CN112816791B - A method and device for measuring activation energy of cable insulation material based on dielectric spectrum - Google Patents
A method and device for measuring activation energy of cable insulation material based on dielectric spectrum Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明具体涉及一种基于介电频谱的电缆绝缘材料活化能测量方法，所述方法包括如下步骤：根据电缆绝缘材料在不同测试温度下的介电频谱曲线，获取电缆在某极化状态下的测试频率lnf和测试温度1/T，拟合出测试频率ln(f)与测试温度1/T的线性函数，通过线性函数的斜率计算得到电缆绝缘材料在该极化状态下的活化能，取电缆绝缘材料在不同极化状态下的活化能的算数平均值，得到最终的电缆绝缘材料活化能值。本发明的方法能快速无损地获取电缆绝缘材料的活化能。
The present invention specifically relates to a method for measuring activation energy of cable insulation materials based on dielectric spectrum, the method comprising the following steps: according to the dielectric spectrum curve of the cable insulation material at different test temperatures, obtaining the test frequency lnf and the test temperature 1/T of the cable under a certain polarization state, fitting the linear function of the test frequency ln(f) and the test temperature 1/T, calculating the activation energy of the cable insulation material under the polarization state through the slope of the linear function, taking the arithmetic mean of the activation energy of the cable insulation material under different polarization states, and obtaining the final activation energy value of the cable insulation material. The method of the present invention can quickly and non-destructively obtain the activation energy of the cable insulation material.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of cable performance detection and service life assessment, in particular to a method and a device for measuring activation energy of a cable insulating material based on a dielectric spectrum.
Background
In nuclear power plants and other civil nuclear facilities, the nuclear-grade cable is used for nuclear safety-related instrument control signals and power transmission, is critical to safe and reliable operation of nuclear reactors, and has high aging and degradation risks in high-temperature high-irradiation service environments of insulating polymer materials. Therefore, accurate detection and assessment of the aging state of nuclear grade cables has been an important issue in the field of nuclear power plant aging management.
The thermal aging process of the cable insulation material is a process in which the action of heat on the material molecules causes the breakage of chemical bonds, with consequent change of chemical composition, so that the performance becomes deteriorated to fail. Thus, the life of the cable insulation is essentially a matter of the rate of some chemical reaction, the slower the reaction rate, the longer the life and vice versa. Over the last decade, many professionals and engineers have invested considerable research effort in evaluating the condition of cable aging and life.
The activation energy is an essential characteristic parameter reflecting the cable insulation material, and the operation state characteristic of the cable insulation material can be obtained according to the parameter value of the activation energy, so that the subsequent aging state and service life evaluation are realized, and corresponding maintenance measures are arranged. According to the activation energy of the cable insulation material, the expected cable identification life and the long-term working temperature of the cable, the duration of the accelerated thermal ageing can be calculated by selecting the corresponding accelerated thermal ageing test temperature, so that the service life of the cable is estimated. Minor deviations in this parameter of activation energy can have a significant impact on the cable life assessment results. Therefore, the activation energy value of the cable material must be precisely determined.
The method for obtaining the activation energy of the cable insulating material mainly comprises two methods, namely, a thermogravimetric method (or an oxidation induction test method) based on chemical thermal analysis dynamics, wherein the activation energy is calculated by utilizing the relation between the change rate of physical quantity measured by the thermal analysis method and the temperature, and the activation energy of the cable material is obtained by utilizing macroscopic performance indexes under the same aging state under different conditions based on an Arrhenius equation, wherein the method is commonly used as an elongation at break method.
The thermal analysis method is adopted to measure the activation energy of the cable, the related reaction temperature range is large, and various elementary reactions of the cable materials are often involved, so that whether the actual reaction mechanism of the cable can be kept consistent is not reasonably explained. The method adopts elongation at break method to measure the activation energy of the cable, which relates to fitting treatment of cable test data under different aging states, and the activation energy of the cable under different aging degrees is not fixed, so the method has errors, and the elongation at break method is a lossy test method and is not suitable for active cables.
Disclosure of Invention
Based on the above, it is necessary to provide a method and a device for measuring the activation energy of a cable insulation material based on a dielectric spectrum, which can rapidly and nondestructively obtain the activation energy of the cable insulation material, aiming at the problems of complex measurement process, large error and large damage of the existing method for measuring the activation energy of the cable insulation material.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
a cable insulation material activation energy measurement method based on dielectric spectrum comprises the following steps:
According to dielectric spectrum curves of the cable insulating material at different test temperatures, test frequency lnf and test temperature 1/T of the cable at a certain polarization state are obtained, a linear function of test frequency ln (f) and test temperature 1/T is fitted, the activation energy of the cable insulating material at the polarization state is obtained through slope calculation of the linear function, and the arithmetic average value of the activation energy of the cable insulating material at different polarization states is taken to obtain a final activation energy value of the cable insulating material.
Further, the method for measuring the activation energy of the cable insulation material based on the dielectric spectrum specifically comprises the following steps:
S1, respectively measuring dielectric spectrum response of the cable insulation material at different test frequencies at different test temperatures, so as to obtain dielectric spectrum data of the cable insulation material at different test temperatures;
S2, acquiring dielectric spectrum curves of the cable insulating material at different test temperatures through dielectric spectrum data of the cable insulating material at different test temperatures;
s3, capturing test temperature T and test frequency f of the cable insulation material in a certain polarization state on a dielectric spectrum curve of the cable insulation material at different test temperatures, and obtaining a linear function of the cable insulation material in the polarization state by linearly fitting the test frequency lnf and the test temperature 1/T of the cable insulation material in the polarization state;
s4, a linear function of the cable insulating material in a certain polarization state is a dielectric spectrum test temperature compensation formula of the cable insulating material, and the activation energy of the cable insulating material can be obtained through the slope of the linear function;
s5, repeating the steps S3 and S4 for a plurality of times, and obtaining an arithmetic average value of the activation energy of the cable insulation material in different polarization states to obtain a final activation energy value of the cable insulation material.
Further, in step S1, dielectric spectrum responses of the cable insulation material at different test frequencies are measured in a laboratory using a frequency sweep at different test temperatures, respectively.
Further, in step S2, the dielectric spectrum curve adopts a logarithmic coordinate, the abscissa is the test frequency, and the ordinate is the dielectric spectrum response of the cable insulation material under the test frequency.
Further, in step S3, the linear fitting is a least squares linear fitting.
Further, in step S3, the linear function of the cable insulation material in a certain polarization state is lnf =a (1/T) +b, a is a constant, and b is an intercept.
Further, in step S4, the dielectric spectrum test temperature compensation formula of the cable insulation material in a certain polarization state is lnf = (-Ea/R) · (1/T) +b, and R is an Avofacil constant.
Further, in step S4, the activation energy ea= -a·r of the cable insulation material in a certain polarization state.
A dielectric spectrum based cable insulation activation energy measurement device comprising:
the signal generation module is used for outputting a power frequency voltage signal and sending the power frequency voltage signal to the frequency conversion module;
the frequency conversion module is used for receiving the power frequency voltage signal sent by the signal generation module, converting the power frequency voltage signal into a broadband voltage signal and then sending the broadband voltage signal to the data acquisition module;
the signal amplifying module is used for amplifying the current signal of the test loop and transmitting the current signal to the data acquisition module;
The temperature control module is used for controlling and adjusting the cable test temperature and sending the temperature data to the data acquisition module;
The data acquisition module is used for receiving the broadband voltage signal sent by the frequency conversion module, the current signal sent by the signal amplification module and the temperature data sent by the temperature control module, and sending the signals to the data processing module;
the data processing module is used for receiving the data sent by the data acquisition module and analyzing and processing the data to obtain dielectric spectrum graphs of the cable insulation materials at different test temperatures;
The temperature correction module is used for capturing the test temperature T and the test frequency f of the cable insulation material in a certain polarization state on a dielectric spectrum curve of the cable insulation material in different test temperatures by calling the data processing module, obtaining a linear function of the cable insulation material in the polarization state by linearly fitting the test frequency lnf and the test temperature 1/T of the cable insulation material in the polarization state, namely a dielectric spectrum test temperature compensation formula of the cable insulation material in the polarization state, and obtaining the activation energy of the cable insulation material in the polarization state by slope calculation;
And the man-machine interaction module is used for inputting cable sample parameters, setting test parameters and displaying all test results.
Further, the signal generating module is in communication connection with the frequency conversion module, the signal amplifying module and the temperature control module are respectively in communication connection with the data acquisition module, the frequency conversion module and the signal amplifying module are respectively in circuit connection with the test loop, the data processing module is respectively in communication connection with the data acquisition module and the temperature correction module, and the man-machine interaction module is respectively in communication connection with the frequency conversion signal and the temperature control module.
Further, the shell of temperature control module is box structure, the inside of temperature control module sets up heating and cooling device, multiple spot infrared temperature measuring device and temperature regulating device, weld cable sample support on the shell of temperature control module.
Further, the cable sample support is of a stainless steel cylinder structure.
Further, the surface of the cable sample support is covered with a silica gel pad.
Further, the silica gel pad and the stainless steel cylinder are hollow structures.
Further, the cable sample parameters include cable model, cable material, and manufacturer.
Further, the test parameters include a test voltage, a test frequency, and a test temperature.
Further, the test results include a dielectric spectral curve.
The beneficial technical effects of the invention are as follows:
The method and the device for measuring the activation energy of the cable insulating material based on the dielectric spectrum can be used for measuring the activation energy of active or inactive nuclear-grade cables, are quick, lossless and good in repeatability, and can provide more accurate activation energy for state monitoring and service life evaluation of the cable insulating material.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an activation energy measurement device for a cable insulation material according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the dielectric spectrum of the cable insulation material of example 1 at different test temperatures;
FIG. 3 is a fitted linear plot of test frequency lnf and test temperature 1/T for the cable insulation material of example 1 at different polarization states;
fig. 4 is a schematic view of a cable sample holder in a temperature control module according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
A cable insulation material activation energy measurement method based on dielectric spectrum comprises the following steps:
And S1, measuring dielectric spectrum response of the cable insulation material at different test frequencies in a laboratory by using a frequency sweep mode at different test temperatures, so as to obtain dielectric spectrum data of the cable insulation material at different test temperatures.
And S2, acquiring dielectric spectrum curves of the cable insulating material at different test temperatures through dielectric spectrum data of the cable insulating material at different test temperatures, wherein the dielectric spectrum curves adopt logarithmic coordinates, the abscissa is the test frequency, and the ordinate is the dielectric spectrum response of the cable insulating material at the test frequency.
And S3, capturing test temperature T and test frequency f of the cable insulation material in the same polarization state on dielectric spectrum curves of the cable insulation material at different test temperatures, and linearly fitting the test frequency lnf and the test temperature 1/T of the cable insulation material in the same polarization state by a least square method to obtain a linear function, wherein lnf =a (1/T) +b, a is a constant, and b is an intercept.
S4, calculating to obtain the activation energy Ea= -a.R of the cable insulation material under the same polarization state according to a dielectric spectrum test temperature compensation formula (dielectric loss temperature compensation factor formula) of the cable insulation material.
The activation energy Ea of the cable insulation material in a certain polarization state can be obtained through the step S3 and the step S4, a plurality of polarization states are selected, the step S3 and the step S4 are repeated in each polarization state, the activation energy Ea of the cable insulation material in each polarization state can be obtained, and the arithmetic average value is taken as a final activation energy measurement result.
The definition of the dielectric spectrum test temperature compensation formula is that under a certain polarization state, the test frequency lnf and the test temperature 1/T of the dielectric spectrum test of the cable insulation material form a linear relation of lnf = (-Ea/R) · (1/T) +b, and the linear relation is the dielectric spectrum test temperature compensation formula of the cable insulation material under a certain polarization state.
Specifically, according to the Arrhenius equation and the dielectric polarization principle, the relation between the test frequency and the test temperature of the dielectric spectrum test of the cable insulation material is studied. The effect of ambient temperature on the results of the dielectric spectrum test must be considered when evaluating the aging state of the cable insulation using the dielectric spectrum test. The reference temperature of the dielectric spectrum test is set as T 2, the test temperature is set as T 1, and according to the dielectric polarization principle, the polarization characteristic offset relation of the cable insulation material in the time domain and the frequency domain is generally expressed by functions f and χ:
Where α T1,T2 and τ T1,T2 are the amplitude offset and time offset of the dielectric loss in the time domain, respectively, and β T1,T2 and Ω T1,T2 are the amplitude offset and frequency offset of the dielectric loss in the frequency domain, respectively.
From equation 1, equation 2 and the inverse fourier transform, we can obtain:
For the polarization characteristics of the cable insulation material in the time domain, according to the classical Arrhenius equation, the time required for the cable insulation material to reach a certain polarization state can be calculated:
τ=aexp (Ea/RT) equation 4
Wherein A is a factor, also called Arrhenius constant, ea is the activation energy value (unit is J/mol) of the cable insulating material, R is the molar gas constant (8.31J/(mol. K)), and T is the absolute temperature (unit is K).
According to equations 3 and 4, the frequencies required for the cable insulation to reach a certain polarization state are:
omega = a' exp (-Ea/RT) equation 5
The natural logarithm is taken from the two sides of the formula 5, and then
When the cable insulating material reaches a certain polarization state, ln (f) and 1/T are in linear relation in a rectangular coordinate system. In a logarithmic coordinate system, translating a dielectric spectrum response curve of the cable insulation material at a certain test temperature T 1 along a frequency axis according to a formula 8 to obtain a dielectric spectrum response curve of the cable insulation material at a reference temperature T 2, wherein the formula 8 is a dielectric loss temperature compensation factor formula of the cable insulation material, and the slope of the dielectric loss temperature compensation factor formula is-Ea/R and is directly related to an activation energy value Ea of the cable insulation material.
And dielectric spectrum test, namely outputting voltage signals with different frequencies to test cable samples, and calculating and obtaining dielectric spectrum response through testing loop voltage and current signals.
A cable insulation material activation energy measuring device based on a dielectric frequency spectrum comprises a signal generation module, a frequency conversion module, a signal amplification module, a temperature control module, a data acquisition module, a data processing module and a temperature correction module.
The signal generation module is in communication connection with the frequency conversion module and is used for outputting a 50Hz power frequency voltage signal and sending the 50Hz power frequency voltage signal to the frequency conversion module;
The frequency conversion module is connected with the test loop circuit and is in communication connection with the data acquisition module, and is used for receiving the power frequency voltage signal sent by the signal generation module, converting the power frequency voltage signal into a broadband voltage signal with the frequency range from 0.01Hz to 10kHz and then sending the broadband voltage signal to the data acquisition module;
the signal amplifying module is in circuit connection with the test loop, is in communication connection with the data acquisition module, and is used for amplifying the current signal of the test loop and transmitting the current signal to the data acquisition module;
the temperature control module is in communication connection with the data acquisition module, and is used for controlling and adjusting the testing temperature of the cable and sending the temperature data to the data acquisition module;
The data acquisition module is used for receiving the broadband voltage signal sent by the frequency conversion module, the current signal sent by the signal amplification module and the temperature data sent by the temperature control module, so that dielectric spectrum data of the cable insulating material at different test temperatures are obtained and sent to the data processing module.
The data processing module is in communication connection with the data acquisition module and is used for receiving the dielectric spectrum data sent by the data acquisition module and analyzing and processing the dielectric spectrum data to obtain dielectric spectrum curves of the cable insulation materials at different test temperatures;
The temperature correction module is in communication connection with the data processing module, captures the test temperature T and the test frequency f of the cable insulation material in a certain polarization state on a dielectric spectrum curve of the cable insulation material in different test temperatures by calling the data processing module, obtains a linear function of the cable insulation material in the polarization state by linearly fitting the test frequency lnf and the test temperature 1/T of the cable insulation material in the polarization state, namely a dielectric spectrum test temperature compensation formula of the cable insulation material in the polarization state, and obtains the activation energy of the cable insulation material in the polarization state by slope calculation;
The man-machine interaction module is respectively in communication connection with the variable frequency signal and the temperature control module and is used for inputting cable sample parameters such as a cable sample model, a cable sample material, a cable sample manufacturer and the like, setting test parameters such as test voltage, test frequency and test temperature and displaying test results such as a dielectric spectrum curve and the like, and the human-machine interaction module remotely controls the variable frequency signal and the temperature control module to achieve the set test voltage, test frequency and test temperature.
The shell of temperature control module is box structure, and the inside of temperature control module sets up heating and cooling device, multiple spot infrared temperature measuring device and temperature regulating device, welds stainless steel drum structure's cable sample support on the shell of temperature control module, and cable sample support surface covers the silica gel pad, and cable sample twines on the sample support during the test, in order to ensure the inside temperature uniformity of temperature control box, silica gel pad and stainless steel drum all adopt hollow out construction. The temperature control module can accurately adjust and control the test temperature of the cable sample according to the requirement.
The present invention is described in further detail below with reference to the examples and the accompanying drawings.
Example 1
The method for measuring the activation energy of the cable insulating material based on the dielectric spectrum, wherein the cable is a nuclear-grade K1 cable used in a nuclear power station, and the insulating material is a halogen-free flame-retardant crosslinked polyolefin material, and comprises the following steps:
And S1, measuring dielectric spectrum response of the cable insulation material at different test frequencies in a laboratory application frequency sweeping mode at different test temperatures (30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, 80 ℃, 90 ℃ and 100 ℃) by taking 10 ℃ as a temperature interval, so as to obtain dielectric spectrum data of the cable insulation material at different test temperatures (30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, 80 ℃, 90 ℃ and 100 ℃).
S2, acquiring dielectric spectrum curves (see FIG. 2) of the cable insulation material at different test temperatures (30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃,60 ℃, 70 ℃,80 ℃,90 ℃ and 100 ℃) by using dielectric spectrum data of the cable insulation material at different test temperatures (30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃,60 ℃, 70 ℃,80 ℃,90 ℃ and 100 ℃), wherein the dielectric spectrum curves are in logarithmic coordinates, the abscissa is the test frequency, and the ordinate is the dielectric spectrum response of the cable insulation material at the test frequency.
S3, taking 6 different dielectric loss values on dielectric spectrum curves of the cable insulating material at different test temperatures, as shown by a horizontal dashed line in fig. 2, obtaining test temperature T and test frequency f of the cable insulating material in each polarization state, and linearly fitting the test frequency lnf and the test temperature 1/T of the cable insulating material in each polarization state by a least square method to obtain the following linear function in each polarization state:
lnf＝a1·(1/T),lnf＝a2·(1/T),lnf＝a3·(1/T),lnf＝a4·(1/T),lnf＝a5·(1/T),a5 Is constant, lnf =a 6·(1/T),a1、a2、a3、a4、a5 and a 6 are both constants.
S4, according to a dielectric spectrum test temperature compensation formula of the cable insulation material, the activation energy Ea1＝-a1·R,Ea2＝-a2·R;Ea3＝-a3·R;Ea4＝-a4·R;Ea5＝-a5·R;Ea6＝-a6·R, of the cable insulation material in different polarization states is calculated, and is shown in figure 3, the activation energy values in the different polarization states are not greatly different, which shows that the reliability of the activation energy result obtained by the method is high, the arithmetic average value of the activation energy of the cable insulation material in each polarization state is taken, and the final activation energy result of the cable insulation material is obtained to be 81.35kJ/mol.
The cable insulation material activation energy measuring method based on the dielectric spectrum adopts a cable insulation material activation energy measuring device based on the dielectric spectrum.
The foregoing examples illustrate only a few embodiments of the invention and are described in detail herein without thereby limiting the scope of the invention. It should be noted that it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that several variations and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention, which are all within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the scope of protection of the present invention is to be determined by the appended claims.
Claims (5)
1. The method for measuring the activation energy of the cable insulating material based on the dielectric spectrum is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
S1, respectively measuring dielectric spectrum response of the cable insulation material at different test frequencies at different test temperatures, so as to obtain dielectric spectrum data of the cable insulation material at different test temperatures;
S2, acquiring dielectric spectrum curves of the cable insulating material at different test temperatures through dielectric spectrum data of the cable insulating material at different test temperatures;
s3, capturing test temperature T and test frequency f of the cable insulation material in a certain polarization state on a dielectric spectrum curve of the cable insulation material at different test temperatures, and obtaining a linear function of the cable insulation material in the polarization state by linearly fitting the test frequency lnf and the test temperature 1/T of the cable insulation material in the polarization state;
S4, a linear function of the cable insulating material in a certain polarization state is a dielectric spectrum test temperature compensation formula of the cable insulating material, and the activation energy of the cable insulating material can be obtained through the slope of the linear function;
S5, repeating the steps S3 and S4 for a plurality of times, and obtaining an arithmetic average value of the activation energy of the cable insulation material in different polarization states to obtain a final activation energy value of the cable insulation material;
In step S1, dielectric spectrum responses of the cable insulating material at different test frequencies are measured in a laboratory by using a frequency sweep mode at different test temperatures;
In step S2, the dielectric spectrum curve adopts a logarithmic coordinate, the abscissa is the test frequency, and the ordinate is the dielectric spectrum response of the cable insulation material under the test frequency;
In the step S3, the linear function of the cable insulation material in a certain polarization state is lnf =a- (1/T) +b, a is a constant, b is an intercept, and the dielectric spectrum test temperature compensation formula of the cable insulation material in a certain polarization state is lnf = (-Ea/R) · (1/T) +b, R is an Avofolde constant;
in step S4, the activation energy ea= -a·r of the cable insulation material in a certain polarization state.
2. A dielectric spectrum-based cable insulation activation energy measurement device applied to the dielectric spectrum-based cable insulation activation energy measurement method as set forth in claim 1, comprising:
the signal generation module is used for outputting a power frequency voltage signal and sending the power frequency voltage signal to the frequency conversion module;
the frequency conversion module is used for receiving the power frequency voltage signal sent by the signal generation module, converting the power frequency voltage signal into a broadband voltage signal and then sending the broadband voltage signal to the data acquisition module;
the signal amplifying module is used for amplifying the current signal of the test loop and transmitting the current signal to the data acquisition module;
The temperature control module is used for controlling and adjusting the cable test temperature and sending the temperature data to the data acquisition module;
The data acquisition module is used for receiving the broadband voltage signal sent by the frequency conversion module, the current signal sent by the signal amplification module and the temperature data sent by the temperature control module, and sending the signals to the data processing module;
the data processing module is used for receiving the data sent by the data acquisition module and analyzing and processing the data to obtain dielectric spectrum graphs of the cable insulation materials at different test temperatures;
The temperature correction module is used for capturing the test temperature T and the test frequency f of the cable insulation material in a certain polarization state on a dielectric spectrum curve of the cable insulation material in different test temperatures by calling the data processing module, obtaining a linear function of the cable insulation material in the polarization state by linearly fitting the test frequency lnf and the test temperature 1/T of the cable insulation material in the polarization state, namely a dielectric spectrum test temperature compensation formula of the cable insulation material in the polarization state, and obtaining the activation energy of the cable insulation material in the polarization state by slope calculation;
And the man-machine interaction module is used for inputting cable sample parameters, setting test parameters and displaying all test results.
3. The device for measuring the activation energy of the cable insulation material based on the dielectric spectrum according to claim 2, wherein the signal generating module is in communication connection with the frequency conversion module, the signal amplifying module and the temperature control module are respectively in communication connection with the data acquisition module, the frequency conversion module and the signal amplifying module are respectively in circuit connection with the test loop, the data processing module is respectively in communication connection with the data acquisition module and the temperature correction module, and the man-machine interaction module is respectively in communication connection with the frequency conversion signal and the temperature control module.
4. The device for measuring the activation energy of the cable insulation material based on the dielectric spectrum according to claim 2, wherein the shell of the temperature control module is of a box type structure, a heating and cooling device, a multi-point infrared temperature measuring device and a temperature adjusting device are arranged in the temperature control module, and a cable sample support is welded on the shell of the temperature control module.
5. The apparatus for measuring activation energy of cable insulation material based on dielectric spectrum according to any one of claims 2-4, wherein the cable sample support is of stainless steel cylinder structure, and the surface of the cable sample support is covered with silica gel pad.
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| CN108872820A (en) * | 2018-08-02 | 2018-11-23 | 国网吉林省电力有限公司电力科学研究院 | The appraisal procedure and system of oil-impregnated paper insulation ageing state in high-tension current inductor |
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