Ternary lithium ion battery non-aqueous electrolyte and lithium ion battery thereof - Google Patents
Ternary lithium ion battery non-aqueous electrolyte and lithium ion battery thereof Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
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Abstract
The invention discloses a ternary lithium ion battery non-aqueous electrolyte, which comprises a non-aqueous organic solvent, electrolyte lithium salt and an additive, wherein the additive comprises at least one boric anhydride additive with a specific structure. The invention also discloses a lithium ion battery comprising the positive plate, the isolating membrane, the negative plate and the non-aqueous electrolyte of the ternary lithium ion battery. The boric anhydride additive with a specific structure can form a film on the surface of a positive electrode material, inhibit the generation of cracks in particles of the positive electrode material in the circulating process, and reduce the dissolution of transition metal elements at high temperature, so that the circulating performance, the rate capability and the high-temperature performance of a nickel-high voltage ternary lithium ion battery are effectively improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of lithium ion batteries, in particular to a ternary lithium ion battery non-aqueous electrolyte and a lithium ion battery thereof.
Background
The lithium ion battery has the advantages of high working voltage, high energy density, long service life, wide working temperature range, environmental friendliness and the like, and is widely applied to the fields of 3C digital products, electric tools, electric automobiles, aerospace and the like. In the 3C digital field, mobile electronic devices, particularly smart phones, have been rapidly developed in recent years toward lighter and thinner, and higher requirements are placed on the energy density of lithium ion batteries.
Compared with commercial lithium cobaltate materials, the ternary material has higher theoretical and actual gram capacity, and is more and more popular in the application field of power batteries. In order to increase the energy density of lithium ion batteries, a common measure is to increase the charge cut-off voltage of the positive electrode material, such as the voltage of a commercialized ternary material battery from 4.2V → 4.35V → 4.4V → 4.6V. However, the positive electrode material has certain defects under high voltage, for example, the high-voltage positive electrode active material has strong oxidizability in a lithium-deficient state, so that the electrolyte is easily oxidized and decomposed to generate a large amount of gas; in addition, the high-voltage positive active material is unstable in a lithium-deficient state, and is prone to side reactions, such as release of oxygen, dissolution of transition metal ions and the like, so that the transition metal ions are separated from crystals along with the reaction and enter the electrolyte to catalyze the decomposition of the electrolyte and damage the passivation film of the active material, and meanwhile, the transition metal ions can occupy the lithium ion migration channel of the passivation film on the surface of the negative electrode material to block the migration of the lithium ions, thereby affecting the service life of the battery, and when the lithium ion battery is used in a high-temperature and high-pressure state, the negative effects are more obvious.
At present, the main method for solving the problems is to develop a new film forming additive, the new additive needs to form a passive film by oxidation reduction on the interface of a positive electrode material and a negative electrode material, the formed passive film is compact, good and elastic, can expand and contract along with the expansion and contraction of the positive electrode material and the negative electrode material in the charging and discharging processes instead of cracking, has a certain negative electrode film forming capacity, and can inhibit the reduction and decomposition of an electrolyte on the negative electrode interface, so that the electrochemical performance of the high-nickel high-voltage lithium ion battery is improved.
For example, CN108987806A discloses the use of cyclic boric anhydride in battery electrolyte, which is added into the electrolyte of lithium battery, and the cyclic boric anhydride is selected from trimethoxy boron oxide six ring and/or triphenoxy boron oxide six ring, so that the battery has excellent low-temperature discharge characteristics and life cycle characteristics; even if the battery is stored at a high temperature in a fully charged state or a charge/discharge process is being performed, the decomposition reaction of the carbonate-based organic solvent is suppressed, thereby solving the swelling problem and improving the high-temperature life cycle characteristics of the battery.
For example, CN111211354A discloses a high voltage lithium ion battery combined electrolyte additive, an electrolyte and a battery thereof, the high voltage lithium ion battery combined electrolyte additive provided by the invention is formed by mixing a compound containing episulfide esters, a compound containing P-O and Si-O bonds, and a compound containing no Si-O/P-O bonds but containing B-O bonds, and by utilizing that under high voltage, component a is oxidized and decomposed at the interface of the positive electrode to form a stable CEI film and reduced at the surface of the negative electrode to form a stable SEI film, the efficiency of the battery can be improved; the wettability of the electrolyte to the electrode can be improved by adding the component B, and a stable CEI film is formed on the surface of the positive electrode, so that the wettability is improved, and the efficiency of the battery is further improved; the component C can form an interfacial film containing B-O on the surfaces of the anode and the cathode, and the B-O interfacial film has high ionic conductivity, can obviously reduce the impedance of the battery, reduce the polarization of the battery and improve the cycle performance.
The disadvantage of the prior art is that under high voltage, the compound containing P-O/Si-O forms thicker interfacial film on the surfaces of the positive and negative electrodes, further increasing the polarization and impedance of the battery, and causing the electrochemical performance of the battery to be deteriorated.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a ternary lithium ion battery non-aqueous electrolyte and a lithium ion battery thereof.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that: a non-aqueous electrolyte of a ternary lithium ion battery, which comprises a non-aqueous organic solvent, an electrolyte lithium salt and an additive, wherein the additive comprises at least one boric anhydride additive with a structure shown in a formula (I):
wherein R is1、R2、R3Are independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, fluoroalkyl, phenyl, and cyclohexyl.
Preferably, the boric anhydride additive is selected from at least one of the compounds having the following structure:
preferably, the content of the boric anhydride additive is 3.0-7.0% of the total mass of the electrolyte.
Preferably, the additive further comprises a conventional additive which is one or more of Vinylene Carbonate (VC), 1, 3-Propane Sultone (PS), fluoroethylene carbonate, 1, 3-propene sultone, vinyl sulfate (DTD), tris (trimethylsilyl) borate, tris (trimethylsilyl) phosphate (TMSP) and triallyl phosphate (TAP).
Preferably, the content of the conventional additive is 1.0-10.0% of the total mass of the electrolyte.
Preferably, the electrolyte lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF)6) Lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide (LiFSI) and lithium difluorophosphate (LiPO)2F2) The mixed lithium salt of (1).
Preferably, the content of the electrolyte lithium salt is 12.5-15.0% of the total mass of the electrolyte.
Preferably, the non-aqueous organic solvent is one or more of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, 1, 2-difluoroethylene carbonate, bis (2,2, 2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate.
More preferably, the non-aqueous organic solvent is a mixture of Ethylene Carbonate (EC), Propylene Carbonate (PC), diethyl carbonate (DEC) and Ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC), and the mass ratio of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate in the mixture is preferably 20-30: 5-15: 15-25: 40 to 50.
The invention also discloses a lithium ion battery which comprises a positive plate, an isolating membrane, a negative plate and the ternary lithium ion battery electrolyte.
Preferably, the positive electrode active material of the positive electrode sheet is LiNi1-x-y-zCoxMnyAlzO2Or LiAmBnPO4Wherein: x is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1, y is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1, z is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1, and x + y + z is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1; A. b is Fe, Mn, Co or V respectively, m is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1, n is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1; the negative active material of the negative plate is artificial graphite, natural graphite and SiOwThe silicon-carbon composite material is compounded with graphite, wherein w is more than 1 and less than 2.
Further preferably, the preparation method of the positive plate comprises the following steps: LiNi as positive electrode active material0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2The conductive agent acetylene black and the binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) are mixed according to the mass ratio of 96: 2: 2, fully stirring and uniformly mixing in an N-methyl pyrrolidone solvent system, coating on an aluminum foil, drying and cold pressing to obtain a positive plate; the preparation method of the negative active material comprises the following steps: preparing negative active material artificial graphite, conductive agent acetylene black, binder Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR), and thickener carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC) according to a mass ratio of 96: 2: 1: 1, fully stirring and uniformly mixing in a deionized water solvent system, coating on a copper foil, drying, and cold pressing to obtain the negative plate.
Preferably, the charge cut-off voltage of the ternary lithium ion battery is greater than or equal to 4.35V.
According to the calculation of a density general function, the LUMO energy level of the boric anhydride additive with the structure shown in the formula (I) in the ternary lithium ion battery non-aqueous electrolyte is smaller than that of a solvent EC/DEC/EMC, which indicates that the boric anhydride additive with the structure shown in the formula (I) can be reduced to form a film in a negative electrode graphite interface preferentially by the solvent; the HOMO energy level is larger than EC/DEC/EMC, which shows that the boric anhydride additive with the structure shown in the formula (I) can be oxidized to form a film at the interface of the cathode material.
The boric anhydride additive with the structure shown in formula (I) in the non-aqueous electrolyte of the ternary lithium ion battery has the oxidative decomposition potential of 3.8V vs Li+The Li is preferentially oxidized and formed on the interface of the anode material to form a layer of uniform and compact protective film, so that the Li content of the anode is reduced+The phenomenon of uneven embedding is avoided, meanwhile, the corrosion of HF on NCM particles is inhibited, the generation of cracks in the NCM particles in the circulation process is avoided, and the dissolution of transition metal elements at high temperature is reduced; meanwhile, the additive can be reduced on the surface of the cathode material (the reduction potential is 1.2V vs Li)+Li) to form a compact and stable SEI film, and reduce the oxidative decomposition of the electrolyte on the surface of the cathode material.
The conventional additive in the ternary lithium ion battery non-aqueous electrolyte can form an excellent interface protective film on the surface of an electrode, reduce the reaction activity of an electrode material and the electrolyte, stabilize the microstructure of the electrode material, and improve the cycle performance and the high-temperature performance of a high-voltage lithium ion battery; meanwhile, the formed solid electrolyte membrane has low impedance, and is beneficial to improving the internal dynamic characteristics of the lithium ion battery.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the boric anhydride additive with the structure shown in the formula (I) in the ternary lithium ion battery non-aqueous electrolyte can form a film on the surface of a positive electrode material, inhibit the generation of cracks in particles of the positive electrode material in the circulating process and reduce the dissolution of transition metal elements at high temperature; and an SEI film can be formed on the surface of the negative electrode material, so that the reduction reaction of the solvent on a negative electrode interface is inhibited, and the interface impedance can be reduced, thereby effectively improving the cycle performance, the high-temperature storage performance and the low-temperature performance of the ternary high-voltage lithium ion battery.
2. The conventional additive in the ternary lithium ion battery non-aqueous electrolyte can form an excellent interface protective film on the surface of an electrode, reduce the reaction activity of an electrode material and the electrolyte, stabilize the microstructure of the electrode material, and improve the cycle performance and the high-temperature performance of a high-voltage lithium ion battery; meanwhile, the formed solid electrolyte membrane has low impedance, and is beneficial to improving the internal dynamic characteristics of the lithium ion battery, and the cycle performance, the high-temperature storage performance and the low-temperature performance of the high-voltage lithium ion battery can be further improved through the unique combination and the synergistic effect of the boric anhydride additive with the structure shown in the formula (I) and the conventional additive.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. Additional aspects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. It is to be understood that the following description is only illustrative of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the present invention.
The boric anhydride additives in the examples and comparative examples are characterized as follows:
the structural formula of the compound (1) is as follows:
the structural formula of the compound (2) is as follows:
the structural formula of the compound (3) is as follows:
example 1
Preparing an electrolyte: in a glove box filled with argon, Ethylene Carbonate (EC), Propylene Carbonate (PC), diethyl carbonate (DEC) and Ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC) were mixed in a mass ratio of EC: PC: DEC: EMC 25: 10: 20: 45 to obtain a mixed solution, slowly adding lithium hexafluorophosphate accounting for 12.5 percent of the total mass of the electrolyte, lithium bifluorosulfonyl imide accounting for 1.5 percent of the total mass of the electrolyte and lithium difluorophosphate accounting for 0.5 percent of the total mass of the electrolyte into the mixed solution, finally adding a compound (1) accounting for 5 percent of the total mass of the electrolyte, and uniformly stirring to obtain the lithium ion battery electrolyte of the embodiment 1.
Examples 2 to 6
Examples 2 to 6 are also specific examples of the preparation of the electrolyte, and are the same as example 1 except that the composition ratios of the respective components of the electrolyte are added as shown in Table 1.
Comparative examples 1 to 5
Comparative examples 1 to 5 the same as example 1 except that the electrolyte composition ratios of the respective components were added as shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 composition ratios of the components of the electrolytes of examples 1-6 and comparative examples 1-5
Note: the concentration of the lithium salt is the mass percentage content in the electrolyte;
the content of the boric anhydride additive is the mass percentage content in the electrolyte;
the content of each component in other additives is the mass percentage content in the electrolyte;
the proportion of each component in the nonaqueous organic solvent is mass ratio.
Performance testing
Preparing a lithium ion battery: LiNi as positive electrode active material0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2The conductive agent acetylene black and the binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) are mixed according to the mass ratio of 96: 2: 2 in N-methylpyrrolidone solventThe anode plate is obtained by fully stirring and uniformly mixing the materials, coating the mixture on an aluminum foil, drying and cold pressing the mixture. Preparing negative active material artificial graphite, conductive agent acetylene black, binder Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR), and thickener carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC) according to a mass ratio of 96: 2: 1: 1, fully stirring and uniformly mixing in a deionized water solvent system, coating on a copper foil, drying, and cold pressing to obtain the negative plate. Polyethylene (PE) is used as a base film, and a nano aluminum oxide coating is coated on the base film to be used as an isolating film. The positive plate, the isolating membrane and the negative plate are sequentially laminated and wound along the same direction to obtain a bare cell, the bare cell is placed in an outer package, the electrolyte prepared in examples 1-6 and comparative examples 1-5 is injected, and the high-nickel high-voltage ternary lithium ion battery is obtained through procedures of packaging, shelving at 45 ℃, high-temperature clamp formation, secondary packaging, capacity grading and the like, and the performance test is carried out, wherein the test results are shown in table 2.
(1) And (3) testing the normal-temperature cycle performance: and at the temperature of 25 ℃, charging the battery with the capacity divided to 4.35V at a constant current and a constant voltage of 0.5C, stopping the current at 0.02C, then discharging the battery to 3.0V at a constant current of 0.5C, and calculating the capacity retention rate of the 500 th cycle after the battery is subjected to charge/discharge for 500 cycles according to the cycle. The calculation formula is as follows:
the 500 th cycle capacity retention ratio (%) (500 th cycle discharge capacity/first cycle discharge capacity) × 100%.
(2) Testing the gas production rate and the capacity residual rate stored at the constant temperature of 60 ℃: firstly, the battery is circularly charged and discharged for 1 time (4.35V-3.0V) at the normal temperature at 0.5C, and the discharge capacity C of the battery before storage is recorded0Then charging the battery to a full 4.35V constant-current constant-voltage state, and testing the volume V of the battery before high-temperature storage by using a drainage method1Then the battery is put into a thermostat with the temperature of 60 ℃ for storage for 7 days, the battery is taken out after the storage is finished, and the volume V of the battery after the storage is tested after the battery is cooled for 8 hours2Calculating the gas production rate of the battery after the battery is stored for 7 days at the constant temperature of 60 ℃; after the battery is cooled for 24 hours at room temperature, the battery is discharged to 3.0V at constant current of 0.5C again, and the discharge capacity C after the battery is stored is recorded1And calculating the capacity residual rate of the battery after 7 days of constant-temperature storage at 60 ℃, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
the gas production of the battery is V after 7 days of storage at 60 DEG C2-V1;
The residual capacity rate after 7 days of constant temperature storage at 60 ℃ is C1/C0*100%。
(3)45 ℃ cycle performance test: and at the temperature of 45 ℃, charging the battery with the capacity divided to 4.35V at a constant current and a constant voltage of 0.5C, stopping the current at 0.02C, then discharging the battery to 3.0V at a constant current of 0.5C, and circulating the battery according to the above steps, and calculating the capacity retention rate of the 300 th cycle after 300 cycles of charging/discharging. The calculation formula is as follows:
the 300 th cycle capacity retention (%) was (300 th cycle discharge capacity/first cycle discharge capacity) × 100%.
Table 2 results of cell performance test of each example and comparative example
As can be seen from the comparison of the results of the battery performance tests of comparative example 1 and examples 1 to 3 in Table 2: the boric anhydride additive can obviously improve the cycle performance of the battery and the capacity retention rate after high-temperature storage, and shows that the additive can form a layer of uniform and compact protective film on the surface of a ternary material, so that the corrosion of HF on NCM particles is inhibited, the generation of cracks in the NCM particles in the cycle process is avoided, and the dissolution of transition metal elements at high temperature is reduced. Meanwhile, the substances can also form a passive film on the negative electrode to inhibit the reductive decomposition of the solvent.
As can be seen from comparison of the results of the battery performance tests of comparative examples 2 to 5 and examples 1 to 3 in Table 2: when the addition amount of the boric anhydride additive is 3-7%, the high-nickel high-voltage ternary lithium ion battery has the best electrochemical performance. When the addition amount is too small, a passive film formed by the substances on the interface of the anode and cathode materials is not stable enough, and when the addition amount exceeds the addition amount of the substances, the passive film is thickened, the impedance is increased, and the electrochemical performance of the high-nickel high-voltage ternary lithium ion battery is influenced.
As can be seen from the comparison of the results of the battery performance tests in examples 1-3 and examples 4-6 in Table 2: the boric anhydride additive with a specific structure can play a synergistic role when being used together with other additives, has a better effect, can form a film on the surface of a positive electrode material, inhibit the generation of cracks in particles of the positive electrode material in the circulating process, reduce the dissolution of transition metal elements at high temperature, form an SEI film on the surface of a negative electrode material, inhibit the reduction reaction of a solvent at a negative electrode interface, and reduce the interface impedance, thereby further improving the circulating performance and the high-temperature storage performance of the high-nickel high-voltage lithium ion battery.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing is merely exemplary of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. A ternary lithium ion battery non-aqueous electrolyte is characterized by comprising a non-aqueous organic solvent, an electrolyte lithium salt and an additive, wherein the additive comprises at least one boric anhydride additive with a structure shown in a formula (I):
wherein R is1、R2、R3Are independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, fluoroalkyl, phenyl, and cyclohexyl.
3. the nonaqueous electrolyte solution for a ternary lithium ion battery according to claim 1, wherein the content of the boric anhydride additive is 3.0% to 7.0% of the total mass of the electrolyte solution.
4. The nonaqueous electrolyte solution for a ternary lithium ion battery of claim 1, wherein the additive further comprises a conventional additive, and the conventional additive is one or more of vinylene carbonate, 1, 3-propane sultone, fluoroethylene carbonate, 1, 3-propylene sultone, vinyl sulfate, tris (trimethylsilyl) borate, tris (trimethylsilyl) phosphate and triacrylate.
5. The nonaqueous electrolyte solution for a ternary lithium ion battery according to claim 4, wherein the content of the conventional additive is 1.0 to 10.0 percent of the total mass of the electrolyte solution.
6. The nonaqueous electrolyte solution for a ternary lithium ion battery according to claim 1, wherein the electrolyte lithium salt is a mixed lithium salt of lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium difluorosulfonimide and lithium difluorophosphate.
7. The nonaqueous electrolyte solution for a ternary lithium ion battery according to claim 1, wherein the content of the electrolyte lithium salt is 12.5 to 15.0% by mass of the total mass of the electrolyte solution.
8. The nonaqueous electrolyte solution for a ternary lithium ion battery of claim 1, wherein the nonaqueous organic solvent is one or more of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, 1, 2-difluoroethylene carbonate, and bis (2,2, 2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate.
9. The nonaqueous electrolyte solution for the ternary lithium ion battery of claim 8, wherein the nonaqueous organic solvent is a mixture of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate, and the mass ratio of the ethylene carbonate, the propylene carbonate, the diethyl carbonate and the ethyl methyl carbonate in the mixture is 20-30: 5-15: 15-25: 40 to 50.
10. A lithium ion battery, characterized in that the lithium ion battery comprises a positive plate, a separation film, a negative plate and the ternary lithium ion battery electrolyte of any one of claims 1-9.
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CN114361596A (en) * | 2022-02-14 | 2022-04-15 | 费县威尚新能源技术中心 | Lithium ion battery electrolyte and lithium ion battery |
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CN114512721B (en) * | 2022-02-18 | 2024-01-19 | 香河昆仑新能源材料股份有限公司 | Non-aqueous electrolyte of lithium ion battery and lithium ion battery |
CN114520370B (en) * | 2022-02-18 | 2024-05-14 | 香河昆仑新能源材料股份有限公司 | Lithium ion battery electrolyte and lithium ion battery |
CN115224346A (en) * | 2022-07-20 | 2022-10-21 | 江苏正力新能电池技术有限公司 | Lithium ion battery |
CN115224346B (en) * | 2022-07-20 | 2024-06-18 | 江苏正力新能电池技术有限公司 | Lithium ion battery |
CN115051032A (en) * | 2022-08-17 | 2022-09-13 | 华中科技大学 | Lithium ion battery electrolyte with negative electrode targeting passivation effect and preparation method thereof |
CN115051032B (en) * | 2022-08-17 | 2022-11-29 | 华中科技大学 | Lithium ion battery electrolyte with negative electrode targeting passivation effect and preparation method thereof |
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