CN112539675A - PTC heater and radiating fin arrangement method thereof - Google Patents
PTC heater and radiating fin arrangement method thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN112539675A CN112539675A CN202011534692.XA CN202011534692A CN112539675A CN 112539675 A CN112539675 A CN 112539675A CN 202011534692 A CN202011534692 A CN 202011534692A CN 112539675 A CN112539675 A CN 112539675A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- ptc heater
- heating
- ptc
- radiating fins
- heating device
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 78
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000013256 coordination polymer Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 18
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 15
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000012827 research and development Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 45
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920000297 Rayon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004378 air conditioning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F3/00—Plate-like or laminated elements; Assemblies of plate-like or laminated elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/02—Details
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Air-Conditioning For Vehicles (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a PTC heater, which is used in the fields of warm air conditioners, hot air curtains and other heating devices using PTC heaters. The PTC heater has the advantages of simple structure, strong power attenuation resistance, good running performance and low manufacturing cost. The invention also provides a heat radiation sheet arrangement method of the heater, which provides the power and temperature rise of the PTC heater and the change rule between the size and the distance of the heat radiation sheets on the surface of the PTC heater, designs the PTC heater and the heating device with excellent operation effect for a producer, provides guidance for a user to select the heating device suitable for the local temperature and the required temperature rise of the producer, improves the operation effect and the research and development production efficiency of the PTC heater and the heating device, reduces the manufacturing cost while realizing the improvement of the product performance, and improves the user experience.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of PTC heaters, in particular to a PTC heater and a method for arranging radiating fins of the PTC heater.
Background
Since the advent of the PTC electric heater, the PTC electric heater can meet the temperature needs of people due to its low room temperature resistance, and has a small volume, convenient installation, and small limitation of use because it works by electric power, and is widely used in the fields of cooling and heating air conditioners, warm air blowers, clothes dryers, dehumidifiers, automobile air conditioners, liquid heaters, hair straighters, hair curlers, etc.
Most of the existing heaters are powered on, ambient air is heated by a heating body, heat is transferred to a radiator in a heat radiation and/or convection mode, and then the radiator releases the heat to the ambient environment in a heat transfer mode taking radiation as a main mode, so that the purpose of the heater is achieved. The heating effect is affected by the power, the size and the distance of the radiating fins, and the heating effect is also affected by the wind speed of the air conditioner, the hot air curtain and other devices which use the heater, and can be expressed by the temperature rise of the air outlet. The heating elements and the radiating fins of the conventional PTC electric heater are generally in a penetrating type, that is, as shown in fig. 1, each heating element penetrates through each radiating fin and is connected with the radiating fin in a penetrating manner. However, the sheet-through PTC is high in cost, complex to manufacture, weak in power attenuation resistance and capable of loosening after a long time. In addition, the prior art does not disclose the relationship between the arrangement method of the radiating fins and the heating effect, so that a producer cannot determine the relationship between the most appropriate power, wind speed, radiating fin distance and temperature rise during production, and a user cannot well and clearly select a heating device required by the user. There is a need for a PTC heater and a method for arranging heat dissipation fins thereof, which has a simple process, strong power attenuation resistance and high reliability, discloses the variation rules of the power, temperature rise and wind speed of the PTC heater and the size and distance of the heat dissipation fins, and provides guidance for the production and selection of the PTC heater.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a PTC heater with simple process, strong power attenuation resistance and high reliability and a radiating fin arrangement method thereof, discloses the change rule among the power, temperature rise and wind speed of the PTC heater and the size and the distance of the radiating fins, and provides guidance for the production and selection of the PTC heater.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a method for arranging heat dissipation fins of a PTC heater, the PTC heater comprises a predetermined number of heating plates and heat dissipation fins, and is used in the fields of warm air conditioners, hot air curtains and other heating devices using PTC heaters, each heat dissipation fin is corrugated, the wave crest is detachably and correspondingly arranged on the adjacent heating plates, each heat dissipation fin is respectively arranged along the length direction of each heating plate, the distance between the two adjacent wave crests of each heat dissipation fin is a fin pitch, each fin pitch is equal, and a heating device manufactured by the method for arranging the heat dissipation fins of the PTC heater satisfies the following formula:
P(t)＝ρ×V(d)×S×CP×ΔK；
wherein, P (t) is the actual power of the PTC heater; rho is air density, and the air density at 20 ℃ and 1 standard atmospheric pressure is 1.205kg/m3(ii) a V and d are the air speed of the air outlet of the heating device, and S is the area of the air outlet of the heating device; cPTaking 1.005 kj/(kg. multidot. K) as the specific heat capacity of air; delta K is the temperature rise of the air outlet of the heating device; v1The air speed of an air outlet of the model heating device is set; t is the thickness of the radiating fin; d2Is the heating plate spacing; a isdIs the sheet pitch; a is1Is equal to V1Corresponding model slice pitch.
A PTC heater comprises a predetermined number of radiating fins and a heating plate, wherein the radiating fins of the PTC heater are arranged by the radiating fin arrangement method of the PTC heater.
Further preferably, the fin pitch is 3mm, 4mm or 4.5mm, and the width of the radiating fins is 15mm or 24 mm.
Preferably, the two opposite outer surfaces of each heating plate are respectively provided with an aluminum plate, and the wave crests of each radiating fin are respectively adhered to each aluminum plate.
Preferably, the two opposite outer surfaces of each heating plate are provided with an aluminum plate, and the wave crests of the radiating fins are respectively connected with the aluminum plates and the heating plates through screws.
Preferably, each heating plate is provided with a PTC heating element therein, and both ends of each heating plate in the length direction are provided with rubber insulating members.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the PTC heater provided by the invention has the advantages of simple structure, strong power attenuation resistance, good operation performance and low manufacturing cost.
The method for arranging the radiating fins of the PTC heater obtains the change rule among the power and the temperature rise of the PTC heater and the size and the interval of the radiating fins on the surface of the PTC heater by testing the operation effect of the whole PTC heater with different types and specifications through experiments, on one hand, provides guidance for a producer to design a better wind speed gear and actual wind speed, PTC temperature gear and actual temperature and the matching mode among the power of the PTC heater, the distance and the size of the radiating fins, on the other hand, provides guidance for designing a heating device with a poor operation effect, a warm air conditioner, a hot air curtain and other heating devices using the PTC heater, avoids designing a heating device with a poor operation effect, or spends too much time on the matching mode among the designed wind speed gear and actual wind speed, the PTC temperature gear and the power of the PTC heater, the distance and the size of the radiating fins, improves the research and development effects and the production efficiency of the PTC heater and the heating, the manufacturing cost is reduced while the product performance is improved; on the other hand, the user is guided to select a proper heating device, the heating device provided with the corresponding and proper PTC heater can be selected according to the temperature of the place and the required temperature rise, the heating effect cannot be achieved due to the fact that the user selects the heating device by mistake, and the user experience is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a sheet-through PTC electric heater;
fig. 2 is a schematic structural view of a heat sink in a connected PTC heater according to a first embodiment;
fig. 3 is a partial structural view of a PTC heater in which heat sinks are connected in a second manner according to the first embodiment;
fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a PTC heater according to the first embodiment.
Detailed Description
The embodiments described below are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of them. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1
Referring to fig. 2, 3 and 4, the present embodiment provides a PTC heater for use in the field of heating air conditioners, hot air curtains and other heating devices using the PTC heater including a predetermined number of heating plates 1 and heat radiating fins 2. PTC heating elements are arranged in each heating plate 1, rubber insulating parts are arranged at two ends of each heating plate 1 in the length direction, and the PTC heating elements correspondingly penetrate through the rubber insulating parts. The two opposite outer surfaces of each heating plate 1 are respectively provided with an aluminum plate 3, each radiating fin 2 is corrugated, the peak position of each radiating fin is detachably arranged on each aluminum plate 3, one side, far away from the heating plate 1, of each radiating fin 2 arranged on the outermost side is also detachably connected with one aluminum plate 3, the connecting mode of the radiating fins 2 can be the mode I shown in figure 2, the peak of each radiating fin 2 is respectively adhered to each aluminum plate 3 through viscose, the mode II shown in figure 3 can also be adopted, and the peak of each radiating fin 2 is connected with each aluminum plate 3 and the heating plate 1 through a screw 4. The radiating fins 2 are respectively arranged along the length direction of the heating plates 1, the distance between two adjacent wave peaks of each radiating fin 2 is set as a fin pitch a, the value is expressed as a, and each fin pitch a is equal.
The embodiment also provides a heat dissipation sheet arrangement method of the PTC heater, wherein experimental tests show that a warm air conditioner RF-15L-3D/Y of the PTC heater with 6kW and 9kW of the company is selected, and the change rule between the power and the temperature rise of the PTC heater and the size and the wave crest spacing of the heat dissipation sheet 2 is explored to provide guidance for arrangement of the heat dissipation sheet 2 and selection of the PTC heater under different requirements.
1) The width of the heat sink 2 is b, and in Table 1, a PTC heater with a PTC power of 9kw, a of 3mm and b of 30mm is used and the outlet area is 0.045m2The warm air conditioner 1 of (1) has test results under different conditions, and Table 2 shows that the PTC power is 9kw, a is 4.5mm, b is 30mm, and the area of the air outlet is 0.045m2The test results of the PTC heater of the warm air conditioner 2 under different conditions,table 3 shows a PTC heater using PTC power of 6kw, a of 4.5mm, and b of 15mm, and an outlet area of 0.045m2The warm air conditioner 3 of (1) has test results under different conditions, and Table 4 shows that PTC heaters having PTC powers of 9kw, a of 4.5mm and b of 15mm are used and the area of the outlet is 0.045m2The warm air conditioner 3 under different conditions test results wherein the outlet temperature is the average temperature obtained by selecting 6 different test points.
Table 1 test results of the warm air conditioner 1 under different conditions
Table 2 test results of the heating and air-conditioning system 2 under different conditions
Table 3 test results of the warm air conditioner 3 under different conditions
Table 4 test results of the warm air conditioner 4 under different conditions
The warm air conditioner of the PTC heater manufactured by the method for arranging the radiating fins of the PTC heater meets the following formula:
P(t)＝ρ×V(d)×S×CP×ΔK；
wherein, P (t) is the power of the PTC heater; rho is air density, and the air density at 20 ℃ and 1 standard atmospheric pressure is 1.205kg/m3(ii) a V (d) is the air outlet air speed, S is the air outlet area; cPTaking 1.005 kj/(kg. multidot. K) as the specific heat capacity of air; delta K is the temperature rise of the air outlet.
As can be seen from the data in tables 1, 2, 3 and 4, the difference between the calculated delta K data and the actually measured average temperature rise is not more than 1 ℃, and the actual temperature rise can be predicted by using the formula.
As shown in FIG. 4, the conventional air conditioner has a sheet pitch a1Measuring the wind speed v at the outlet1The area of the air outlet is s1(ii) a The number of the radiating fins is 4, the horizontal installation length of the radiating fins is L, and the vertical height of the radiating fins is D2And the thickness is t.
The cross-sectional area of the airflow through the PTC is:
the wind speed through the PTC is then:
when changing the sheet pitch to a2And then the wind speed of the air outlet is as follows:
otherwise, the wind speed can be determined according to the target wind speed V2Design of sheet pitch a of PTC heater2。
According to the rule satisfied by the arrangement method of the radiating fins 2 of the PTC heater, on one hand, a producer can design a better matching mode among a wind speed gear, an actual wind speed, a PTC temperature gear, an actual temperature, power of the PTC heater and the distance a and the size of the radiating fins 2, so that a heating air conditioner, a hot air curtain and other heating devices using the PTC heater with excellent operation effect are designed, the heating device with poor operation effect is avoided being designed, or too much time is spent on designing the matching mode among the wind speed gear, the actual wind speed, the PTC temperature gear, the actual temperature, power of the PTC heater and the distance a and the size of the radiating fins 2, the operation effect and the research and development production efficiency of the PTC heater and the heating device are improved, the product performance is improved, and the manufacturing cost is reduced; on the other hand, the user can select the heating device provided with the corresponding and suitable PTC heater according to the temperature and the required temperature rise of the place, so that the phenomenon that the heating effect cannot be achieved due to wrong selection of the user and the experience feeling is influenced is avoided.
The PTC heater provided by the invention has the advantages of simple structure, strong power attenuation resistance, good operation performance and low manufacturing cost, and the arrangement method of the radiating fins of the PTC heater provided by the invention tests the operation effect of the whole machine of PTC heaters of different types and specifications through experiments to obtain the power and temperature rise of the PTC heater and the change rule between the size and the distance of the radiating fins 2 on the surface of the PTC heater, thereby providing guidance for a manufacturer to design a warm air conditioner, a hot air curtain and other heating devices using the PTC heater with excellent operation effect, improving the operation effect and research and development production efficiency of the PTC heater and the heating devices, realizing the improvement of product performance and reducing the manufacturing cost; on the other hand, the user is guided to select a proper heating device, the heating device provided with the corresponding and proper PTC heater can be selected according to the temperature of the place and the required temperature rise, the heating effect cannot be achieved due to the fact that the user selects the heating device by mistake, and the user experience is improved.
While the invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention.
Claims (6)
1. A method for arranging radiating fins of a PTC heater, wherein the PTC heater comprises a preset number of heating plates and radiating fins and is used for heating of a heating device, and is characterized in that each radiating fin is corrugated, wave crests of the radiating fins are respectively detachably and correspondingly arranged on the adjacent heating plates, the radiating fins are respectively arranged along the length direction of each heating plate, the distance between the two adjacent wave crests of each radiating fin is a fin pitch, each fin pitch is equal, and the fin pitch of the radiating fin is set according to the power requirement of the heating device by the following formula:
P(t)＝ρ×V(d)×S×CP×ΔK；
wherein, P (t) is the actual power of the PTC heater; rho is air density, and the air density at 20 ℃ and 1 standard atmospheric pressure is 1.205kg/m3(ii) a V and d are the air speed of the air outlet of the heating device, and S is the area of the air outlet of the heating device; cPTaking 1.005 kj/(kg. multidot. K) as the specific heat capacity of air; delta K is the temperature rise of the air outlet of the heating device; v1The air speed of an air outlet of the model heating device is set; t is the thickness of the radiating fin; d2Is the heating plate spacing; a isdIs the sheet pitch; a is1Is equal to V1Corresponding model slice pitch.
2. A PTC heater comprising a predetermined number of heat radiating fins and a heat generating plate, wherein the heat radiating fins of the PTC heater are arranged by the heat radiating fin arranging method of the PTC heater according to any one of claims 1.
3. A PTC heater according to claim 2, wherein the sheet pitch is 3mm, 4mm or 4.5mm, and the fin width is 15mm or 30 mm.
4. A PTC heater according to claim 2, wherein an aluminum plate is provided on each of opposite outer surfaces of each of the heating plates, and the crests of each of the heat radiating fins are respectively adhered to each of the aluminum plates.
5. A PTC heater according to claim 2, wherein an aluminum plate is provided on each of opposite outer surfaces of each of the heating plates, and the peak of each of the heat radiating fins is connected to the aluminum plate and the heating plate by a screw, respectively.
6. A PTC heater according to claim 2, wherein a PTC heating element is provided in each heating plate, and rubber insulators are provided at both ends of each heating plate in the length direction.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202011534692.XA CN112539675B (en) | 2020-12-23 | 2020-12-23 | PTC heater and heat dissipation fin arrangement method thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202011534692.XA CN112539675B (en) | 2020-12-23 | 2020-12-23 | PTC heater and heat dissipation fin arrangement method thereof |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN112539675A true CN112539675A (en) | 2021-03-23 |
| CN112539675B CN112539675B (en) | 2024-10-01 |
Family
ID=75017564
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202011534692.XA Active CN112539675B (en) | 2020-12-23 | 2020-12-23 | PTC heater and heat dissipation fin arrangement method thereof |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN112539675B (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN118463398A (en) * | 2024-07-02 | 2024-08-09 | 江苏众众电热科技有限公司 | A hot air type PTC electric heater capable of wireless networking and a method of using the same |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5838066A (en) * | 1995-12-18 | 1998-11-17 | Nec Corporation | Miniaturized cooling fan type heatsink for a semiconductior device |
| JP3128289U (en) * | 2006-09-22 | 2007-01-11 | ゴウ、ティエンユー | PTC heat generating module having a wind guide plate |
| RU2009141706A (en) * | 2007-04-12 | 2011-05-20 | Аутомотиветермотех Гмбх (De) | HIGH POWER HEAT EXCHANGER FOR CARS AND ALSO HEATING-AIR CONDITIONING DEVICE WITH HIGH POWER HEAT EXCHANGER |
| CN103369932A (en) * | 2013-07-16 | 2013-10-23 | 株洲智热技术有限公司 | Layout method for radiating fins of power device radiator and radiator |
| CN214371959U (en) * | 2020-12-23 | 2021-10-08 | 广州西奥多科技有限公司 | PTC heater |
-
2020
- 2020-12-23 CN CN202011534692.XA patent/CN112539675B/en active Active
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5838066A (en) * | 1995-12-18 | 1998-11-17 | Nec Corporation | Miniaturized cooling fan type heatsink for a semiconductior device |
| JP3128289U (en) * | 2006-09-22 | 2007-01-11 | ゴウ、ティエンユー | PTC heat generating module having a wind guide plate |
| RU2009141706A (en) * | 2007-04-12 | 2011-05-20 | Аутомотиветермотех Гмбх (De) | HIGH POWER HEAT EXCHANGER FOR CARS AND ALSO HEATING-AIR CONDITIONING DEVICE WITH HIGH POWER HEAT EXCHANGER |
| CN103369932A (en) * | 2013-07-16 | 2013-10-23 | 株洲智热技术有限公司 | Layout method for radiating fins of power device radiator and radiator |
| CN214371959U (en) * | 2020-12-23 | 2021-10-08 | 广州西奥多科技有限公司 | PTC heater |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| 唐一峰;唐金沙;刘吉普;: "铜铝复合式CPU风冷散热器的实验研究", 湖南环境生物职业技术学院学报, no. 02, 25 June 2009 (2009-06-25) * |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN118463398A (en) * | 2024-07-02 | 2024-08-09 | 江苏众众电热科技有限公司 | A hot air type PTC electric heater capable of wireless networking and a method of using the same |
| CN118463398B (en) * | 2024-07-02 | 2024-11-19 | 江苏众众电热科技有限公司 | Hot air type PTC electric heater capable of being wirelessly networked and use method thereof |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN112539675B (en) | 2024-10-01 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN104203612A (en) | Vehicle heater | |
| CN104540252A (en) | PTC electric heating device | |
| CN214371959U (en) | PTC heater | |
| CN112539675A (en) | PTC heater and radiating fin arrangement method thereof | |
| CN204482055U (en) | PTC electric heater and air conditioner room unit | |
| CN203416434U (en) | Insulated high-power automobile air-conditioning PTC heater | |
| CN205970738U (en) | A electric heater heat generation mechanism for air conditioner of electric automobile | |
| US4304291A (en) | Heat exchanger for a convector heater | |
| US3524500A (en) | Heat transmission system | |
| CN202145020U (en) | Electric heater with high heat radiating efficiency | |
| CN215062549U (en) | Air conditioning device based on 3D temperature-uniforming plate module | |
| CN212278483U (en) | PTC heating chip structure | |
| CN212339371U (en) | Dual heating and humidifying device | |
| CN205448399U (en) | Adopt hot electric refrigeration's pet air conditioner | |
| CN202561975U (en) | Electric heating device and air conditioner | |
| CN221570663U (en) | Radiating assembly, radiating device and oil heater | |
| CN207099346U (en) | Heater and Surface Insulated PTC Electric Heater | |
| CN218328678U (en) | Heating body subassembly and hair-dryer | |
| CN207268481U (en) | A kind of air conditioner room unit and PTC heating plate | |
| KR200411130Y1 (en) | PTC ceramic heater for heater | |
| CN210091843U (en) | A high-voltage PTC thermistor and its components | |
| CN103604142A (en) | Induction cooker | |
| CN218103554U (en) | Tubular PTC electric heater | |
| CN216716601U (en) | Heater components and heaters | |
| CN215808767U (en) | Carbon crystal wall heating plate with heat conduction structure |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |