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CN112736483B - Polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna and implementation method thereof - Google Patents

Polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna and implementation method thereof Download PDF

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CN112736483B
CN112736483B CN202011565965.7A CN202011565965A CN112736483B CN 112736483 B CN112736483 B CN 112736483B CN 202011565965 A CN202011565965 A CN 202011565965A CN 112736483 B CN112736483 B CN 112736483B
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CN112736483A (en
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谭云华
王艺东
王迪
杜朝海
刘濮鲲
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/005—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system using remotely controlled antenna positioning or scanning
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
    • H01Q15/0013—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices working as frequency-selective reflecting surfaces, e.g. FSS, dichroic plates, surfaces being partly transmissive and reflective
    • H01Q15/002—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices working as frequency-selective reflecting surfaces, e.g. FSS, dichroic plates, surfaces being partly transmissive and reflective said selective devices being reconfigurable or tunable, e.g. using switches or diodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
    • H01Q15/0013—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices working as frequency-selective reflecting surfaces, e.g. FSS, dichroic plates, surfaces being partly transmissive and reflective
    • H01Q15/0033—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices working as frequency-selective reflecting surfaces, e.g. FSS, dichroic plates, surfaces being partly transmissive and reflective used for beam splitting or combining, e.g. acting as a quasi-optical multiplexer

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Abstract

本发明公开了一种极化可重构的二维波束扫描全息天线及其实现方法。本发明采用天线馈源集成在全息阻抗调制表面中心上，全息阻抗调制表面包括多个阻抗调制单元，相应连接至电压控制网络的一个节点，通过电压控制网络的节点电压控制相应的阻抗调制单元的表面阻抗，当全息阻抗调制表面的阻抗分布满足相干调制时，天线馈源产生的表面波源场会转化为目标辐射场向空间辐射；本发明不需要复杂的移相和馈电网络，拥有剖面低的优势，而且避免了在辐射方向上的馈源遮挡问题；解决了在固定工作频率上辐射的极化方式不能改变与辐射角度不能改变这两个问题；本发明以其低剖面、利于集成、目标波束可重构等优点，在微波通信系统中有着非常大的优势和发展前景。

Figure 202011565965

The invention discloses a polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna and a realization method thereof. In the present invention, the antenna feed is integrated on the center of the holographic impedance modulation surface, and the holographic impedance modulation surface includes a plurality of impedance modulation units, which are connected to a node of a voltage control network, and the voltage of the node of the voltage control network is used to control the corresponding impedance modulation unit. Surface impedance, when the impedance distribution of the holographic impedance modulation surface satisfies the coherent modulation, the surface wave source field generated by the antenna feed will be converted into the target radiation field and radiated to the space; the present invention does not require complex phase shifting and feeding networks, and has a low profile It also avoids the problem of feed blockage in the radiation direction; it solves the two problems that the polarization mode of radiation cannot be changed and the radiation angle cannot be changed at a fixed operating frequency; The advantages of the target beam being reconfigurable, etc., have great advantages and development prospects in the microwave communication system.

Figure 202011565965

Description

一种极化可重构的二维波束扫描全息天线及其实现方法A polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna and its realization method

技术领域technical field

本发明涉及微波通信技术，具体涉及一种极化可重构的二维波束扫描全息天线及其实现方法。The invention relates to microwave communication technology, in particular to a polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna and an implementation method thereof.

背景技术Background technique

随着通信技术的发展，传统的单功能天线已经很难满足日益增长的通信需求，可重构天线可以在一个天线中实现波束角度控制，极化方式控制，工作频段控制等要求，大大拓宽了天线的使用场景，成为了在复杂通信场景下简化天线系统的有效解决方案。其中，由于高增益天线辐射波束极窄的特性，无法覆盖多方位用户的通信需求，所以辐射波束扫描能力在高增益定向天线中非常重要；同时，极化可重构能力可以实现通信上的频率复用，提高通信系统容量。因此，同时拥有极化可重构能力和波束扫描能力的天线可以减小通信系统收发模块的复杂度，提升通信系统的通信质量。With the development of communication technology, it is difficult for traditional single-function antennas to meet the increasing communication needs. Reconfigurable antennas can realize beam angle control, polarization control, and operating frequency band control in one antenna, which greatly broadens the requirements. The usage scenario of the antenna has become an effective solution to simplify the antenna system in complex communication scenarios. Among them, due to the extremely narrow radiation beam characteristics of high-gain antennas, it cannot cover the communication needs of multi-directional users, so the scanning ability of radiation beams is very important in high-gain directional antennas; at the same time, the polarization reconfigurable ability can realize the frequency of communication Multiplexing to increase the capacity of the communication system. Therefore, an antenna having both polarization reconfigurable capability and beam scanning capability can reduce the complexity of the transceiver module of the communication system and improve the communication quality of the communication system.

目前对于极化可重构的波束扫描二维天线的实现方式主要有两种：1)相控阵天线，通过调整各个天线单元的馈电相位，使天线在不同极化方式下实现辐射波束的扫描，这种方式需要复杂的移相和馈电网络，成本高，系统复杂；2)电控波束可重构反射阵，通过对反射阵面上的相位分布进行实时调控，使天线在不同极化方式下实现辐射波束的扫描，这种方式需要在阵面的辐射面放置照射反射阵面的馈源喇叭，由于喇叭遮挡，馈源方向的辐射波束性能会恶化，且在阵面外置的馈源会增大天线系统的体积。At present, there are two main ways to realize polarization reconfigurable beam scanning two-dimensional antenna: 1) Phased array antenna, by adjusting the feeding phase of each antenna element, the antenna can realize the radiation beam in different polarization modes. Scanning, this method requires complex phase shifting and feeding network, high cost and complex system; 2) The electronically controlled beam can be reconfigured to reflect the array. The scanning of the radiation beam is realized in the light-emitting mode. This method needs to place the feed horn that illuminates the reflection front on the radiation surface of the front. Due to the shielding of the horn, the performance of the radiation beam in the direction of the feed will be deteriorated. Feeds increase the bulk of the antenna system.

发明内容SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

为了解决了传统全息天线在固定工作频率上辐射的极化方式不能改变与辐射角度不能改变这两个问题，本发明提出了一种极化可重构的二维波束扫描全息天线及其实现方法，具有低剖面、利于集成、波束可重构等优点，在微波通信系统中有着非常大的优势和发展前景。In order to solve the two problems that the traditional holographic antenna can not change the polarization mode and the radiation angle of the radiation at a fixed operating frequency, the present invention proposes a two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna with reconfigurable polarization and its realization method. , has the advantages of low profile, favorable integration, beam reconfiguration, etc., and has great advantages and development prospects in microwave communication systems.

本发明的一个目的在于提出一种极化可重构的二维波束扫描全息天线。An object of the present invention is to provide a polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna.

本发明的极化可重构的二维波束扫描全息天线包括：全息阻抗调制表面、电压控制网络和天线馈源；全息阻抗调制表面连接至电压控制网络，在全息阻抗调制表面的中心设置天线馈源；其中，The polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna of the present invention comprises: a holographic impedance modulation surface, a voltage control network and an antenna feed; the holographic impedance modulation surface is connected to the voltage control network, and the antenna feeder is arranged in the center of the holographic impedance modulation surface source; of which,

全息阻抗调制表面包括V×H个阻抗调制单元或V×H-1个阻抗调制单元，当V和H不全为奇数时，包括V×H个阻抗调制单元，当V和H均为奇数时，中心的位置被天线馈源占据，包括V×H-1个阻抗调制单元，每一个阻抗调制单元包括上层基板、底层基板、金属地板、阻抗调制贴片、变容二极管、接地金属通孔和中心金属通孔；上层基板和底层基板分别为平板状，二者之间设置金属地板，金属地板接地；在上层基板的上表面中心设置阻抗调制贴片，阻抗调制贴片的形状为中心对称的图形；在阻抗调制贴片的边缘设置关于x轴和y轴均对称的L个变容二极管，L为≥2的自然数，变容二极管的导通方向指向阻抗调制贴片的中心；在阻抗调制贴片外，与每一个变容二极管相对应，开设有贯穿上层基板的上表面至金属地板的L个接地金属通孔，变容二极管的负极连接阻抗调制贴片，每一个变容二极管的正极通过相应的接地金属通孔连接至金属地板；在阻抗调制贴片下，开设有贯穿上层基板的上表面至底层基板的下表面的中心金属通孔，并且中心金属通孔与金属地板之间绝缘，阻抗调制贴片通过中心金属通孔连接电压控制网络；所有阻抗调制单元的上层基板、底层基板和金属地板的边缘紧密贴合连接成一个整体；The holographic impedance modulation surface includes V×H impedance modulation units or V×H-1 impedance modulation units. When V and H are not all odd numbers, it includes V×H impedance modulation units. When V and H are both odd numbers, The center position is occupied by the antenna feed, including V×H-1 impedance modulation units, each impedance modulation unit includes an upper substrate, a bottom substrate, a metal floor, an impedance modulation patch, a varactor diode, a ground metal through hole and a center Metal through holes; the upper substrate and the bottom substrate are respectively flat, with a metal floor between them, and the metal floor is grounded; an impedance modulation patch is arranged in the center of the upper surface of the upper substrate, and the shape of the impedance modulation patch is a centrally symmetric figure ; Set L varactor diodes symmetrical about the x-axis and y-axis on the edge of the impedance modulation patch, L is a natural number ≥ 2, and the conduction direction of the varactor diode points to the center of the impedance modulation patch; on the impedance modulation patch Outside the chip, corresponding to each varactor diode, there are L ground metal through holes penetrating the upper surface of the upper substrate to the metal floor, the negative electrode of the varactor diode is connected to the impedance modulation patch, and the positive electrode of each varactor diode passes through Corresponding ground metal through holes are connected to the metal floor; under the impedance modulation patch, a central metal through hole penetrating from the upper surface of the upper substrate to the lower surface of the bottom substrate is opened, and the central metal through hole is insulated from the metal floor, The impedance modulation patch is connected to the voltage control network through the central metal through hole; the edges of the upper substrate, the bottom substrate and the metal floor of all impedance modulation units are closely connected to form a whole;

电压控制网络包括FPGA(现场可编程逻辑门阵列)控制单元、变压单元和V×H个或V×H-1个节点；FPGA控制单元连接至变压单元；与每一个阻抗调制单元向对应，变压单元伸出V×H个或V×H-1节点，节点为导线，V×H个或V×H-1节点分别连接至相对应的与V×H或V×H-1个阻抗调制单元的中心金属通孔；The voltage control network includes an FPGA (Field Programmable Logic Gate Array) control unit, a transformer unit, and V×H or V×H-1 nodes; the FPGA control unit is connected to the transformer unit; it corresponds to each impedance modulation unit. , the transformer unit extends V×H or V×H-1 nodes, the nodes are wires, V×H or V×H-1 nodes are respectively connected to the corresponding V×H or V×H-1 nodes The central metal through hole of the impedance modulation unit;

天线馈源为单极子天线，竖直的设立在全息阻抗调制表面的中心；The antenna feed source is a monopole antenna, which is set up vertically in the center of the holographic impedance modulation surface;

根据FDTD(时域有限差分法)得到阻抗调制单元的色散曲线，通过阻抗调制单元的色散曲线得到阻抗调制单元的本征频率，通过本征频率得到阻抗调制单元的表面阻抗；表面阻抗与电容有关，电压控制网络的每一个节点向相应的阻抗调制单元施加电压，通过阻抗调制贴片向多个变容二极管加载反向偏置电压，电压控制网络的节点的电压变化导致变容二极管加载的反向偏置电压的变化，加载的反向偏置电压的变化控制多个变容二极管的电容同时变化，实现通过电压控制网络的节点电压控制阻抗调制单元的电容，从而控制对应的阻抗调制单元的表面阻抗；通过电容与表面阻抗的关系得到表面阻抗曲线；根据每一个阻抗调制单元的表面阻抗曲线，得到整个全息阻抗调制表面的阻抗分布；全息阻抗调制表面的阻抗分布由表面波源场和目标辐射场干涉而成，当全息阻抗调制表面的阻抗分布满足相干调制时，位于全息阻抗调制表面中心的天线馈源产生的表面波源场会转化为目标辐射场向空间辐射；并且通过特定的阻抗分布能够得到特定的辐射角度和极化方向的目标波束，从而实现利用阻抗调制单元的表面阻抗与电压控制网络对应节点的电压分布关系，能够将目标波束的极化方式和辐射角度的阻抗分布映射到电压控制网络的各个节点的电压分布上，从而使电压控制网络的电压分布控制极化可重构的二维波束扫描全息天线的辐射角度和极化方向。The dispersion curve of the impedance modulation unit is obtained according to FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain Method), the eigenfrequency of the impedance modulation unit is obtained through the dispersion curve of the impedance modulation unit, and the surface impedance of the impedance modulation unit is obtained through the eigenfrequency; the surface impedance is related to the capacitance , each node of the voltage control network applies a voltage to the corresponding impedance modulation unit, and loads the reverse bias voltage to the plurality of varactors through the impedance modulation patch. The voltage change of the node of the voltage control network causes the reverse bias of the varactor loading The change of the bias voltage and the change of the loaded reverse bias voltage control the capacitance of multiple varactors to change at the same time, so that the capacitance of the impedance modulation unit is controlled by the node voltage of the voltage control network, thereby controlling the corresponding impedance modulation unit. Surface impedance; the surface impedance curve is obtained from the relationship between capacitance and surface impedance; the impedance distribution of the entire holographic impedance modulation surface is obtained according to the surface impedance curve of each impedance modulation unit; the impedance distribution of the holographic impedance modulation surface is determined by the surface wave source field and target radiation When the impedance distribution of the holographic impedance modulation surface satisfies the coherent modulation, the surface wave source field generated by the antenna feed located in the center of the holographic impedance modulation surface will be converted into the target radiation field and radiated to the space; The target beam with a specific radiation angle and polarization direction is obtained, so as to realize the relationship between the surface impedance of the impedance modulation unit and the voltage distribution of the corresponding node of the voltage control network, and the polarization mode of the target beam and the impedance distribution of the radiation angle can be mapped to the voltage. The voltage distribution of each node of the control network is controlled, so that the voltage distribution of the voltage control network controls the radiation angle and polarization direction of the polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna.

阻抗调制贴片采用导电性较好的金属，金属为铜、铝或铝合金。The impedance modulation patch adopts metal with good conductivity, and the metal is copper, aluminum or aluminum alloy.

每一个阻抗调制单元的阻抗调制贴片的尺寸相同，并且变容二极管的型号也相同。The size of the impedance modulation patch of each impedance modulation unit is the same, and the model of the varactor diode is also the same.

阻抗调制单元的上层基板和底层基板的形状为正方形，阻抗调制单元的边长a即为上层基板和底层基板的正方形的边长，

Figure GDA0002996630630000031
阻抗调制贴片的水平尺度小于阻抗调制单元的边长。The shape of the upper substrate and the bottom substrate of the impedance modulation unit is square, and the side length a of the impedance modulation unit is the side length of the square of the upper substrate and the bottom substrate,
Figure GDA0002996630630000031
The horizontal dimension of the impedance modulation patch is smaller than the side length of the impedance modulation unit.

V和H为≥λ0/a的自然数，λ0为极化可重构的二维波束扫描全息天线工作频率下的自由空间波长，a为阻抗调制单元的边长。V and H are natural numbers ≥λ 0 /a, λ 0 is the free-space wavelength at the operating frequency of the polarization-reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna, and a is the side length of the impedance modulation unit.

本发明的另一个目的在于提出一种极化可重构的二维波束扫描全息天线的实现方法。Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for realizing a polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna.

本发明的极化可重构的二维波束扫描全息天线的实现方法，包括以下步骤：The implementation method of the polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna of the present invention comprises the following steps:

1)根据FDTD(时域有限差分法)得到阻抗调制单元的色散曲线，通过阻抗调制单元的色散曲线得到阻抗调制单元的本征频率，通过本征频率得到阻抗调制单元的表面阻抗Z：1) Obtain the dispersion curve of the impedance modulation unit according to FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain Method), obtain the eigenfrequency of the impedance modulation unit through the dispersion curve of the impedance modulation unit, and obtain the surface impedance Z of the impedance modulation unit through the eigenfrequency:

Figure GDA0002996630630000032
Figure GDA0002996630630000032

其中，η0为自由空间波阻抗，c为自由空间光速，a为阻抗调制单元的边长，φx为表面波在x方向跨越阻抗调制单元所对应的相位差，ω为阻抗调制单元的本征频率；Among them, η 0 is the free space wave impedance, c is the free space speed of light, a is the side length of the impedance modulation unit, φ x is the phase difference corresponding to the surface wave crossing the impedance modulation unit in the x direction, and ω is the impedance modulation unit. frequency of symptoms;

表面阻抗与电容有关，通过电压控制网络的每一个节点向相应的阻抗调制单元施加电压，通过阻抗调制贴片向多个变容二极管加载反向偏置电压，电压控制网络的节点的电压变化导致变容二极管加载的反向偏置电压的变化，加载的反向偏置电压的变化控制多个变容二极管的电容同时变化，实现通过电压控制网络的节点电压控制阻抗调制单元的电容，从而控制对应的阻抗调制单元的表面阻抗；The surface impedance is related to the capacitance. A voltage is applied to the corresponding impedance modulation unit through each node of the voltage control network, and a reverse bias voltage is applied to a plurality of varactors through the impedance modulation patch. The voltage change of the nodes of the voltage control network causes The change of the reverse bias voltage loaded by the varactor, the change of the loaded reverse bias voltage controls the capacitance of multiple varactors to change at the same time, and the node voltage of the voltage control network controls the capacitance of the impedance modulation unit, thereby controlling the surface impedance of the corresponding impedance modulation unit;

2)通过电容与表面阻抗的关系得到表面阻抗曲线；根据每一个阻抗调制单元的表面阻抗曲线，得到整个全息阻抗调制表面的阻抗分布，从而将全息阻抗调制表面的阻抗分布与电压控制网络的电压分布相联系；2) The surface impedance curve is obtained through the relationship between capacitance and surface impedance; according to the surface impedance curve of each impedance modulation unit, the impedance distribution of the entire holographic impedance modulation surface is obtained, so as to compare the impedance distribution of the holographic impedance modulation surface with the voltage of the voltage control network distribution is linked;

3)全息阻抗调制表面的阻抗分布由表面波源场和目标辐射场干涉而成，当全息阻抗调制表面的阻抗分布Z(x，y)满足相干调制分布时：3) The impedance distribution of the holographic impedance modulation surface is formed by the interference of the surface wave source field and the target radiation field. When the impedance distribution Z(x, y) of the holographic impedance modulation surface satisfies the coherent modulation distribution:

Figure GDA0002996630630000033
Figure GDA0002996630630000033

其中，Xs为阻抗调制单元的平均阻抗值，M为阻抗调制深度，ψrad和

Figure GDA0002996630630000034
分别为极化可重构的二维波束扫描全息天线的目标辐射场和表面波源场的共轭；where X s is the average impedance value of the impedance modulation unit, M is the impedance modulation depth, ψ rad and
Figure GDA0002996630630000034
are the conjugate of the target radiation field and the surface wave source field of the polarization reconfigurable 2D beam scanning holographic antenna, respectively;

4)并且通过特定的阻抗分布能够得到特定的辐射角度和极化方向的目标波束，从而实现利用阻抗调制单元的表面阻抗与电压控制网络的电压分布关系，能够将目标波束的极化方式和辐射角度的阻抗分布映射到电压控制网络的各个节点的电压分布上，从而使电压控制网络的电压分布控制极化可重构的二维波束扫描全息天线的辐射角度和极化方向。4) And the target beam with a specific radiation angle and polarization direction can be obtained through a specific impedance distribution, so as to realize the relationship between the surface impedance of the impedance modulation unit and the voltage distribution of the voltage control network, and the polarization mode and radiation of the target beam can be obtained. The angular impedance distribution is mapped to the voltage distribution of each node of the voltage control network, so that the voltage distribution of the voltage control network controls the radiation angle and polarization direction of the polarization-reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna.

其中，在步骤3)中，对于线极化辐射目标波束，x方向线极化和y方向线极化的阻抗分布，包括以下步骤：Wherein, in step 3), for the linearly polarized radiation target beam, the impedance distribution of the linear polarization in the x-direction and the linear polarization in the y-direction includes the following steps:

i.全息阻抗调制表面满足下述阻抗分布时，位于全息阻抗调制表面中心的天线馈源产生的表面波源场会转化为目标辐射场向空间辐射；i. When the holographic impedance modulation surface satisfies the following impedance distribution, the surface wave source field generated by the antenna feed located in the center of the holographic impedance modulation surface will be converted into the target radiation field and radiated into space;

二维任意方向上的向空间辐射的x方向线极化的目标辐射场为：The x-direction linearly polarized target radiation field radiating to space in two-dimensional arbitrary directions is:

Figure GDA0002996630630000041
Figure GDA0002996630630000041

二维任意方向上的向空间辐射的y方向线极化的目标辐射场为：The y-direction linearly polarized target radiation field radiating to space in two-dimensional arbitrary directions is:

Figure GDA0002996630630000042
Figure GDA0002996630630000042

其中，k0为自由空间中的波数，θ为目标波束指向的仰角，

Figure GDA0002996630630000046
为目标波束指向的方位角；where k 0 is the wave number in free space, θ is the elevation angle pointed by the target beam,
Figure GDA0002996630630000046
is the azimuth at which the target beam points;

ii.由于天线馈源位于全息阻抗调制表面的中央，表面波源场为：ii. Since the antenna feed is located in the center of the holographic impedance modulating surface, the surface wave source field is:

Figure GDA0002996630630000043
Figure GDA0002996630630000043

其中，kt为表面波传播方向上的波数，r为极化可重构的二维波束扫描全息天线的平面各点到中心馈源的距离；Among them, k t is the wave number in the propagation direction of the surface wave, and r is the distance from each point on the plane of the polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna to the central feed;

iii.将x方向线极化和y方向线极化的目标辐射场(3)和(4)以及表面波源场(5)代入阻抗分布式(2)，从而分别得到x方向线极化和y方向线极化辐射的阻抗分布式分别为：iii. Substitute the target radiation fields (3) and (4) and the surface wave source field (5) of the linear polarization in the x direction and the linear polarization in the y direction into the impedance distribution (2), thereby obtaining the linear polarization in the x direction and the y direction, respectively. The impedance distributions of the directional linearly polarized radiation are:

Figure GDA0002996630630000044
Figure GDA0002996630630000044

Figure GDA0002996630630000045
Figure GDA0002996630630000045

在步骤3)中，对于圆极化辐射目标波束，左旋圆极化和右旋圆极化辐射的阻抗分布，包括以下步骤：In step 3), for the circularly polarized radiation target beam, the impedance distribution of the left-handed circularly polarized radiation and the right-handed circularly polarized radiation includes the following steps:

i.全息阻抗调制表面满足下述阻抗分布时，位于全息阻抗调制表面中心的天线馈源产生的表面波源场会转化为目标辐射场向空间辐射；i. When the holographic impedance modulation surface satisfies the following impedance distribution, the surface wave source field generated by the antenna feed located in the center of the holographic impedance modulation surface will be converted into the target radiation field and radiated into space;

二维任意方向上的向空间辐射的圆极化的目标辐射场ψrad被分解为两个幅度相同且相位正交的x方向线极化的目标辐射场ψradx和y方向线极化的目标辐射场ψrady之和：The circularly polarized target radiation field ψ rad radiating into space in two-dimensional arbitrary directions is decomposed into two linearly polarized target radiation fields ψ radx in the x-direction and y-direction linearly polarized target with the same amplitude and orthogonal phase The sum of radiation fields ψ rady :

Figure GDA0002996630630000051
Figure GDA0002996630630000051

其中，±符号取+时为左旋圆极化的目标辐射场，取-时为右旋圆极化的目标辐射场；Among them, when the ± sign is +, it is the target radiation field of left-hand circular polarization, and when it is -, it is the target radiation field of right-hand circular polarization;

并且and

Figure GDA0002996630630000052
Figure GDA0002996630630000052

Figure GDA0002996630630000053
Figure GDA0002996630630000053

其中，k0为自由空间中的波数，θ为目标波束指向的仰角，

Figure GDA0002996630630000054
为目标波束指向的方位角；ii.由于天线馈源位于全息阻抗调制表面的中央，表面波源场为：where k 0 is the wave number in free space, θ is the elevation angle pointed by the target beam,
Figure GDA0002996630630000054
is the azimuth of the target beam pointing; ii. Since the antenna feed is located in the center of the holographic impedance modulation surface, the surface wave source field is:

Figure GDA0002996630630000055
Figure GDA0002996630630000055

其中，kt为表面波传播方向上的波数，r为极化可重构的二维波束扫描全息天线的平面各点到中心馈源的距离；Among them, k t is the wave number in the propagation direction of the surface wave, and r is the distance from each point on the plane of the polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna to the central feed;

iii.将左旋和右旋圆极化的目标辐射场(8)和表面波源场(11)代入阻抗分布式(2)，从而分别得到左旋和右旋圆极化辐射的阻抗分布式为：iii. Substitute the left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized target radiation field (8) and the surface wave source field (11) into the impedance distribution (2), so that the impedance distributions of the left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized radiation are obtained as:

Figure GDA0002996630630000056
Figure GDA0002996630630000056

其中，±符号取+时为左旋圆极化辐射的阻抗分布式，取-时为右旋圆极化辐射的阻抗分布式；Among them, when the ± sign is +, it is the impedance distribution of the left-hand circularly polarized radiation, and when it is - is the impedance distribution of the right-handed circularly polarized radiation;

并且，and,

Figure GDA0002996630630000057
Figure GDA0002996630630000057

Figure GDA0002996630630000058
Figure GDA0002996630630000058

本发明的优点：Advantages of the present invention:

本发明采用天线馈源集成在全息阻抗调制表面上，不需要复杂的移相和馈电网络，拥有剖面低的优势，而且避免了在辐射方向上的馈源遮挡问题；解决了传统全息天线在固定工作频率上辐射的极化方式不能改变与辐射角度不能改变这两个问题；该全息天线以其低剖面、利于集成、目标波束可重构等优点，在微波通信系统中有着非常大的优势和发展前景。The invention adopts the antenna feed source integrated on the holographic impedance modulation surface, does not need complex phase shifting and feeding network, has the advantage of low profile, and avoids the problem of feed source blocking in the radiation direction; The polarization mode of radiation at a fixed operating frequency cannot be changed, and the radiation angle cannot be changed. The holographic antenna has great advantages in microwave communication systems due to its low profile, ease of integration, and reconfiguration of target beams. and development prospects.

附图说明Description of drawings

图1为本发明的极化可重构的二维波束扫描全息天线的一个实施例的示意图；FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna according to the present invention;

图2为本发明的极化可重构的二维波束扫描全息天线的一个实施例的阻抗调制单元的剖面图；2 is a cross-sectional view of an impedance modulation unit of an embodiment of the polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna of the present invention;

图3为根据本发明的极化可重构的二维波束扫描全息天线的一个实施例得到的阻抗调制单元的色散曲线图；3 is a chromatic dispersion curve diagram of an impedance modulation unit obtained according to an embodiment of the polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna according to the present invention;

图4为根据本发明的极化可重构的二维波束扫描全息天线的一个实施例得到的阻抗调制单元的阻抗曲线图；FIG. 4 is an impedance curve diagram of an impedance modulation unit obtained by an embodiment of the polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna according to the present invention;

图5为根据本发明的极化可重构的二维波束扫描全息天线的一个实施例得到的全息阻抗调制表面的阻抗分布图，其中，(a)为在x方向线极化下

Figure GDA0002996630630000061
目标波束指向的阻抗分布，(b)为在y方向线极化下
Figure GDA0002996630630000062
θ＝30°目标波束指向的阻抗分布；5 is an impedance distribution diagram of a holographic impedance modulation surface obtained by an embodiment of the polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna according to the present invention, wherein (a) is the linear polarization in the x-direction
Figure GDA0002996630630000061
The impedance distribution of the target beam pointing, (b) is under the linear polarization in the y direction
Figure GDA0002996630630000062
θ=30° target beam pointing impedance distribution;

图6为根据本发明的极化可重构的二维波束扫描全息天线的又一实施例得到的全息阻抗调制表面的阻抗分布图，其中，(a)为在左旋圆极化下

Figure GDA0002996630630000063
θ＝30°目标波束指向的阻抗分布，(b)为在右旋圆极化下
Figure GDA0002996630630000064
θ＝30°目标波束指向的阻抗分布；6 is an impedance distribution diagram of a holographic impedance modulation surface obtained by another embodiment of the polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna according to the present invention, wherein (a) is a left-handed circular polarization
Figure GDA0002996630630000063
θ=30° target beam pointing impedance distribution, (b) is under right-handed circular polarization
Figure GDA0002996630630000064
θ=30° target beam pointing impedance distribution;

图7为根据本发明的极化可重构的二维波束扫描全息天线的一个实施例得到的x极化方向下天线扫描目标波束的主极化方向图，其中，(a)为在方位角

Figure GDA0002996630630000065
为0°时在俯仰面上的扫描目标波束主极化方向图，(b)为在方位角
Figure GDA0002996630630000066
为30°时在俯仰面上的扫描目标波束主极化方向图；7 is the main polarization pattern of the antenna scanning target beam in the x-polarization direction obtained according to an embodiment of the polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna according to an embodiment of the present invention, wherein (a) is the azimuth angle
Figure GDA0002996630630000065
When is 0°, the main polarization pattern of the scanning target beam on the elevation plane, (b) is the azimuth angle
Figure GDA0002996630630000066
The main polarization pattern of the scanning target beam on the elevation plane when it is 30°;

图8为根据本发明的极化可重构的二维波束扫描全息天线的一个实施例得到的y极化方向下天线扫描目标波束的主极化方向图，其中，(a)为在方位角

Figure GDA0002996630630000067
为0°时在俯仰面上的扫描目标波束主极化方向图，(b)为在方位角
Figure GDA0002996630630000068
为30°时在俯仰面上的扫描目标波束主极化方向图。8 is the main polarization pattern of the antenna scanning target beam in the y-polarization direction obtained by an embodiment of the polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna according to an embodiment of the present invention, wherein (a) is the azimuth angle
Figure GDA0002996630630000067
When is 0°, the main polarization pattern of the scanning target beam on the elevation plane, (b) is the azimuth angle
Figure GDA0002996630630000068
The main polarization pattern of the scanning target beam on the elevation plane at 30°.

具体实施方式Detailed ways

下面结合附图，通过具体实施例，进一步阐述本发明。Below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, the present invention will be further described through specific embodiments.

如图1所示，本实施例的极化可重构的二维波束扫描全息天线包括：全息阻抗调制表面1、电压控制网络2和天线馈源3；全息阻抗调制表面1连接至电压控制网络2，在全息阻抗调制表面1的中心设置天线馈源3；其中，As shown in FIG. 1 , the polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna of this embodiment includes: a holographic impedance modulation surface 1, a voltage control network 2 and an antenna feed 3; the holographic impedance modulation surface 1 is connected to the voltage control network 2. An antenna feed 3 is set in the center of the holographic impedance modulation surface 1; wherein,

如图2所示，全息阻抗调制表面包括V×H-1个阻抗调制单元，在本实施例中，每一个阻抗调制单元包括上层基板103、底层基板104、金属地板106、阻抗调制贴片102、变容二极管101、接地金属通孔105和中心金属通孔；上层基板103和底层基板104分别为平板状，二者之间设置金属地板106，金属地板106接地；在上层基板103的上表面中心设置阻抗调制贴片102，阻抗调制贴片102的形状为中心对称的方形；在阻抗调制贴片102的边缘设置关于x轴和y轴均对称的四个变容二极管101，即L＝4，变容二极管101的导通方向指向阻抗调制贴片102的中心；在阻抗调制贴片102外，与每一个变容二极管101相对应，开设有贯穿上层基板103的上表面至金属地板106的四个接地金属通孔，变容二极管101的负极连接阻抗调制贴片102，每一个变容二极管101的正极通过相应的接地金属通孔连接至金属地板106；在阻抗调制贴片102下，开设有贯穿上层基板103的上表面至底层基板104的下表面的中心金属通孔，并且中心金属通孔与金属地板106之间绝缘，阻抗调制贴片102通过中心金属通孔连接电压控制网络；所有阻抗调制单元的上层基板103、底层基板104和金属地板106的边缘紧密贴合连接成一个整体；As shown in FIG. 2 , the holographic impedance modulation surface includes V×H-1 impedance modulation units. In this embodiment, each impedance modulation unit includes an upper substrate 103 , a bottom substrate 104 , a metal floor 106 , and an impedance modulation patch 102 , varactor diode 101, grounding metal through hole 105 and central metal through hole; the upper substrate 103 and the bottom substrate 104 are respectively flat, and a metal floor 106 is arranged between them, and the metal floor 106 is grounded; on the upper surface of the upper substrate 103 The impedance modulation patch 102 is arranged in the center, and the shape of the impedance modulation patch 102 is a center-symmetric square; four varactors 101 symmetrical about the x-axis and the y-axis are arranged on the edge of the impedance modulation patch 102, that is, L=4 , the conduction direction of the varactor diode 101 points to the center of the impedance modulation patch 102 ; outside the impedance modulation patch 102 , corresponding to each varactor diode 101 , there is an opening through the upper surface of the upper substrate 103 to the metal floor 106 . Four ground metal through holes, the negative electrode of the varactor diode 101 is connected to the impedance modulation patch 102, and the anode of each varactor diode 101 is connected to the metal floor 106 through the corresponding ground metal through hole; under the impedance modulation patch 102, open There is a central metal through hole penetrating the upper surface of the upper substrate 103 to the lower surface of the bottom substrate 104, and the central metal through hole is insulated from the metal floor 106, and the impedance modulation patch 102 is connected to the voltage control network through the central metal through hole; all The edges of the upper substrate 103, the bottom substrate 104 and the metal floor 106 of the impedance modulation unit are closely attached and connected to form a whole;

电压控制网络包括FPGA控制单元、变压单元和V×H-1个节点；FPGA控制单元连接至变压单元；与每一个阻抗调制单元向对应，变压单元伸出V×H-1个节点，节点为导线，V×H-1个节点分别连接至相对应的与V×H-1个阻抗调制单元的中心金属通孔；The voltage control network includes an FPGA control unit, a transformer unit and V×H-1 nodes; the FPGA control unit is connected to the transformer unit; corresponding to each impedance modulation unit, the transformer unit extends V×H-1 nodes , the nodes are wires, and the V×H-1 nodes are respectively connected to the corresponding central metal through holes of the V×H-1 impedance modulation units;

天线馈源为单极子天线，竖直的设立在全息阻抗调制表面的中心。The antenna feed is a monopole antenna, which is set up vertically in the center of the holographic impedance modulation surface.

在本实施例中，V＝31，H＝31；上层基板为厚度3mm的F4BM220高频基板，底层基板为厚度1mm的FR-4基板，边长为10mm；阻抗调制贴片的边长为8mm；接地金属通孔和中心金属通孔的直径为0.5m；变容二极管型号相同，为MAVR-011020-1411，变容二极管上可加载的反向偏置电压范围为0V～15V，利用变容二极管数据表中的反向偏置电压与电容值的关系，可以得到对应的变容二极管的电容范围为0.032pf～0.216pf。In this embodiment, V=31, H=31; the upper substrate is an F4BM220 high frequency substrate with a thickness of 3mm, the bottom substrate is an FR-4 substrate with a thickness of 1mm, and the side length is 10mm; the side length of the impedance modulation patch is 8mm ; The diameter of the ground metal through hole and the center metal through hole is 0.5m; the varactor diode is the same model, MAVR-011020-1411, the reverse bias voltage range that can be loaded on the varactor diode is 0V ~ 15V, using the varactor According to the relationship between the reverse bias voltage and the capacitance value in the diode data sheet, the capacitance range of the corresponding varactor diode can be obtained from 0.032pf to 0.216pf.

本实施例的极化可重构的二维波束扫描全息天线的实现方法，包括以下步骤：The implementation method of the polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna in this embodiment includes the following steps:

1)根据FDTD(时域有限差分法)得到阻抗调制单元的色散曲线，通过阻抗调制单元的色散曲线得到阻抗调制单元的本征频率，通过本征频率得到阻抗调制单元的表面阻抗Z：1) Obtain the dispersion curve of the impedance modulation unit according to FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain Method), obtain the eigenfrequency of the impedance modulation unit through the dispersion curve of the impedance modulation unit, and obtain the surface impedance Z of the impedance modulation unit through the eigenfrequency:

Figure GDA0002996630630000071
Figure GDA0002996630630000071

其中，η0为自由空间波阻抗，c为自由空间光速，a为阻抗调制单元的边长，φx为表面波在x方向跨越阻抗调制单元所对应的相位差，ω为阻抗调制单元的本征频率；Among them, η 0 is the free space wave impedance, c is the free space speed of light, a is the side length of the impedance modulation unit, φ x is the phase difference corresponding to the surface wave crossing the impedance modulation unit in the x direction, and ω is the impedance modulation unit. frequency of symptoms;

表面阻抗与电容有关，通过电压控制网络的每一个节点向相应的阻抗调制单元施加电压，通过阻抗调制贴片向多个变容二极管加载反向偏置电压，电压控制网络的节点的电压变化导致变容二极管加载的反向偏置电压的变化，加载的反向偏置电压的变化控制多个变容二极管的电容同时变化，实现通过电压控制网络的节点电压控制阻抗调制单元的电容，从而控制对应的阻抗调制单元的表面阻抗；The surface impedance is related to the capacitance. A voltage is applied to the corresponding impedance modulation unit through each node of the voltage control network, and a reverse bias voltage is applied to a plurality of varactors through the impedance modulation patch. The voltage change of the nodes of the voltage control network causes The change of the reverse bias voltage loaded by the varactor, the change of the loaded reverse bias voltage controls the capacitance of multiple varactors to change at the same time, and the node voltage of the voltage control network controls the capacitance of the impedance modulation unit, thereby controlling the surface impedance of the corresponding impedance modulation unit;

图3和图4分别为不同电容值所对应的阻抗调制单元的色散曲线和6GHz下的表面阻抗曲线。随着变容二极管电容值的增大，表面波跨越单元所对应的相位差增大，阻抗调制单元的表面波阻抗增大。利用该表面阻抗曲线，能够将全息阻抗调制表面的阻抗分布与电压控制网络的电压分布相联系。FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 are the dispersion curve of the impedance modulation unit corresponding to different capacitance values and the surface impedance curve at 6 GHz, respectively. With the increase of the capacitance value of the varactor diode, the phase difference corresponding to the surface wave crossing the unit increases, and the surface wave impedance of the impedance modulation unit increases. Using this surface impedance curve, the impedance distribution of the holographic impedance modulating surface can be related to the voltage distribution of the voltage control network.

2)通过电容与表面阻抗的关系得到表面阻抗曲线；根据每一个阻抗调制单元的表面阻抗曲线，得到整个全息阻抗调制表面的阻抗分布，从而将全息阻抗调制表面的阻抗分布与电压控制网络的电压分布相联系。2) The surface impedance curve is obtained through the relationship between capacitance and surface impedance; according to the surface impedance curve of each impedance modulation unit, the impedance distribution of the entire holographic impedance modulation surface is obtained, so as to compare the impedance distribution of the holographic impedance modulation surface with the voltage of the voltage control network distribution is linked.

3)全息阻抗调制表面的阻抗分布由表面波源场和目标辐射场干涉而成，当全息阻抗调制表面的阻抗分布Z(x，y)满足相干调制分布时：3) The impedance distribution of the holographic impedance modulation surface is formed by the interference of the surface wave source field and the target radiation field. When the impedance distribution Z(x, y) of the holographic impedance modulation surface satisfies the coherent modulation distribution:

Figure GDA0002996630630000081
Figure GDA0002996630630000081

其中，Xs为阻抗调制单元的平均阻抗值，M为阻抗调制深度，ψrad和

Figure GDA0002996630630000082
分别为极化可重构的二维波束扫描全息天线的目标辐射场和表面波源场的共轭，x为x方向的位置，y为y方向的位置；where X s is the average impedance value of the impedance modulation unit, M is the impedance modulation depth, ψ rad and
Figure GDA0002996630630000082
are the conjugate of the target radiation field and the surface wave source field of the polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna, x is the position in the x direction, and y is the position in the y direction;

对于线极化辐射目标波束，x方向线极化和y方向线极化的阻抗分布，包括以下步骤：i.全息阻抗调制表面满足下述阻抗分布时，位于全息阻抗调制表面中心的天线馈源产生的表面波源场会转化为目标辐射场向空间辐射；For the linearly polarized radiation target beam, the impedance distribution of the linear polarization in the x-direction and the linear polarization in the y-direction includes the following steps: i. When the holographic impedance modulation surface satisfies the following impedance distribution, the antenna feed located at the center of the holographic impedance modulation surface The generated surface wave source field will be transformed into the target radiation field and radiate to space;

二维任意方向上的向空间辐射的x方向线极化的目标辐射场为：The x-direction linearly polarized target radiation field radiating to space in two-dimensional arbitrary directions is:

Figure GDA0002996630630000083
Figure GDA0002996630630000083

二维任意方向上的向空间辐射的y方向线极化的目标辐射场为：The y-direction linearly polarized target radiation field radiating to space in two-dimensional arbitrary directions is:

Figure GDA0002996630630000084
Figure GDA0002996630630000084

其中，k0为自由空间中的波数，θ为目标波束指向的仰角，

Figure GDA0002996630630000085
为目标波束指向的方位角；where k 0 is the wave number in free space, θ is the elevation angle pointed by the target beam,
Figure GDA0002996630630000085
is the azimuth at which the target beam points;

ii.由于天线馈源位于全息阻抗调制表面的中央，表面波源场为：ii. Since the antenna feed is located in the center of the holographic impedance modulating surface, the surface wave source field is:

Figure GDA0002996630630000086
Figure GDA0002996630630000086

其中，kt为表面波传播方向上的波数，r为极化可重构的二维波束扫描全息天线的平Among them, k t is the wave number in the propagation direction of the surface wave, and r is the plane of the polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna.

面各点到中心馈源的距离；The distance from each point of the surface to the central feed;

iii.将x方向线极化和y方向线极化的目标辐射场(3)和(4)以及表面波源场(5)代入阻抗分布式(2)，从而分别得到x方向线极化和y方向线极化辐射的阻抗分布式分别为：iii. Substitute the target radiation fields (3) and (4) and the surface wave source field (5) of the linear polarization in the x direction and the linear polarization in the y direction into the impedance distribution (2), thereby obtaining the linear polarization in the x direction and the y direction, respectively. The impedance distributions of the directional linearly polarized radiation are:

Figure GDA0002996630630000091
Figure GDA0002996630630000091

Figure GDA0002996630630000092
Figure GDA0002996630630000092

全息阻抗调制表面的阻抗分布分别如图5和图6所示。图5中，(a)为在x方向线极化下

Figure GDA0002996630630000093
θ＝30°波束指向的阻抗分布，(b)为在y方向线极化下
Figure GDA0002996630630000094
θ＝30°波束指向的阻抗分布。图6中，(a)为在左旋圆极化下
Figure GDA0002996630630000095
θ＝30°波束指向的阻抗分布，(b)为在右旋圆极化下
Figure GDA0002996630630000096
θ＝30°波束指向的阻抗分布。The impedance distribution of the holographic impedance modulation surface is shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, respectively. In Figure 5, (a) is under the linear polarization in the x direction
Figure GDA0002996630630000093
The impedance distribution of θ=30° beam pointing, (b) is the linear polarization in the y direction
Figure GDA0002996630630000094
θ = Impedance distribution of 30° beam pointing. In Fig. 6, (a) is under the left-handed circular polarization
Figure GDA0002996630630000095
Impedance distribution of θ=30° beam pointing, (b) is under right-handed circular polarization
Figure GDA0002996630630000096
θ = Impedance distribution for beam pointing at 30°.

同样的，对于圆极化辐射目标波束，将左旋和右旋圆极化的目标辐射场和表面波源场代入阻抗分布式，能够得到左旋圆极化和右旋圆极化辐射的阻抗分布。Similarly, for the circularly polarized radiation target beam, the left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized target radiation fields and the surface wave source field are substituted into the impedance distribution, and the impedance distributions of the left-handed circularly polarized and right-handed circularly polarized radiation can be obtained.

4)并且通过特定的阻抗分布能够得到特定的辐射角度和极化方向的目标波束，从而实现利用阻抗调制单元的表面阻抗与电压控制网络的电压分布关系，能够将目标波束的极化方式和辐射角度的阻抗分布映射到电压控制网络的各个节点的电压分布上，从而使电压控制网络的电压分布控制极化可重构的二维波束扫描全息天线的辐射角度和极化方向。4) And the target beam with a specific radiation angle and polarization direction can be obtained through a specific impedance distribution, so as to realize the relationship between the surface impedance of the impedance modulation unit and the voltage distribution of the voltage control network, and the polarization mode and radiation of the target beam can be obtained. The angular impedance distribution is mapped to the voltage distribution of each node of the voltage control network, so that the voltage distribution of the voltage control network controls the radiation angle and polarization direction of the polarization-reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna.

另外，极化可重构的二维波束扫描全息天线的极化和波束角度重构的速率主要取决于电压控制网络的电压分布刷新速率，本设计实例的电压控制网络由FPGA控制，电压分布的刷新速率约等于FPGA的时钟速率。In addition, the rate of polarization and beam angle reconstruction of the polarization reconfigurable 2D beam scanning holographic antenna mainly depends on the voltage distribution refresh rate of the voltage control network. The voltage control network of this design example is controlled by FPGA, and the voltage distribution The refresh rate is approximately equal to the clock rate of the FPGA.

采用电磁仿真软件对上例中的天线进行仿真，结果显示其中心工作频率为6GHz，电压驻波比小于2，与50Ω的馈源匹配良好,全方位角下俯仰角在-60°-60°范围内的增益波动在3dB内。天线的远场辐射特性结果如图7和图8所示，其中，图7(a)、(b)分别为x方向线极化下方位角

Figure GDA0002996630630000097
为0°、30°时在俯仰面上的扫描波束主极化方向图，图8(a)、(b)分别为右旋圆极化下方位角
Figure GDA0002996630630000098
为0°、30°时在俯仰面上的扫描波束主极化方向图。Using electromagnetic simulation software to simulate the antenna in the above example, the results show that its center operating frequency is 6GHz, the voltage standing wave ratio is less than 2, it matches well with the 50Ω feed, and the pitch angle is -60°-60° in all directions. Gain fluctuation in the range is within 3dB. The results of the far-field radiation characteristics of the antenna are shown in Figures 7 and 8, where Figures 7(a) and (b) are the azimuth angles under the linear polarization in the x-direction, respectively.
Figure GDA0002996630630000097
The main polarization pattern of the scanning beam on the elevation plane when it is 0° and 30°, Figure 8(a), (b) are the azimuth angles under the right-handed circular polarization, respectively
Figure GDA0002996630630000098
The main polarization pattern of the scanning beam on the elevation plane at 0° and 30°.

最后需要注意的是，公布实施例的目的在于帮助进一步理解本发明，但是本领域的技术人员可以理解：在不脱离本发明及所附的权利要求的精神和范围内，各种替换和修改都是可能的。因此，本发明不应局限于实施例所公开的内容，本发明要求保护的范围以权利要求书界定的范围为准。Finally, it should be noted that the purpose of publishing the embodiments is to help further understanding of the present invention, but those skilled in the art can understand that various replacements and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention and the appended claims. It is possible. Therefore, the present invention should not be limited to the contents disclosed in the embodiments, and the scope of protection of the present invention shall be subject to the scope defined by the claims.

Claims (8)

1. A polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna, comprising: the holographic impedance modulation surface, the voltage control network and the antenna feed source; the holographic impedance modulation surface is connected to the voltage control network, and an antenna feed source is arranged in the center of the holographic impedance modulation surface; wherein,
the holographic impedance modulation surface comprises V multiplied by H impedance modulation units or V multiplied by H-1 impedance modulation units, when V and H are not odd numbers completely, the holographic impedance modulation surface comprises V multiplied by H impedance modulation units, when V and H are both odd numbers, the center position is occupied by an antenna feed source, the holographic impedance modulation surface comprises V multiplied by H-1 impedance modulation units, and each impedance modulation unit comprises an upper substrate, a bottom substrate, a metal floor, an impedance modulation patch, a varactor, a grounding metal through hole and a center metal through hole; the upper layer substrate and the bottom layer substrate are respectively in a flat plate shape, a metal floor is arranged between the upper layer substrate and the bottom layer substrate, and the metal floor is grounded; an impedance modulation patch is arranged in the center of the upper surface of the upper substrate, and the shape of the impedance modulation patch is a centrosymmetric figure; arranging L variable capacitance diodes which are symmetrical about an x axis and a y axis at the edge of the impedance modulation patch, wherein L is a natural number more than or equal to 2, and the conduction direction of the variable capacitance diodes points to the center of the impedance modulation patch; the impedance modulation patch is provided with L grounding metal through holes which penetrate through the upper surface of the upper layer substrate to the metal floor corresponding to each variable capacitance diode, the cathode of each variable capacitance diode is connected with the impedance modulation patch, and the anode of each variable capacitance diode is connected to the metal floor through the corresponding grounding metal through hole; a central metal through hole penetrating through the upper surface of the upper-layer substrate to the lower surface of the bottom-layer substrate is formed below the impedance modulation patch, the central metal through hole is insulated from the metal floor, and the impedance modulation patch is connected with a voltage control network through the central metal through hole; the edges of the upper-layer substrate, the bottom-layer substrate and the metal floor of all the impedance modulation units are tightly attached and connected into a whole;
the voltage control network comprises a field programmable gate array FPGA control unit, a voltage transformation unit and V multiplied by H or V multiplied by H-1 nodes; the FPGA control unit is connected to the voltage transformation unit; v multiplied by H or V multiplied by H-1 nodes are extended out of the voltage transformation unit, the nodes are wires, the V multiplied by H or V multiplied by H-1 nodes are respectively connected with central metal through holes of the V multiplied by H or V multiplied by H-1 impedance modulation units, and V and H are more than or equal to lambda0A natural number of a, λ0Scanning free space wavelength under the working frequency of the holographic antenna for a two-dimensional wave beam with reconfigurable polarization, wherein a is the side length of an impedance modulation unit;
the antenna feed source is vertically arranged at the center of the holographic impedance modulation surface;
obtaining a dispersion curve of the impedance modulation unit according to a Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD), obtaining an eigenfrequency of the impedance modulation unit through the dispersion curve of the impedance modulation unit, and obtaining a surface impedance of the impedance modulation unit through the eigenfrequency; the surface impedance is related to the capacitance, each node of the voltage control network applies voltage to the corresponding impedance modulation unit, reverse bias voltage is loaded to the variable capacitance diodes through the impedance modulation patches, the voltage change of the nodes of the voltage control network causes the change of the reverse bias voltage loaded by the variable capacitance diodes, the change of the loaded reverse bias voltage controls the simultaneous change of the capacitances of the variable capacitance diodes, the control of the capacitance of the impedance modulation unit through the node voltage of the voltage control network is realized, and the surface impedance of the corresponding impedance modulation unit is controlled; obtaining a surface impedance curve through the relation between the capacitance and the surface impedance; obtaining the impedance distribution of the whole holographic impedance modulation surface according to the surface impedance curve of each impedance modulation unit; the impedance distribution of the holographic impedance modulation surface is formed by the interference of a surface wave source field and a target radiation field, and when the impedance distribution of the holographic impedance modulation surface meets coherent modulation, the surface wave source field generated by an antenna feed source positioned in the center of the holographic impedance modulation surface can be converted into the target radiation field to radiate to a space; and a target beam with a specific radiation angle and a specific polarization direction can be obtained through specific impedance distribution, so that the voltage distribution relation between the surface impedance of the impedance modulation unit and the corresponding node of the voltage control network is utilized, the polarization mode of the target beam and the impedance distribution of the radiation angle can be mapped to the voltage distribution of each node of the voltage control network, and the voltage distribution of the voltage control network controls the radiation angle and the polarization direction of the two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna with reconfigurable polarization.
2. The polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna of claim 1, wherein the impedance modulation patch employs a metal having good electrical conductivity.
3. The polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna of claim 2, wherein the impedance modulation patch employs copper, aluminum, or an aluminum alloy.
4. The polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna of claim 1, wherein the antenna feed is a monopole antenna.
5. The polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna of claim 1, wherein the upper substrate and the lower substrate of the impedance modulation unit have a square shape, a side length a of the impedance modulation unit is a side length of the square of the upper substrate and the lower substrate,
Figure FDA0003193453820000021
λ0the free-space wavelength at the operating frequency of the holographic antenna is scanned for a polarized reconfigurable two-dimensional beam.
6. A method for implementing a polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises the following steps:
1) obtaining a dispersion curve of the impedance modulation unit according to a finite difference time domain method FDTD, obtaining an eigenfrequency of the impedance modulation unit through the dispersion curve of the impedance modulation unit, and obtaining a surface impedance Z of the impedance modulation unit through the eigenfrequency:
Figure FDA0003193453820000022
wherein eta is0Is the free space wave impedance, c is the free space light velocity, a is the side length of the impedance modulation unit, phixThe phase difference corresponding to the surface wave crossing the impedance modulation unit in the x direction is shown, and omega is the eigenfrequency of the impedance modulation unit; the surface impedance is related to the capacitance, voltage is applied to the corresponding impedance modulation unit through each node of the voltage control network, reverse bias voltage is loaded to the variable capacitance diodes through the impedance modulation patches, the voltage change of the nodes of the voltage control network causes the change of the reverse bias voltage loaded by the variable capacitance diodes, the change of the loaded reverse bias voltage controls the capacitance of the variable capacitance diodes to change simultaneously, the capacitance of the impedance modulation unit is controlled through the node voltage of the voltage control network, and therefore the surface impedance of the corresponding impedance modulation unit is controlled;
2) obtaining a surface impedance curve through the relation between the capacitance and the surface impedance; obtaining the impedance distribution of the whole holographic impedance modulation surface according to the surface impedance curve of each impedance modulation unit, thereby relating the impedance distribution of the holographic impedance modulation surface with the voltage distribution of the voltage control network;
3) the impedance distribution of the holographic impedance modulation surface is formed by the interference of a surface wave source field and a target radiation field, and when the impedance distribution Z (x, y) of the holographic impedance modulation surface satisfies a coherent modulation distribution:
Figure FDA0003193453820000031
wherein, XsIs the average impedance value of the impedance modulation unit, M is the impedance modulation depth, phiradAnd
Figure FDA0003193453820000032
respectively scanning the conjugate of a target radiation field and a surface wave source field of the holographic antenna for the two-dimensional wave beam with reconfigurable polarization;
4) and a target beam with a specific radiation angle and a specific polarization direction can be obtained through specific impedance distribution, so that the voltage distribution relation between the surface impedance of the impedance modulation unit and the voltage control network is utilized, the polarization mode of the target beam and the impedance distribution of the radiation angle can be mapped to the voltage distribution of each node of the voltage control network, and the voltage distribution of the voltage control network is used for controlling the radiation angle and the polarization direction of the two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna with reconfigurable polarization.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein in step 3), for linearly polarized radiation of the target beam, the x-direction linearly polarized and the y-direction linearly polarized impedance distributions comprise the steps of:
i. when the holographic impedance modulation surface meets the following impedance distribution, a surface wave source field generated by an antenna feed source positioned in the center of the holographic impedance modulation surface can be converted into a target radiation field to radiate to a space;
the target radiation field linearly polarized in the x-direction of the radiation in two dimensions in any direction to space is:
Figure FDA0003193453820000033
the target radiation field linearly polarized in the y direction of the two-dimensional arbitrary direction radiation to the space is:
Figure FDA0003193453820000034
wherein k is0Is the wavenumber in free space, theta is the elevation angle at which the target beam is pointed,
Figure FDA0003193453820000035
an azimuth angle pointed by the target beam;
with the antenna feed in the center of the holographic impedance modulation surface, the surface wave source field is:
Figure FDA0003193453820000036
wherein k istThe wave number in the surface wave propagation direction is r, and the distance from each point of a plane of the polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna to a central feed source is r;
substituting the target radiation fields (3) and (4) linearly polarized in the x direction and the linearly polarized in the y direction and the surface wave source field (5) into the impedance distribution (2), so as to respectively obtain the impedance distributions of the linearly polarized radiation in the x direction and the linearly polarized radiation in the y direction as follows:
Figure FDA0003193453820000041
Figure FDA0003193453820000042
8. the method of claim 6, wherein in step 3), the impedance distribution of the left-hand circularly polarized radiation and the right-hand circularly polarized radiation for the circularly polarized radiation target beam comprises the steps of:
i. when the holographic impedance modulation surface meets the following impedance distribution, a surface wave source field generated by an antenna feed source positioned in the center of the holographic impedance modulation surface can be converted into a target radiation field to radiate to a space;
circularly polarized target radiation field psi for radiation in two-dimensional arbitrary directions into spaceradIs decomposed into two X-direction linearly polarized target radiation fields psi with same amplitude and orthogonal phaseradxAnd a target radiation field psi linearly polarized in the y-directionradyAnd (3) the sum:
Figure FDA0003193453820000043
wherein, when the plus or minus sign is plus, the target radiation field is left-hand circularly polarized, and when the minus sign is right-hand circularly polarized, the target radiation field is selected;
and is
Figure FDA0003193453820000044
Figure FDA0003193453820000045
Wherein k is0Is the wavenumber in free space, theta is the elevation angle at which the target beam is pointed,
Figure FDA0003193453820000046
an azimuth angle pointed by the target beam;
with the antenna feed in the center of the holographic impedance modulation surface, the surface wave source field is:
Figure FDA0003193453820000047
wherein k istThe wave number in the surface wave propagation direction is r, and the distance from each point of a plane of the polarization reconfigurable two-dimensional beam scanning holographic antenna to a central feed source is r;
substituting the left-hand and right-hand circularly polarized target radiation fields (8) and the surface wave source field (11) into the impedance distribution (2) to obtain impedance distributions for the left-hand and right-hand circularly polarized radiation, respectively, as:
Figure FDA0003193453820000048
wherein, when the plus or minus sign is plus, the impedance distribution type of the left-handed circular polarized radiation is adopted, and when the minus sign is minus, the impedance distribution type of the right-handed circular polarized radiation is adopted;
and,
Figure FDA0003193453820000051
Figure FDA0003193453820000052
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