CN112679232A - 用于高温应用的具有含碳汇材料的中间层的陶瓷复合材料 - Google Patents
用于高温应用的具有含碳汇材料的中间层的陶瓷复合材料 Download PDFInfo
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- CN112679232A CN112679232A CN202011109826.3A CN202011109826A CN112679232A CN 112679232 A CN112679232 A CN 112679232A CN 202011109826 A CN202011109826 A CN 202011109826A CN 112679232 A CN112679232 A CN 112679232A
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- carbide
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- ceramic substrate
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- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 88
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 87
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 51
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
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- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910008479 TiSi2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- WOIHABYNKOEWFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Sr].[Ba] Chemical compound [Sr].[Ba] WOIHABYNKOEWFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
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- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910021354 zirconium(IV) silicide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
提供了涂布的部件及其形成方法。所述涂布的部件包括具有表面的陶瓷基材;在所述陶瓷基材的所述表面上的中间层;和在所述中间层上的环境阻挡涂层。所述中间层包括抑制来自含碳物类的游离碳在所述中间层、所述陶瓷基材或两者内累积的碳汇材料。
Description
技术领域
本发明总体上涉及在陶瓷部件上环境阻挡涂层的用途,以及其形成和使用方法。
背景技术
为了改进其效率,一直在寻求燃气涡轮发动机的更高的操作温度。然而,随着操作温度的增加,发动机部件的高温耐久性必须相应地增加。通过铁、镍和钴基超合金的配方,已经实现了高温能力的显著进步。还有,对于由超合金构成的许多热气体路径部件,热阻挡涂层(TBC)可以用于使部件隔热,并且可以在承载合金与涂层表面之间维持明显的温差,因此限制结构部件的热暴露。
虽然已经发现超合金广泛用于整个燃气涡轮发动机中使用的部件,并且尤其是在较高温度区段中,但是已经提出了替代的较轻重量的基材材料,例如陶瓷基质复合(CMC)材料。CMC和整体陶瓷部件可以涂布有环境阻挡涂层(EBC)以保护它们免受高温发动机区段的恶劣环境。EBC可以提供保护以防止热燃烧环境中的腐蚀性气体。
碳化硅和氮化硅陶瓷在干燥的高温环境中经历氧化。该氧化在材料的表面上产生钝化的氧化硅皮。在含有水蒸气的潮湿的高温环境,例如涡轮发动机中,由于形成钝化的氧化硅皮和随后氧化硅转化为气态氢氧化硅,发生氧化和凹陷(recession)两者。为了防止在潮湿的高温环境中的凹陷,将环境阻挡涂层(EBC)沉积在碳化硅和氮化硅材料上,包括SiC纤维增强的SiC基质(SiC/SiC)复合材料。
目前,EBC材料由稀土硅酸盐化合物制成。这些材料阻隔水蒸气,防止其到达碳化硅或氮化硅表面上的氧化硅皮,从而防止凹陷。然而,这样的材料不能防止氧渗透,氧渗透导致下面的基材氧化。基材的氧化产生钝化的氧化硅皮,以及释放含碳的或含氮的氧化物气体。含碳的(即CO、CO2)或含氮的(即NO、NO2等)氧化物气体不能通过致密的EBC逸出,因此形成气泡。迄今为止,使用硅粘结涂层已经是该起泡问题的解决方案。硅粘结涂层提供氧化(在EBC下方形成钝化的氧化硅层)而不释放气态副产物的层。
然而,硅粘结涂层的存在限制EBC操作温度的上限,这是因为硅金属的熔点相对低。在使用中,硅粘结涂层在约1414℃的涂布温度下熔化,该温度是硅金属的熔点。在这些熔化温度之上,硅粘结涂层可能从下面的基材脱层,有效地去除粘结涂层和其上的EBC。因此,期望消除对EBC中的硅粘结涂层的需要以实现EBC的更高的操作温度极限。
发明内容
本发明的方面和优点将在以下描述中部分地阐述,或者可以从描述中显而易见,或者可以通过本发明的实践而知道。
总体上提供了涂布的部件及其形成方法。在一个实施方案中,所述涂布的部件可以包括具有表面的陶瓷基材;在所述陶瓷基材的所述表面上的中间层;和在所述中间层上的环境阻挡涂层。例如,所述中间层可以包括抑制来自含碳物类的游离碳在所述中间层、所述陶瓷基材或两者内累积的碳汇材料。
在一个实施方案中,在陶瓷部件的外表面上涂布陶瓷部件的方法(其中所述陶瓷部件包含碳化硅)可以包括在所述陶瓷部件的所述外表面上形成中间层和在所述中间层上形成环境阻挡涂层。例如,所述中间层可以包括抑制来自含碳物类的游离碳在所述中间层、所述陶瓷基材或两者内累积的碳汇材料。
本发明包括以下实施方案:
1. 一种涂布的部件,其包含:
具有表面的陶瓷基材;
在所述陶瓷基材的所述表面上的中间层,其中所述中间层包含抑制来自含碳物类的游离碳在所述中间层、所述陶瓷基材或两者内累积的碳汇材料;和
在所述中间层上的环境阻挡涂层。
2. 根据实施方案1所述的涂布的部件,其中所述中间层直接在所述陶瓷基材的所述表面上。
3. 根据实施方案1所述的涂布的部件,其中所述陶瓷基材包含碳化硅。
4. 根据实施方案1所述的涂布的部件,其中所述陶瓷基材包含碳化硅基质和碳化硅纤维。
5. 根据实施方案1所述的涂布的部件,其中所述碳汇材料包含一种或多种碳化物,所述碳化物在反应温度下在暴露于游离碳时反应以形成具有较低的碳化元素与碳比率的另一种碳化物。
6. 根据实施方案5所述的涂布的部件,其中所述一种或多种碳化物包含碳化二钨、碳化二钼、碳化二铌、碳化二钽或其混合物,使得在与碳反应时,分别反应以形成碳化钨、碳化钼、碳化铌、碳化钽或其混合物。
7. 根据实施方案5所述的涂布的部件,其中所述中间层包含碳化硅,所述碳化硅中分散有一种或多种碳化物,所述碳化物反应以形成具有较低的碳化元素与碳比率的第二碳化物。
8. 根据实施方案1所述的涂布的部件,其中所述碳汇材料包含碳化物,所述碳化物的非化学计量允许所述碳化物在暴露于碳时转化为第二碳化物。
9. 根据实施方案1所述的涂布的部件,其中所述碳汇材料包含碳吸气剂。
10. 根据实施方案9所述的涂布的部件,其中所述中间层包含分散在碳化硅内的所述碳吸气剂。
11. 根据实施方案9所述的涂布的部件,其中所述碳吸气剂包含金属。
12. 根据实施方案11所述的涂布的部件,其中所述金属包含钼、钨、铌、钽、钛、锆、铪或其混合物。
13. 根据实施方案9所述的涂布的部件,其中所述吸气剂包含硅化物。
14. 根据实施方案13所述的涂布的部件,其中所述吸气剂形成多孔中间层。
15. 根据实施方案1所述的涂布的部件,其中所述中间层的厚度为约1 μm至约250μm。
16. 一种在陶瓷部件的外表面上涂布陶瓷部件的方法,其中所述陶瓷部件包含碳化硅,所述方法包括:
在所述陶瓷部件的所述外表面上形成中间层,其中所述中间层包含抑制来自含碳物类的游离碳在所述中间层、所述陶瓷基材或两者内累积的碳汇材料;和
在所述中间层上形成环境阻挡涂层。
17. 根据实施方案16所述的方法,其中所述碳汇材料包含碳化物,所述碳化物在反应温度下在暴露于游离碳时反应以形成具有较低的碳化元素与碳比率的另一种碳化物。
18. 根据实施方案16所述的方法,其中所述碳汇材料包含碳化物,所述碳化物的非化学计量允许所述碳化物在暴露于碳时转化为另一种碳化物。
19. 根据实施方案16所述的方法,其中所述中间层直接在所述陶瓷部件的所述外表面上形成。
20. 根据实施方案16所述的方法,其中所述中间层包含分散在碳化硅内的碳吸气剂。
参考以下描述和所附权利要求,本发明的这些和其它特征、方面和优点将变得更好理解。被并入本说明书并构成本说明书的一部分的附图说明了本发明的实施方案,并且与描述一起用于解释本发明的原理。
附图说明
在说明书中阐述了针对本领域普通技术人员的本发明的完整和能够实现的公开,包括其最佳模式,说明书参考附图,其中:
图1是示例性的具有陶瓷基材的涂布的部件的示意性横断面视图,所述陶瓷基材形成有施加到陶瓷芯上的中间层。
在本说明书和附图中参考符号的重复使用旨在表示本发明的相同或类似的特征或元件。
具体实施方式
现在将详细参考本发明的实施方案,其一个或多个实例在附图中说明。每个实例通过解释本发明而不是限制本发明的方式提供。实际上,对于本领域技术人员显而易见的是,在不背离本发明的范围或精神的情况下,可以对本发明进行各种修改和变化。例如,作为一个实施方案的一部分说明或描述的特征可以与另一实施方案一起使用,以产生再一个实施方案。因此,本发明旨在覆盖落入所附权利要求及其等同物的范围内的这样的修改和变化。
如本文所用,术语“第一”、“第二”和“第三”可以互换使用以将一个部件与另一个部件区分开,并且不旨在表示各个部件的位置或重要性。
在本公开中,当一个层被描述为在另一个层或基材“上”或“上方”时,应当理解,除非明确地相反陈述,否则这些层可以彼此直接接触或者在这些层之间具有另一个层或特征。因此,这些术语仅仅描述这些层彼此的相对位置,而不一定意味着“在顶部”,因为上方或下方的相对位置取决于装置相对于观看者的取向。
在本公开中使用化学元素的常用化学缩写(例如通常在元素周期表中发现的化学缩写)来讨论化学元素。例如,氢由其常用化学缩写H表示;氦由其常用化学缩写He表示;等等。如本文所用,“稀土元素”包括元素钪(Sc)、钇(Y)、镧(La)、铈(Ce)、镨(Pr)、钕(Nd)、钷(Pm)、钐(Sm)、铕(Eu)、钆(Gd)、铽(Tb)、镝(Dy)、钬(Ho)、铒(Er)、铥(Tm)、镱(Yb)、镥(Lu)或其混合物。
总体上提供了一种涂布的部件,其包括具有中间层的陶瓷基材以修整其表面性质,使得环境阻挡涂层(EBC)可以直接涂布在其上而在其间没有硅粘结涂层。例如,中间层可以包括在EBC下面的碳汇材料,以保持碳活性低于在操作温度下在暴露于氧时形成碳氧化物(例如CO和/或CO2)气泡所需的碳活性。在特定实施方案中,碳汇材料在其形成时通过与任何来自含碳物类的游离碳反应来抑制和/或防止这样的游离碳在中间层、陶瓷基材或二者内的累积。因此,游离碳的量从陶瓷基材的表面和/或中间层减少或消除,使得抑制或防止碳氧化物的形成。
图1显示示例性的涂布的部件10的示例性实施方案,其包括在其表面15上方具有中间层14的陶瓷基材12。中间层14通常包括碳汇材料,如下文更详细讨论的。如所示的,中间层14直接在陶瓷基材12的表面15上,其间没有任何居间层,使得没有粘结涂层(例如,硅粘结涂层)。环境阻挡涂层18在中间层14上。
通常,陶瓷基材12可以由陶瓷基质复合(“CMC”)材料形成,例如硅基非氧化物陶瓷基质复合材料。如本文所用,“CMC”是指含硅的基质和增强材料。如本文所用,“整体陶瓷”是指没有纤维增强的材料(例如,仅具有基质材料)。本文中CMC和整体陶瓷统称为“陶瓷”。在一个特定实施方案中,CMC包括具有基质和/或包含碳化硅的增强纤维的材料。实例包括但不限于具有碳化硅基质和碳化硅纤维;氮化硅基质和碳化硅纤维;以及碳化硅/氮化硅基质混合物和碳化硅纤维的CMC。
如所述,中间层14是在陶瓷基材12的表面15上施加的层,其可以通过任何合适的沉积技术形成,并且其中包括碳汇材料。在一个实施方案中,中间层14的碳汇材料包括一种或多种碳化物,在涂布的部件的操作期间遇到的温度下在暴露于游离碳时,所述碳化物反应以形成具有较低的碳化元素与碳比率的另一种碳化物。例如,碳化二钨(W2C)、碳化二钼(Mo2C)、碳化二铌(Nb2C)、碳化二钽(Ta2C)或其混合物可以用作中间层14内的碳化物,使得在与碳反应时,分别反应以形成碳化钨(WC)、碳化钼(MoC)、碳化铌(NbC)、碳化钽(TaC)或其混合物。
在一个实施方案中,例如,W2C可以与游离碳反应,在其中游离碳将与氧反应以形成碳氧化物的操作温度(例如,反应温度)下在暴露于游离碳时,通过以下反应转化为碳化钨(WC):
W2C + 2C→2 WC
类似地,碳化二钼(Mo2C)可以与游离碳反应,在其中游离碳将与氧反应以形成碳氧化物的操作温度下在暴露于游离碳时,通过以下反应转化为碳化钼(MoC):
Mo2C + 2C→2 MoC
类似地,碳化二铌(Nb2C)和碳化二钽(Ta2C)可以通过与碳反应而分别被还原为碳化铌(NbC)和碳化钽(TaC)。
在另一个实施方案中,中间层14可以包括具有相对大的非化学计量和/或快速碳扩散率的碳汇材料。例如,中间层14的碳汇材料可以包括具有相对大范围的非化学计量的相,这意味着与碳化硅的非化学计量范围相比,在热力学平衡条件下该相以相对大范围的碳浓度存在。例如,中间层14的碳汇材料可以包括一种或多种以相对大的非化学计量范围存在的碳化物。碳化物是可以以一些非化学计量范围存在的相的实例。一些具有非常小的非化学计量范围。例如,碳化硅以非常窄的碳含量范围存在(即碳与硅的比率非常接近一致,即1:1),并且化学计量的小偏差导致硅或碳的第二相。另一方面,TiC可以以相对宽的碳浓度范围存在,即使标准化学计量式表明碳与钛的比率是一致的。例如,取决于温度,TiC中钛:碳的比率可以在1:1至2:1范围内。在这样的情况下,具有高Ti/C比率的TiC (例如,碳缺乏的碳化物,例如Ti:C比率为大于1:1至2:1,例如约1.5:1至2:1)可以用作汇,假设碳在选定的碳化物相内的扩散率足够高,以避免在达到部件的所需使用寿命之前碳的过度累积。相对于碳化硅具有大范围的非化学计量的碳化物的实例包括TaC、NbC、HfC和ZrC。
在某些实施方案中,碳汇材料(例如,以上讨论的材料中的任一种)可以分散在用作基质材料的碳化硅(SiC)内。例如,中间层14可以包括具有分散在其中的不同的碳化物的碳化硅,其中不同的碳化物在暴露于游离碳时转化为更高的碳化物(例如,W2C、Mo2C等)。在这样的实施方案中,中间层14可以包括足够量的不同的碳化物以吸附从陶瓷基材12和/或中间层14本身产生的游离碳。例如,中间层14可以包括约50%至约99%重量的SiC,并且可以包括约1%至约50%重量的不同的碳化物。
在再一个实施方案中,中间层14的碳汇材料可以包括与游离碳反应以形成碳化物的碳吸气剂。例如,碳汇材料可以包括分散在SiC内的碳吸气剂。在一个实施方案中,碳吸气剂可以包括金属,例如钼、钨、铌、钽、钛、锆、铪或其混合物。例如,在涂布的部件的操作期间遇到的高温下在暴露于游离碳时,包括在中间层14内的Mo可以形成钼碳化物(例如,MoC和/或Mo2C)。类似地,在涂布的部件的操作期间遇到的高温下,包括在中间层14内的W可以形成钨碳化物(例如WC和/或W2C)。也可包括硅化物作为碳吸气剂,例如ZrSi2、HfSi2、TiSi2或其混合物。这样的硅化物将吸除碳,并且在一些情况下也可以用于吸除可能在中间层14和EBC18之间的界面处产生的碳氧化物。在一些实施方案中,该吸气剂层可以是多孔的,这可以允许碳氧化物在包含硅化物的吸气剂层中扩散并且与它们反应。
中间层14的厚度可以足以保护下面的陶瓷基材12免于不期望的氧化,例如约1 μm至约250 μm (例如约1 μm至约100 μm)。
无论中间层14的构造如何,EBC 18在陶瓷基材12上方形成,以形成与使用硅粘结涂层的类似部件相比具有增加的最大操作温度的涂布的部件10。EBC 18可以包括一个或多个层的任何组合,所述层由选自典型的EBC或热阻挡涂层(“TBC”)层化学的材料形成,包括但不限于稀土硅酸盐(例如,单硅酸盐和二硅酸盐)、铝硅酸盐(例如,莫来石、铝硅酸钡锶(BSAS)、稀土铝硅酸盐等)、二氧化铪、氧化锆、稳定的二氧化铪、稳定的氧化锆、稀土铪酸盐、稀土锆酸盐、稀土氧化镓等。EBC 18可以由多个单层19形成,所述单层具有针对不同类型的层的不同化学,其共同工作以保护下面的陶瓷基材12。
图1的涂布的部件10特别适合用作在高温环境中发现的部件,例如存在于燃气涡轮发动机中的那些,例如燃烧器部件、涡轮叶片、护罩、喷嘴、热阻挡罩和叶片。特别地,涡轮部件可以是CMC部件,其位于燃气涡轮机的热气体流动路径内,使得环境阻挡涂层18当暴露于热气体流动路径时保护燃气涡轮机内的下面的陶瓷基材12。例如,可以预期这样的部件在操作期间达到大于1200℃的温度,并且实际上在高级设计中可以达到高达1500℃或更高的温度。
本书面描述使用实例来公开本发明,包括最佳模式,并且还使本领域技术人员能够实践本发明,包括制造和使用任何装置或系统以及执行任何结合的方法。本发明的可专利范围由权利要求限定,并且可以包括本领域技术人员想到的其它实例。如果这样的其它实例包括与权利要求的字面语言没有不同的结构要素,或者如果它们包括与权利要求的字面语言无实质差异的等同结构要素,则这样的其它实例旨在处于权利要求的范围内。
Claims (10)
1.一种涂布的部件,其包含:
具有表面的陶瓷基材;
在所述陶瓷基材的所述表面上的中间层,其中所述中间层包含抑制来自含碳物类的游离碳在所述中间层、所述陶瓷基材或两者内累积的碳汇材料;和
在所述中间层上的环境阻挡涂层。
2.根据权利要求1所述的涂布的部件,其中所述中间层直接在所述陶瓷基材的所述表面上。
3.根据权利要求1所述的涂布的部件,其中所述陶瓷基材包含碳化硅。
4.根据权利要求1所述的涂布的部件,其中所述陶瓷基材包含碳化硅基质和碳化硅纤维。
5.根据权利要求1所述的涂布的部件,其中所述碳汇材料包含一种或多种碳化物,所述碳化物在反应温度下在暴露于游离碳时反应以形成具有较低的碳化元素与碳比率的另一种碳化物。
6.根据权利要求5所述的涂布的部件,其中所述一种或多种碳化物包含碳化二钨、碳化二钼、碳化二铌、碳化二钽或其混合物,使得在与碳反应时,分别反应以形成碳化钨、碳化钼、碳化铌、碳化钽或其混合物。
7.根据权利要求5所述的涂布的部件,其中所述中间层包含碳化硅,所述碳化硅中分散有一种或多种碳化物,所述碳化物反应以形成具有较低的碳化元素与碳比率的第二碳化物。
8.根据权利要求1所述的涂布的部件,其中所述碳汇材料包含碳化物,所述碳化物的非化学计量允许所述碳化物在暴露于碳时转化为第二碳化物。
9.根据权利要求1所述的涂布的部件,其中所述碳汇材料包含碳吸气剂。
10.根据权利要求9所述的涂布的部件,其中所述中间层包含分散在碳化硅内的所述碳吸气剂。
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