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CN1129960A - 对至少一个软磁材料的构件处理的方法 - Google Patents

对至少一个软磁材料的构件处理的方法 Download PDF

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CN1129960A
CN1129960A CN95190572A CN95190572A CN1129960A CN 1129960 A CN1129960 A CN 1129960A CN 95190572 A CN95190572 A CN 95190572A CN 95190572 A CN95190572 A CN 95190572A CN 1129960 A CN1129960 A CN 1129960A
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annealing
reaction chamber
wear
armature
described method
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迪特尔·利特克
于尔根·格兰纳
诺伯特·凯姆
耶尔格·伊林
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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    • C23C8/08—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases only one element being applied
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Abstract

在现今处理软磁构件的方法中包括退火和制作耐磨防护层，首先在一个装置中进行退火，随后冷却和中间储存，直至在第二装置中实施制作耐磨防护层。这种方法耗费高成本和浪费时间，同时存在危险是，在退火后构件表面易被污染。本新方法则是一个改进和避免上述缺陷。
按照本新方法，由软磁材料制成的构件在一个处理装置(56)的反应腔(61)中既可以依次地被退火和设置耐磨防护层或者退火和制作耐磨防护层在反应腔中同时进行。由此，构件(1，16，34，48)的中间运输和中间储存和被污染都可避免并降低了方法成本。
本方法特别适于电磁或燃料喷射阀的软磁构件。

Description

对至少一个软磁材料的构件处理的方法
本发明涉及一个处理至少一个软磁材料构件的方法，属于权利要求1前序部分的类型。在DE3149916A1中已公开了一个方法，其中一个用于燃料喷射阀的软磁材料制的衔铁为了提高其耐磨性而在一确定的区域中通过渗氮来提高硬度。这个解决方案亦即通过渗氮实现耐磨防护，会导致电磁阀不理想的开关功能，因为与制造相关的磁性减小通过退火不能消除。而且还带来的缺点是，两次的加热处理分引起成本提高，因为在退火和渗氮之间必需一个中间贮存构件和对其运输，同时，还存在损伤的危险，而在退火之后，构件的表面可能被污染。
同样在DE3016993A1中也公开了个方法，其中，由软磁材料制的衔铁通过使用硬化方法而部分被硬化。通过这种衔铁的制作步骤和应用硬化方法引起的缺陷是，衔铁的磁性受到损伤和因此电磁阀的性能也以不希望的方式受到影响。
另外在DE3733809A1中也公开了一个方法，其中，电磁阀的阀元件由一种含锰量为7.8至24.5％的非磁钢制成，该阀元件的表面至少部分通过等离子-渗氮或通过所谓的离子-渗氮进行渗氮处理。但是这种钢不能用于电磁阀之衔铁或芯体的材料。
本发明方法具有权利要求1的特征部分，相对现有技术之优点是，本发明方法特别经济，因为，在通过退火和制作耐磨防护层而对软磁构件处理时，不必需在单个的处理步骤之间进行输送，因此，位置需求和成本都降低了，同时避免了，构件的表面在退火以后被污染。
通过在从属权利要求中记载的措施可以对权利要求1确定的方法作有利的发展变型和改进。
还有利的是，退火和制作耐磨防护层相互间可作顺序无关地设置，特别是退火可置于制作耐磨防护层之前这样，在反应腔中就可以建立一个对于相互无关的亦即首先对于退火，然后对于制作耐磨防护层都分别有利的环境。这个环境可以对于退火来说是一个真空，另外还可应用一种惰性气体，一种稀有气体，一种还原气体或它们的混合气体。
对于在构件上制作耐磨防护层有利的是，所有炉技术的方法，如渗氮，渗碳或另外的层结构形成方法。
本方法可以有利的方式实现缩短时间，因为退火和制作耐磨防护层可在退火温度不同时进行。
有利的是，由软磁或铁氧体铬钢制成构件。另外有利的是将按照权利要求1至8之一或多个所述的特征方案处理的构件作为衔铁或芯体应用在一个电磁操作的磁阀或燃料喷射阀中。
本发明实施例在附图中作了简图描述并在随后的说明书中作详细阐明。
图1是一个燃料喷射阀；
图2是一个电磁阀；
图3是一个实施本发明方法的装置；
图4是温度为纵坐标，时间为横坐标的曲线图，它表明了现有的方法过程；
图5和图6是温度为纵坐标，时间为横坐标的曲线图，它表明了本发明方法过程：和
图7是一个容纳装置；
在图1中作为例子描述的用于内燃机燃料喷射装置的电磁操作燃料喷射阀具有一个燃料输入接头1，它用作芯体并部分被一个电磁线圈2包围。与燃料输入接头1的下边芯体端部3通过焊接密封地连接一个管形的金属中间件6并与阀纵轴线5对中。该中间件6以其远离燃料输入接头1的端部搭接一个管形的连接件7并与其通过焊接形成密封连接。在连接件7之内孔9的下游端部中安置一个圆筒形的阀座体8并通过焊接密封装配。在阀座体8中设置一个阀座11，与其配合作用一个阀闭合体12。在阀座11的下游并在阀座体8中至少设置一个喷射孔13，通过它在阀开启时，燃料可喷入空气吸收管或者内燃机的气缸中。在本实施例中为球形结构的阀闭合体12通过焊接或钎接与连接管15的一端部相连接，同时，与连接管15的另一端部通过焊接连接一个用软磁材料制成的衔铁16。而且，该阀闭合体12，连接管15和衔铁16伸入连接件7的内孔9中该管形的衔铁16可通过中间件6的导引环17导行。在燃料输入接头1流动孔19中推入一个调节套筒20其上，靠置一个复位弹簧21，它另方面支承在连接管15之位于衔铁16中的端部上并因此它对阀闭合体12朝阀座11的阀闭合方向施加作用。由软磁材料制造的燃料输入接头1在其对着衔铁16的芯体端部上置有一个芯体端表面23，同时，该衔铁具有一个对着芯体端部3的衔铁端表面24。该芯体端表面23，衔铁端表面24和衔铁16的至少在导行环17范围中的圆柱周面设有一耐磨损防护层，它用来防止衔接16之周面25材料的磨蚀以及防止芯体端表面23和衔铁端表面24相互间的击损，因为在电磁线圈2激励时衔铁16克服复位弹簧21的作用力朝着燃料输入接头1运动并直至衔铁端表面24靠置在芯体端表面23上。这种衔铁16的吸引运动导致阀闭合体12从阀座11上离起和因此，导致燃料喷射阀开启。
电磁线圈2被至少一个在本实施例中设置为弯形件并用作铁磁元件的导体元件27所包围，它沿轴向通过电磁线圈2的整个长度上延伸和在圆周方向上至少部分包围住该电磁线圈2。该导体元件27与其一端靠置在燃料输入接头1上和以其另一端部靠置在连接件7上。并与其通过焊接相连接。阀的一部分被一个塑料外壳28所包围，它从燃料输入接头1开始在轴向上通过电磁线圈2和至少一个导体元件27延伸至连接元件7。通过塑料外壳28同时构成一个电气连接插头29，它与电磁线圈2电气接通并以未描述的方式可与一个电气控制装置相连接。在燃料输入接头1的流动孔19中以公知的方式推入一个燃料过滤器30。
在图2中描述的电磁阀33安置在液压或气动装置中，例如自动变速装置，反锁闭保护系统，自动转向系统，机动车动力级系统和弹簧系统或用于机械和装置的调节系统。该电磁阀33具有一个软磁芯体34，它在轴向上被一个套筒35所包围。在套筒35上安装一个电磁线圈36并带一个线圈架37，其在背离芯体34的地方具有一个封实的连接端38，其中，构成一个第一连接接头40和一个第二连接接头41。在第一连接接头40中，设置一个第一流动通道42和在第二连接接头41中构成一个第二流动通道43。第一流动通道42和第二流动通道43与一个在连接端部39中构成的阀腔45相连接。第二流动通道43通过一个阀座46通至阀腔45。该阀座46通过一个起阀合体作用的阀针47而可以开启或关闭，该阀针47伸入阀腔45中和在其远离阀座46的端部上连接一个由软磁材料制造的环形衔铁48。该衔铁48可滑动地安置在套筒35中和在阀针靠置在阀座46上时至芯体34有一个轴向距离。在芯体34上靠置一个复位弹簧49，它以其远离芯体34的端部连接在阀针47上并挤压该阀针47在阀座46上。芯体34在对着衔铁48的位置有一个芯体端表面51。该衔铁48具有一个对着芯体的衔铁端表面51和一个与金属套筒35接触的圆柱周面53。该芯体端表面51，衔铁端表面52和衔铁48的周面53设有一个磨损防护层，因此，在电磁线圈36激励而芯体端表面51和衔铁端表面52相互对击时可避免它们的击损以及避免衔铁周面53的磨损。
燃料输入接头1的软磁构件，衔铁16和芯体34以及衔铁48例如由一种铬钢制成。用于铬钢的几个实施例可由下面的表中获得。
钢    标准号   C      Cr      Al       SiX6CrAl13 DIN17440  0.03   12-14   0.2-0.7  0.7-1.2
               S      Mo  Mn  其他
               0.02   0.1 0.5 ＜0.2
钢    标准号   C      Cr      Al       SiX6Cr13   DIN17440  0.02   ～12    -        0.3
               S      Mo  Mn  其它
               0.3    0.3 0.4 ＜02
钢     标准号   C    Cr      Al     SiX4CrMoS18 DIN17440  0.03 15-17   0.3-1  ～1.1
                S    Mo  Mn  其它
                0.2  0.3 0.4 ＜0.2
这些构件1、16、34和48，在其加工以后要被退火和然后慢慢地冷却，这样，在加工过程中产生的磁性硬化和损伤就在相当程度被恢复。同时退火温度位于700和950℃的范围内。最好为约750至850℃。此外，构件1，16，34和48至少在其磨损危险的区域亦即冲击或滑动的部分设有一个耐磨损防护层。这种耐磨损防护层通过这些构件的表面层处理或边缘层处理来制成，依此，其表面就变得更硬和耐磨。对此，可以应用不同的方法。最好是利用渗氮，渗碳或镀层。
在图3中简图表明一个处理装置56，其中，实施本发明方法。该处理装置56具有一个基板57，其上密封地安装一个由耐热钢制成的甑罐58。该甑罐58被一个电气加热装置59所包围，其安置在一个隔热的钵形磨器60，它被甑罐58罩住并安装在基板57上。该甑罐58与基板57封围成一个反应腔61，它能相对外界大气保持密封地闭合。该反应腔61可以通过一个抽吸接头63被一个真空泵64抽真空。该抽吸接头63可以通过电磁操作的第一截止阀65被关闭。通过一个输入流动接头66可以将必要的处理气体(例如为了等离子渗氮的氩、氢和氮)输入该反应腔61中，这些气体由气体源67提供。该输入流接头66可以通过电磁操作的第二截止阀68而被关闭。在反应腔61中伸置一个风扇70，它是电机驱动的，并用于使在反应腔61中可调节的气体环境进行循环。在基板57上固定一个与其为电绝缘的例如分层架结构的工作容纳装置71，它伸入反应腔61中。该工件容纳装置71例如具有多个上下相互以间距保持的支架板72，其上安置该容纳装置73。该容纳装置73用于保持待处理的构件1，16，34和48。该工件容纳纳装置71电气连接在一个脉冲一等离子-发生器75的阴极上，同时这种电气连接通过容纳装置73继续导至构件1，16，34和48。该基板57连接在脉冲-等离子-发生器75的阳极上。该脉冲-等离子-发生器75通过一个计算单元和调节单元76进行控制。在电子计算和调节单元上连接一个位于反应腔中的压力传感器77，因此，在反应腔61中的压力通过一个对真空泵64，第一截止阀65及第二截止阀68和气源67的适当控制就可以调节。在构件1，16，34和48之一上安置第一温度传感器78和第二温度传感器79例如安置在甑罐58的壁上，其用于将反应腔61中的处理温度进行调节，其中，测量值通过电子计算和调节单元76获得并通过该电子和调节单元76用于对加热装置59的控制。
脉冲-等离子装置之结构和功能是公知的，例如通过DE-OS2657078或DE-OS2842407。现有的软磁构件的处理方法在图4中作了曲线描述。其中，时间t为横坐标，温度T为纵坐标。同时，对软磁构件的处理在两个相互分开工作的不同装置中进行，其中，第一装置可以设置为保护气体炉或真空炉用于构件的退火和第二装置设置为脉冲-等离子-装置用于构成耐磨损防护层。为此，在加热时间a中，该构件在保护气体炉或真空炉中被加热至必需的温度，这是通过所描述曲线的加热段90表明的。在达到这个必要的温度之后，该构件在此温度下于退火段91期间退火一个足够长的退火时间b。同时在炉中要么设置一种防止工件成分发生任何变化的保护气氛(例如惰性气体)，或者为真空。在退火之后连接冷却工序使构件冷却至室温亦即在第一冷却时间C中沿第一冷却段92实施。在一个运输时间和中间贮存时间d之后，例如在一个脉冲-等离子-装置中在第二加热时间e期间沿着第二加热段93实施一个重新的构件加热，直至达到渗氮所必需的处理温度。然后在层形成时间f期间亦即沿层形成段94制作耐磨损防护层。最好在沿冷却段95的第二冷却时间g中使构件冷却至室温度。
在下面描述的本发明方法，既省时间又省能量，因而成本低廉，其中退火和制作耐磨损防护层是在一个和同一个处理装置中实现，如图3所描述的那样。同时，特别由铬钢制造的软磁构件1，16，34和48被安置在反应腔61中并放在容纳装置73上。此后，反应腔61被抽真空和必要时在反应腔61中形成一个防止工件成分有任何变化的气氛例如借助惰性气体。现在，该电气加热装置59通过电子计算和调节元件76如此控制，即在一个基本的加热时间以后，在反应腔61中调节到一个温度，其与希望的约750和850℃之间的退火温度相一致。
第一个按照发明要求的方法曲线例如描述在图5的简图中。其中，仅仅需要一个第一加热时间a亦即沿着第一加热段90加热到必需的退火温度。第二加热时间被省去了。在退火时间b期间沿着退火段91在基本稳定的退火温度情况下，进行退火工序同时可在真空中进行，或者在惰性气体，稀有气体或者在还原的气体中或者在上述气体的混合气中进行。此后，在短暂的下降时间h中沿着下降段96，温度被降至一个对制作耐磨损防护层有利的温度上。然后在这个温度下，并在为了表面激活和作渗氮准备的等离子侵蚀之后进行渗氮工序，其沿着层形成段94和经历层形成时间f。这样例如在约500和800℃之间的温度下通过等离子-渗氮实施制作耐磨损保持层。为了制作耐磨损保护层必需的是，在反应腔61中建立一个提供氮的气氛，例如通过导入分子的氮和氢。在层形成时间f期间，借助脉冲-等离子-发生器在反应腔61中实现一个辉光放电，因此，氮离子就与构件1，16，34和48碰触。同时，氮从表面往构件里扩散和在形成耐磨损防护层的同时使其硬化，该防护层延伸到构件中一个基本的深度。在层形成时间f期满以后，就进行冷却，其沿着第二冷却段95在第二冷却时间g期间冷却到室温度。按照图5的本发明方法与图4的现有方法相比，实现一个时间节省约为Δt1，因此，能量和成本都降低。由于退火和制作磨损保护层是在同一个反应腔中进行的，而且不必输送构件和耗费中间时间，因此就可避免，所处理的构件表面被损伤或被污染。
在图6的本发明第二方法中，在沿第一加热段90的第一加热时间a期间，实施一个加热以使构件升至一个温度，这个温度适于退火和适于例如通过渗氮来制作耐磨损保护层。在第二方法中，此时在沿处理段97的处理时间K期间，实施退火同时在一个适于目的要求的气氛和适宜温度下进行制作耐磨损保护层。接着，构件在第一冷却时间C中沿着第一冷却段92被冷却至室温度。在这个方法中，一个冷却时间或者一个第二冷却时间就省去了。因此，在第二方法中相对图5的第一方法而言，获得一个时间节省Δt2，这也导致进一步的能量和成本降低。按照图5和图6的方法，都可在图3的处理装置中实施。
在图7中表明一个容纳装置73的局部图，装置73具有一个袋孔形的保持孔81，其中安放待处理的构件1，16，34和48。在图7的描述中，构件1，16，34，48部分地伸出保持孔81之外。如果只有构件1，16，34和48的端表面83应该设有耐磨损防护层时，则保持孔81要设置得如此深的结构，即端表面83大约与容纳装置73的上侧面82齐平地闭合，亦即上侧面82和端表面83位于大约一个平面中。在构件1，16，34和48的周面与保持孔81的壁面之间的隙缝至少在上侧面82的附近应如此设置，即它的宽度不超过0.05至0.5mm。
若代替所述的等离子-渗氮工艺，还可以通过所谓的气体-渗氮法来实现耐磨损防护层的制作。为此，温度范围要调节到约900℃和在反应腔中输入氨气体。在气体-渗氮时，不存在构件的电气接触，因此，对成本有利。为了制作耐磨损防护层，例如还可以应用气体渗碳、等离子渗碳工艺并用甲烷或丙烷作为环境气体或者硝基-渗碳并应用一种由供碳的气体(C，CO2，内气体(Endo)或外气体(Exogas))和氨组成的混合气体。

Claims (10)

1、对软磁材料制成的至少一构件进行处理的方法，包括退火和制作一个耐磨防护层，其特征在于：
构件(1，16，34，48)被放置在一个可封闭的反应腔(61)中，然后使构件(1，16，34，48)退火，并在这个反应腔(61)和在构件上进行制作耐磨防护层(84)。
2、按权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于：
退火和制作耐磨防护层(84)可相互间与顺序无关地实施。
3、按权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于：
首先进行退火，然后实施制作耐磨防护层(84)。
4、按权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于：
退火和制作耐磨防护层(84)同时进行。
5、按权利要求1至3之一所述的方法，其特征在于：
退火在真空中进行。
6、按权利要求1至3之一所述的方法，其特征在于：至少反应腔(61)被抽成真空，然后，在反应腔(61)中输入一种惰性气体，稀有气体或还原气体或它们的混合气，然后在这种气体的存在气氛中实施退火。
7、按权利要求1至4之一所述的方法，其特征在于：
制作耐磨防护层(84)是用等离子-渗氮或气体-渗氮在反应腔(61)中实施的。
8、按权利要求1至4之一所述的方法，其特征在于：
构件(1，16，34，48)是由软磁性铬钢制成的。
9、按权利要求之一或多个所述特征方案处理的构件作为衔铁(16，48)或芯体(1，34)应用在一个设置有电磁铁的电磁阀中。
10、按权利要求1至8之一或多个所述的特征方案处理的构件作为衔铁(16，48)或芯体(1，34)应用在一个由电磁铁操作的燃料喷射阀中。
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US5769965A (en) 1998-06-23
KR100341377B1 (ko) 2002-11-29
RU2145364C1 (ru) 2000-02-10
DE59504688D1 (de) 1999-02-11
ES2128734T3 (es) 1999-05-16
CN1070242C (zh) 2001-08-29
CZ287279B6 (en) 2000-10-11
EP0720664B1 (de) 1998-12-30
KR960704082A (ko) 1996-08-31
EP0720664A1 (de) 1996-07-10
CZ51396A3 (en) 1996-08-14

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